MYCOLOGY - INTRODUCTORY Flashcards
1
Q
Type of hypha that lacks cross walls
A
Aseptate hypha
2
Q
Fungi stain gram negative, and require CO2 to survive. True or False?
A
False, gram positive; oxygen
3
Q
Small projections which arise from cells of certain yeasts; indicates the onset of hyphal formation
A
Germ tube
4
Q
It is regarded as spore-bearing surface area.
A
Hymenophore
5
Q
Pedis means ?
A
Athlete’s foot
6
Q
Identify the group of cutaneous mycoses with the given data:
- Obligate pathogens of keratinized structures tends to parasitized humans
A
Anthropophilic
7
Q
It is the specie of brewer’s and baker’s yeast.
A
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
8
Q
Give the 3 main types of sexual spores.
A
1, Ascospore
2. Basidiospore
3. Zygospore
9
Q
Truffles fall under what class?
A
Class Ascomycetes
10
Q
T-cell immunity is not effective in resistance to fungal infections. True or False?
A
False
11
Q
Type of organisms that live on living organisms
A
Parasites
12
Q
Give the classification of fungi with the given data:
* Type of mycosis produced
A
Topographic grouping
13
Q
Describe the pathogenesis of ringworm infection produced by cutaneous mycoses.
A
Colonization at the surface of the skin
14
Q
Give some examples of pathogenic fungi.
A
- Histoplasma capsulatum
- Blastomyces dermatitidis
- Coccidioides immitis
- Paracoccidioides braziliensis
15
Q
Fungi are eukaryotic. True or False?
A
True
16
Q
Mating types fungi are termed as ?
A
Heterothallic
17
Q
What is the artificial immunization method against cutaneous mycoses?
A
Mycelial vaccines of T. verrucosum
18
Q
Define fertile mycelium.
A
They bear conidia (spores) for reproduction
19
Q
What are the 2 categories of systemic disease caused by fungi?
A
- Caused by truly pathogenic fungi
- Caused by opportunistic fungi
20
Q
It is the (sexual) spore formed in a sac-like cell known as an ascus; often 8 spores are formed.
A
Ascospore
21
Q
Subcutaneous mycoses (beneath the skin) can usually be found in ?
A
Soil and plant fungi
22
Q
Fungal infection confers humoral immunity. True or False?
A
False
23
Q
Most fungi prefer to be free-living ____.
A
saprophytes
24
Q
Give the specific topographic grouping of fungi with the given data:
* Involve the deeper layers of skin and often muscle tissue.
* Man is an accidental host following inoculation of fungal spores via some form of trauma.
* This type of infection is often identified by the presence of a characteristic tissue reaction or granule.
A
Subcutaneous
25
Fungi includes _____ and ____.
molds; yeasts
26
Penicillium can ripen cheese. True or False?
True
27
Fungal cell membranes have a unique sterol called ____ which replaces cholesterol found in mammalian cell membranes.
ergosterol
28
Asexual spore formed from a budding process along the mycelium or from another blastospore.
Blastoconidia (Blastospore)
29
Most fungi store their food as ____.
glycogen
30
Give the classification of fungi with the given data:
* Where they exist
Geographic grouping
31
These are the preferred terms when there is merging of nuclear material in mycology.
Sporulation and spores
32
A mass (mat) of hyphae forming the vegetative portion of the fungus
Mycelium
33
Sexual spores exhibit fusion of ?
Nuclei
34
Most fungi have very large nuclei with little repetitive DNA. True or False?
False, very small
35
Opportunistic mycoses usually infects ?
* Patients using broad-spectrum antibiotics
* Diabetic patients
* Transplant patients
* AIDS patients
* Cancer patients
36
Fungi are essential in recycling of elements, especially _____.
carbon
37
What are the specific and distinct biochemical reactions produced by cutaneous mycoses
* **Tryptophan metabolites** in the mycelia react with light, this reaction emits green fluorescence when some fungi are examined under Wood’s light (Microsporum spp.)
* Media with glucose, neopeptone and agar enhanced mold growth
38
What enzymes are found in fungi and some bacteria?
Exoenzymes
39
A chain of elongated budding cells that have failed to detach (not true hyphae)
Pseudohyphae`
40
What is main route of transmission of systemic mycoses?
Spore inhalation
41
What are the examples of opportunistic mycoses?
1. Stachybotrys (mold)
2. Mucormycosis
3. Aspergillosis
42
It is the fundamental tube-like structural units of fungi.
Hypha
43
A sac or cell containing spores produced asexually
Sporangium
44
Cutaneous mycoses secrete ____ that degrades keratin.
keratinase
45
Give the specific topographic grouping of fungi with the given data:
* - in the keratin of the skin, nails, and hair.
* These organisms prefer non-living cornified layers.
* The disease is called a **dermatophytosis or dermatomycosis**.
* Host response is **patchy scaling or eczema eruptions**.
* They are classified according to the area of the body that is involved.
Cutaneous
46
______ tests are preferred for identification of fungal diseases; detects the antibodies
Serological
47
Type of hypha that is divided by cross walls.
Septate hypha
48
Cutaneous mycoses produce what type of hyphae?
Septate branching hyphae (mycelia)
49
Saprophytic fungi are grouped depending ?
1. Contaminates or opportunistic pathogens?
2. Type of mycelia produced
* Septate vs. aseptate
* Hyaline vs. dematiaceous
50
Systemic mycoses are not contagious. True or False?
True
51
Yeasts exhibit what type of growth?
Pasty or mucoid form
52
Give the specific topographic grouping of fungi with the given data:
* - Attack the deep tissues and organ systems; often creating symptoms that resemble other diseases.
Systemic
53
What are the preferred culture media and samples for cutaneous mycoses?
* Sabouraud’s dextrose agar
* Mycobiotic or Mycosol agar
* Potato dextrose agar
54
What are the growth characteristics of cutaneous mycoses?
* Grow on feathers, hairs, nails and skin
* Aerobic and grow at 25-30C for 3-7 days incubation
* Attack protein and deaminate amino acids
55
Asexual fungal spores borne externally in various ways from a conidiophore; often referred to as macroconidia (multicellular) and microconidia (unicellular).
Conidia
56
Pigmented, dark in color, usually gray to black fungi
Dematiaceous
57
Most saprophytes are inhibited by ?
Cycloheximide
58
The ability of some fungi to grow as either yeast or filamentous stages, depending on conditions
Diphasic (dimorphic)
59
Give the specific topographic grouping of fungi with the given data:
* Confined to the outermost layers of the skin and hair.
* No host cellular or inflammatory response due to organisms being remote from living tissue.
* Essentially no pathology; the disease is recognized purely on cosmetic basis.
Superficial
60
What are the control and prevention methods for cutaneous mycoses infection?
* Thorough clean-up of premises
* Vaccination with a live attenuated **T. verrucosum vaccine**
61
Define vegetative mycelium.
They can absorb nutrients
62
What are the reservoirs of cutaneous mycoses?
1. Soil
2. Human
3. Animals
63
Root-like structures of hypha
Rhizoids
64
What are the antifungal treatments against cutaneous mycoses?
* Griseofulvin
* Sodium iodine injections
* Povidone-iodine (topicals/ointment)
65
An asexual spore contained in a sporangium at the end of a sporangiophore.
Sporangiospore
66
What is the mechanism of resistance and recovery of cutaneous mycoses?
Antibody production
67
Asexual spore produced on a thallus (hypha)
Thallospore
68
Thick-walled asexual spore formed by direct differentiation of the mycelium (concentration of protoplasm and nutrients)
Chlamydospore
69
A specialized structure that arises from a basidium and supports basidiospores
Sterigmata
70
The ability of the fungus to grow on the outside of a hair shaft
Ectothrixic
71
Colorless and clear fungi are called ?
Hyaline
72
Describe the clinical signs induced by cutaneous mycoses.
* Hypertrophy of stratum corneum
* Keratinization, exfoliation and hair loss
* Erythema, vesiculo-pustular reaction and suppurations
* Peripheral movements of dermatophytes creates a “ringed” lesion with a circular patch of alopecia, central healing and inflamed area at the periphery
73
Give some examples of opportunistic fungi.
1. Aspergillus spp.
2. Candida albicans,
3. Cryptococcus neoformans
74
Give the classification of fungi with the given data:
* Acc. to morphologic and cultural characteristics
Taxonomy grouping
75
It is the study of fungi.
Mycology
76
Mushroom falls under what class?
Class Basidiomycetes
77
Capitis means ?
Scalp
78
Dermatophyte infections are called ?
Tinea or ringworm
79
What are the conditions for a fungi to be pathogenic?
They must tolerate the temperature of the host site and possess an enzymatic system that allows them to utilize animal tissues.
80
The ability of the fungus to grow and penetrate into the hair shaft.
Endothrixic
81
Give the 6 main types of asexual spores.
1. Conidia
2. Arthroconidium (Arthrospore)
3. Blastoconidia (Blastospore)
4. Chlamydosporer
5. Sporangiospore
6. Thallospore
82
How many species of fungi are recognized as human pathogens?
50-100
83
What are the 3 genera involved in cutaneous mycoses?
1. Microsporum
2. Trichopyton
3. Epidermophyton
84
What are the transmission routes of cutaneous mycoses?
1. Direct contact
2. Through fomites
3. Indirect contact
85
A special aerial hypha or stalk bearing a sporangium
Sporangiophore
86
What are the virulence factors of cutaneous mycoses?
* Elastase
* Collagenase
* Keratinase
* Toxins
* Allergens (trichophyton)
87
A thick-walled (sexual) spore formed during sexual reproduction (Phycomycetes).
Zygospore
88
What are the ringworm pathogens under cutaneous mycoses?
* M. canis (ears, face, neck and tail of dogs and cats)
* M. gypsium
* M. nanum (swine)
* M. distortum (dogs and cats)
* M.audouini (Tinea capitis in children)
* M. gallinea (fowls)
* T. verrucosum (cattle)
* T. equinum (skin diseases in horses)
* T. mentagrophytes (laboratory animals)
* T. gallinea (white comb or favus in chicken)
89
Special type of asexual spore formed by disarticulation of the mycelium
Arthroconidium (Arthrospore)
90
Cutaneous mycoses are also called ?
Dermatophytes
91
Type of fungi living on dead organic matter
Saprophytes
92
Identify the group of cutaneous mycoses with the given data:
* Obligate pathogens of keratinized structures, parasitized a particular animal species
Zoophilic
93
Give the classification of fungi with the given data:
* How organism is transmitted
Epidemiologic grouping
94
Cruris means ?
Groin
95
Self-fertile fungi are termed as?
Homothallic
96
What is the diagnostic method for cutaneous mycoses?
Sample from hair, skin, and scales
97
A sexual spore produced on a specialized club-shaped structure, called a basidium.
Basidiospore
98
Molds exhibit what type of growth?
Filamentous
99
Fungus that causes superficial mycoses
Dermatophyte
100
Systemic mycoses can usually be found in ?
Soil
101
Identify the group of cutaneous mycoses with the given data:
* Inhabit and replicate in the soil, decomposing keratinous material like feathers & hairs
Geophilic
102
______ are often to produced in response to a fungal infection.
Antibodies
103
Cutaneous mycoses is not contagious. True or False?
False, can be transmitted via direct contact with infected hair and epidermal cells
104
Most plant diseases are caused by ?
Fungi
105
Antibiotics are first observed by ____; noted suppression of bacteria by a contaminating fungus of a culture plate.
Fleming
106
Define aerial mycelium.
Growing or existing in the air
