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topic 1 materials Flashcards

1
Q

what are the features and properties of hardwoods

A

not necessarily hard
produced from broad leaved trees whose seeds are enclosed
in warm climates- often adds to cost
aprox 100 years to reach maturity
usually tough and strong because of their close grain provide decorative surface finishes
expensive
env issue- slow growing so takes a long time to replace

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2
Q

what are examples of hard woods

A

oak, mahogany, beech, jelutong and balsa

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3
Q

what are the properties, disadvantages and applications of oak

A

prop- strong hard tough, works well, durable

dis- expensive, heavy, prone to splitting, physically hard

app- garden furniture, construction, high quality furniture

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4
Q

what are the properties, disadvantages and applications of mahogany

A

prop- easy to work, durable, finishes well

dis- grain can be variable, prone to warping, physical hardness varies

app- furniture, veneers, floorboards

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5
Q

what are the properties, disadvantages and applications of beech

A

prop- physically hard, tough, polishes well

dis- prone to warping, not suitable for outside applications , difficult to work

app- workshop benches, school desks, furniture

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6
Q

where does jelutong wood come from

A

indonesia

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7
Q

where does balsa come from

A

south america

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8
Q

what is properties of balsa

A

extremely buoyant

very soft and light

low density with high strength

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9
Q

what are the features and properties of softwoods

A

not necessarily physically soft

produced from cone bearing conifers with needle like leaves

quick growing (30 years )
cheaper

easier to work with and light weight

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10
Q

what are examples of softwoods

A

pine
cedar
larch
redwood

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11
Q

what are the properties, disadvantages and applications of pine

A

prop- straight grain, easy to work

dis- knots can make working difficult

app- construction, roof joints, floorboards, furniture

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12
Q

what are the properties, disadvantages and applications of cedar

A

prop- light in weight, knot free, soft straight grain, durable against weather

dis- weak and expensive

app- outdoor uses, wall panelling

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13
Q

what are the properties, disadvantages and applications of larch

A

prop- saws, machines and finishes well, fine grain so looks good

dis- knots can make working difficult, very resinous either way sticky timber

app- flooring, decking , furniture

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14
Q

what are the properties, disadvantages and applications of redwood

A

prop- easy to work, durable , generally straight grain, stable

dis- coarse texture, low natural lustre

app- veneer, posts decking, musical instruments

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15
Q

what are ferrous metals

A

metals that contain iron
have small amounts of other substances added to enhance their properties
will rust and are all magnetic

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16
Q

what is an example of ferrous metal

A

mild steel, carbon steels , cast iron

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17
Q

what are non ferrous metals

A

no iron
do not rust
not magnetic

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18
Q

what examples non- ferrous metals

A

aluminium, tin and copper zinc

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19
Q

what are alloys

A

metals that have been formed by mixing two or more metals and occasionally other elements in order to produce metals with enhanced properties

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20
Q

what is an example of an alloy

A

stainless steel, duralumin, brass

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21
Q

what are the properties of mild steel

A

alloy of iron and carbon

the more carbon added, harder it becomes

easily worked and can be cut, machined, heated and hammered into shape

disadvantage- it rusts ( in order to stop needs a barrier and the easiest way to do this is to paint or galvanization)

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22
Q

what are the properties and features of carbon steel

A

various types- medium and high carbon steels

carbon can be heat treated to alter its properties

medium carbon steels are used for things like garden tools. high carbon steels are used in productions that need to be much harder like hammer heads

can be cut shaped and machined

it rusts and must be painted or galvanised

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23
Q

what are the properties of cast iron

A

• 2 types- white cast iron and grey cast iron.
• White cast iron is not an easy material to work with as it is hard and brittle.
• Grey cast iron is the most useful. It can be cast into intricate shapes and is often used for components on machines such as the tail stocks on lathes. It can be machined and when compared to steel it is relatively corrosion resistant.
• One downside of cast iron is that it is brittle and will shatter or break if it is dropped and it is almost impossible to weld.
• It has high thermal conductivity which makes it ideal in situations where heat might be an issue eg cookware and in braking systems in cars.

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24
Q

what are the properties of aluminium

A

• Pure metal, soft and malleable and conducts heat and electricity well.
• In its purest form it is useless as an engineering material and is always alloyed to improve its properties.
• It is extremely lightweight, therefore it is extensively used in the aircraft industry.
• It polishes up to a shine but over time the shine will disappear and a thin oxide layer will appear over the metal. This is an inert film of oxide and, unlike steel, it actually protects the metal from further oxidization.
• One disadvantage is it is very difficult to weld. This is due to the very low melting point of aluminum and the oxide layer. The oxide layer prevent the molten metal flowing and prevents a sound joint when welding.

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25
what are the properties of copper
• Malleable, ductile- has excellent heat and electrical conductivity. • As it is ductile, it can be easily drawn into wire and because of this and its good conductive qualities is extensively used in the electrical and electronics industry. • It is also corrosion resistant so is also found in household central heating and water systems. • It can be worked cold, but it does work harden. As the copper is beaten, shaped or formed it becomes stiffer and harder to work. Eventually cracks appear in the metal and it can break. • When copper becomes work hardened it can be returned to its original malleable state by a process known as annealing. The copper is heated up and then allowed to cool. This returns the metal to its original state. • Copper can be joined using both hard and soft soldering. It is material that is often used for decorative items such as jugs or kettles. It can be easily cut and machined.
26
what are the properties of zinc
Easily worked. • Like aluminum, has an oxide layer that protects it from oxidization. • Corrosion resistant and is perhaps best known for coating steel. • Used in products such as buckets and water tanks and car bodies are dipped in zinc to help prevent corrosion. • It is also used as an element in some soft solder fluxes. It has a relatively low melting point and is used in die casting.
27
what are the properties of tin
• Great advantage of tin is that it mixes easily with the majority of other metals. It is this quality along with its low melting point that makes it an essential ingredient of most solders for attaching electrical components to circuit boards. • Not toxic and doesn't corrode making it ideal as protection for steel in food and drinks 'tin cans'.
28
what are properties of stainless steel
• Alloy of steel, chromium and some nickel. The addition of these extra elements changes the nature of the steel and it becomes corrosion resistant. • Used in kitchen utensils, pipes, products for medical use. • Disadvantage - the final alloy is very hard and difficult to cut and may require specialist equipment.
29
what are the properties of duralumin
Alloy of aluminium, copper and manganese. • Very lightweight and at the same time very strong. • Ductile and malleable and has excellent machining characteristics. • Particularly useful in the aircraft industry where very strong, lightweight materials are essential. However, duralumin does age harden over time.
30
what are the properties of brass
Alloy of copper and zinc that is corrosion resistant. • Excellent casting and machining characteristics. • Harder than copper, but can be easily be joined using soft and hard soldering. • Good heat and electrical conductivity and is found in central heating systems and electrical plugs and sockets.
31
what are the advantages of using metals for commercial packaging
added security- can not be tampered without visible signs can be made a variety of diff sizes and shaped can be directly printed onto
32
what are thermoplastics
Material which can be repeatedly reheated and reshaped
33
what are the examples of thermoplastics
Acrylic LDPE HDPE PET PVC UPVC PP ABS
34
What are the properties of acrylic and what are the uses
tough Hard Good chemical resistance Available in translucent and transparent Uses- car light casings, lighting units, baths
35
What are the properties and uses of LDPE
prop- tough Good chemical resistance Weatherproof Available in translucent and transparent Uses - squeezy detergent bottles Toys Carrier bags Bin liners Packaging Clingfilm
36
what does LDPE stand for
Low density polyethylene
37
What are the uses and properties of HDPE
prop- available in translucent and transparent Weatherproof Tough Good chemical resistance Uses - chemical drums Toys Household kitchen where Long life carrier bags Buckets
38
What does HDPE stand for
High density polyethylene
39
what are the properties and uses of polyethylene terephthalate- PET
properties- available in transparent Hard Tough Good chemical resistance Uses - single use drinks bottles Food packaging Detergent shampoo bottles
40
what are the properties and uses of flexible polyvinyl chloride- PVC
properties- translucent and transparent Tough Flex Whether resistance Chemical resistance Uses - hose pipes Cable insulation Medical tubing
41
what are the properties and uses of rigid polyvinyl chloride- uPVC
rigid Opaque Hard Weather and chemical resistant Uses - window frames External doors Guttering Bank cards
42
what are the properties and uses of poly propylene- PP
translucent and transparent Chemical and fatigue resistant Tough Uses - rope Folders Food containers Medical equipment
43
What are the properties and uses of ABS
tough Hard Opaque available Uses - rigid luggage Food mixers Calculator
44
what are thermosetting plastics
A material which when heated undergoes a chemical change whereby the molecules form rigid cross-links Cannot be reheated and re-shaped even at very high temperatures
45
What are examples of thermosetting plastics
epoxy resin Urea formaldehyde Polyester resin
46
what are the properties and uses of epoxy resin
Rigid Clear Hard Tough chemical resistant Uses- adhesives Surface coatings Aerospace applications
47
what are the properties and uses of urea formaldehyde
Hard Heat resistant Good electrical insulator Brittle Uses - electrical fittings Adhesives
48
What are the properties and uses of polyester resin
Rigid Heat resistant Chemical resistant Brittle Uses - castings Boat hulls Car parts Chairs seats
49
What are elastomers
Materials which at room temperature can be deformed under pressure and then upon release of pressure will return to original shape
50
What are examples of elastomers
natural rubber Neoprene
51
what are the properties and uses of natural rubber
Tensile strength Good hardness Tough Electrical insulator Good cold resistant Uses - tires Tubes Hoses Balloons Toys
52
What are the properties and uses of neoprene
Thermal and whether resistant Tough Chemical resistant Abrasion resistant Electrical insulator Uses - wetsuits Laptop cases Wire insulation
53
what are composites
A material comprised of two or more different materials to enhance its properties
54
What is a manufactured board
A man-made wood-based composite
55
what are the six composites examples
Carbon fibre reinforced plastic Glass reinforced plastic Medium density fibre board Hardboard Chipboard Plywood
56
what is carbon fibre reinforced plastic
Carbon fibre mixed with polyester resin
57
What are the properties and uses of carbon fibre reinforced plastic
light weight Corrosion resist Tough Hard Compressive strength Low thermal expansion Uses- sports equipment Bike frames Tennis racket Racing car bodies Helmets Prosthetics
58
what is glass reinforced plastic
Glass fibre mixed with polyester resin
59
what are the properties and uses of glass reinforced plastic
Lightweight Corrosion resistant Tough Hard Low thermal expansion Compressive strength uses- boat hulls Pond liners Kayak shells Sports car bodies
60
what is medium density fibre board
Compressed wood fibres
61
what are the properties and uses of medium density fibre board
Two smooth faces Can get with thin layer of timber Good strength in all directions Easy to cut and shape uses- model or mouldmaking Furniture items like bookcases Flatpack furniture
62
what is hardboard
Compressed wood fibres
63
what are the properties and uses of hardboard
One hard shiny smooth side Does not split easily Tough uses- furniture inserts Clipboards
64
What is chipboard
Wood chips compressed with a resin such as urea formaldehyde
65
what are the properties and uses of chipboard
Good strength in all directions Easy to cut but can chip Not attractive uses- often veneered or covered Kitchen worktops and units Flatpack furniture
66
What is plywood
thin layers of wood placed 90° from each other and compressed urea formaldehyde sometimes added as an additional resin
67
what are the properties and uses of plywood
Good strength in all directions No grain weakness odd number of layers Uses- structural work Desktops Indoor furniture Floorboards
68
what are the different types of drawing papers and what are properties and uses
Layout paper - thin and translucent- 50gsm- used for sketching and quick marker rendering Tracing paper - translucent- 60gsm- for copying images when sketching Copier paper - White or other colours- 80gsm - printing photos and general office printing Cartridge paper - off-white paper textured surface- 120-150gsm - sketching rendering and printing
69
What are the commercial printing papers and what are the uses and properties
Bond- high-quality paper, bright colour holding and durable- flyers writing paper typing paper Coated - restricts amount of ink abs, good for sharp and complex images- juice or milk cartons, spirit based marker rendering
70
what are the different boards and what are the properties and uses
Mounting board- made from compressed cotton fibres- presents artwork and modelling Corrugated board - cartonboard outer layers and corrugated middle layer, protection against impact- protective packaging food packaging foam board - to outer levels of card with foam in middle, available in a range of thicknesses- modelling Folding box board - layers of pulp top layers usually pigmented, good thickness can be creased- food packaging and packaging of products Foil lined board - Phil applied to one or both sides of the board water resistant and heat insulating- food packaging and drinks packaging
71
what are the three natural fibres and what are the properties and uses
cotton- good absorption, breathable, low elasticity, holds up to 27 times its own weight in water - coloured and non coloured clothing, denim, socks, towels linen- good absorbency, can hold up to 20 times own weight, breathable, high durability, lightweight - bedding, clothing, cushion covers wool- thermal insulator, high breathability , good absorption, good flame resistance -rugs, curtains, clothing
72
what are the three manmade fibres and what are the properties and uses
nylon- does not absorb water, very durable, good elasticity, good tear resistance, breathable - clothing, carpets, parachute polypropylene- does not absorb moisture, high durability, lightweight, not breathable - ropes, carpet, fleece polyester- good elasticity, shape retention, durable, quick drying - jackets, trousers, bedding
73
what are two textile treatments and how is this done
flame resistance - coated with fire retardant - method often used in sofas and chairs - can be dipped in chemicals creating a barrier between fibre and flame -chemicals are activated by heat and automatically extinguish flame stain resistance - treated with PTFE to make more resistant to liquid spills soiling and grass stains - thin barrier is created which prevents liquid and dirt from penetrating textile fibres - makes them easier to wipe clean
74
what are smart materials
materials whose physical properties change in response to an input or change in the environment such as electricity or temp
75
what are smart materials
developed through the invention of new or improved processes as a result of manmade materials or human intervention
76
what are 7 examples of smart/ modern materials
thermo ceramics shape memory alloys reactive glass liquid crystal display photochromic material thermochromic material quantum tunneling composite
77
what are the features and uses of thermo ceramics
- metal powder is places in a mould or die under pressure - the high pressure forces the particles to bind - stable at high temperature -turbine blades, drill bits
78
what are the features and uses of shape memory alloys
- changes shape in response to a change in temp or electrical input - dental braces, screws
79
what are the features and uses of reactive glass
-glass reacts to a change in temp by changing tint - when glass gets hot , glass darkens to block the heat from entering through - apartment and office block windows
80
what are the features and uses of liquid crystal displays
- change colour when an electric voltage is applied - cell turns from light to dark - digital clocks and watches, laptop screens, car audio display
81
what are the features and uses of photochromic material
- changes colour with light intensity - welding goggles
82
what are the features and uses of thermo chromic materials
- changes colour in response to temperature change - room thermometers, children's bath toys
83
what are the features and uses of quantum tunnelling composites
- insulating rubber containing tiny metal particles - when change in applied pressure, material changes from electrical insulator to conductor - touch screen technology

DT theory (8 decks)

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