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L3 Unit 2 > Topic 1 - Garden Styles and Specialist Areas > Flashcards

Topic 1 - Garden Styles and Specialist Areas Flashcards

1
Q

Formal Garden - Design Criteria

A

Symmetry and Balance
Axial layout
Geometric Shapes and Clear Lines
Formal bedding
Formal hedging
Trained plants
Neat lawns
Topiary
Circular pond

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2
Q

Formal Garden - Plant examples

A

Taxus baccata
Buxus sempervirens

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3
Q

Formal Garden - What is a Quincunx

A

A quincunx is a geometric pattern consisting of five points arranged in a cross, with four of the points forming a square or rectangle and the fifth point at its center. This arrangement is commonly seen on dice, where the number five is represented by a quincunx of dots.

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4
Q

Formal Garden - What is an avenue or allees

A

An approach marked either side of regularly planted trees.
Often used on a grand scale for Country Houses.
Pleached trees are used

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5
Q

Formal Garden - What is a Knot garden

A

A knot garden is a type of formal garden design that originated in England during the Tudor period.
It is characterized by its intricate and symmetrical patterns created with low, clipped hedges (Buxus sempervirens), often resembling the appearance of interwoven knots.
The design aims to mimic the elaborate patterns of embroidery or textile work.

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6
Q

Formal Garden - Parterres

A

Planted using Buxus sempervirens. Flat ornamental garden design adjacent to house to be viewed from above.

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7
Q

Formal Garden - Wilderness

A

A place of solitude and reflection rather than Wild. Often a distance from the house.

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8
Q

Formal Garden - Potager

A

French for kitchen garden for the “soup pot”. Highly decorative. Example is Villandry in France. Victorians had them as walled.

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9
Q

Formal Garden - Hard Landscape features

A

Straight paths with neat edging
Central features - Statues, sun dials, water features
Canals, circular or rectangular ponds with fountains

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10
Q

Formal Garden - advantages for Well Being

A

The symmetry, balance, and orderly design of formal gardens can provide a sense of calm and reduce stress. The predictable and organized nature of the garden helps in creating a tranquil environment.

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11
Q

Formal Garden - advantages for Biodiversity

A

Shelter and nesting sites. Corridor for wild areas. Water features.

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12
Q

Woodland Garden - Main design criteria

A

Naturalistic, informal in appearance. Occasional clearings. Layered planting. Ground planting deals with shade. Mid level mid size shrubs. Seasonal interest. Example plants include rhododendrons, camellias, and magnolias.

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13
Q

Woodland garden - Examples of plants

A

Digitalis purpurea
Silver birch - Betula pendula
Rhododendrons, camellias, and magnolias.

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14
Q

Woodland garden - advantages for well being. What is the name of Japanese Forest bathing

A

Enclosed, green and natural setting
Japanese forest bathing shinri yoku

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15
Q

Woodland Garden - advantages for Biodiversity

A

Largely unspoiled (decaying leaves etc). Large number of species

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16
Q

What is meant by Forest gardening

A

More food production and medicinal so it includes nuts, leaves, spices
Biologically sustainable
Low maintenance
Also known as Home Gardens
Uses deep rooting plants able to extract nutrients

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17
Q

Cottage Garden - Design criteria

A

Appear largely unplanned, no particular colour scheme, mix of plants, plants should be hardy, overall rustic appearance.

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18
Q

Cottage Garden - Hard landscaping materials

A

Picket fencing, chestnut paling, rough saw oak. Arches, seats, gates.

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19
Q

Cottage Garden - suitable plants

A

Lots - mainly roses and scented plants
Alchemilla mollis
Digitalis purpurea
Lonicera periclymenum
Crataegus monogyna

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20
Q

Cottage Garden - advantages for Biodiversity

A

Abundance of flowering plants wide range of insects and a habitat for different mammals and birds

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21
Q

Cottage Garden - advantages for Wellbeing

A

Uplifting abundance of colour and scent

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22
Q

Modernist Garden - Design criteria

A

Clean lines, geometric shapes.
Uncluttered and functional
Limited number of colours
Asymmetric balance
Strong links between house and garden

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23
Q

Modernist Garden - Hard landscaping

A

Concrete, steel, copper and ceramic tiles.
Seating = garden sofas and hanging metal chairs

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24
Q

Modernist Garden Design - Plant examples

A

Selected for foliage and texture.
Agapanthus spp - ‘Purple Cloud’
Evergreen shrubs - pittosporum tenuifolium
Nandina domestica
Clipped balls - Taxus baccatta

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25
Q

Modernist Garden design - Wellbeing and Bio Diversity

A

Less welcoming but if planted in a sympathetic way it can attract pollinators

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26
Q

Coastal Garden Design Criteria

A

Challenging - large amount of salt, plants that can cope with that are (Halophytes). Windbreaks required. Climate can be milder and reduced chance of frosts.

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27
Q

Coastal Garden Design - plant examples

A

Quercus ilex (wind break)
Shrubs - Euonymus japonica

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28
Q

Coastal Garden Design - Hard landscaping

A

Relates to coast - shingle, drift wood

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29
Q

Coastal Garden - Well being

A

Close to water

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30
Q

Coastal Garden - Bio diversity

A

Can grow some exotics

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31
Q

Prairie Garden Design criteria

A

Based on large scale grasses and herbaceous perennials. Naturalist style with swathes blocks and drifts. Piet Oudolf refers to matrix planting.

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32
Q

Prairie Garden design plant examples

A

Grasses - Stipa tenuisssima Miscanthus sinensis
Daisies - Echinacea purpurea
Spires - Actea simplex

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33
Q

Prairie Garden Design - Hardscaping

A

There is none.

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34
Q

Prairie Garden - Well being

A

Naturalistic plant bring people in tune with nature.

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35
Q

Prairie Garden - Bio diversity

A

Encourage wildlife

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36
Q

Ecological garden design criteria

A

Sustainability is uppermost (Store carbon and biodiversity hot spots). The right plant in the right place. No bare soil. Seed local provenance.
Dead wood and decaying is aloud.
Associated with Beth Chatto - right plant, right place

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37
Q

Ecological garden design - Hard landscaping

A

Sustainable, locally sourced. Bark chippings on path for example.

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38
Q

Alpine and Rock Garden Design Criteria

A

Low growing bright plants. Naturalistic and informal. Often part of a larger garden. Work in a rocky landscape. Rocks should mimic a natural rocky outcrop.

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39
Q

Suitable plants for an alpine and rock garden

A

Sempervivium ‘Banyan’
Saxifraga ‘Kath Dryden’

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40
Q

Hard landscaping for an alpine and rock garden

A

Local stone if possible.
Raised beds
Troughs and containers
Can use Sandstone, Hyper Tufa - bit more acceptable for sustainability

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41
Q

Water Garden - Design Criteria

A

They come in a variety of shapes and sizes. Large and ornamental with a large fountain, or a small pond in a bog garden. Serpentine lakes in Country Gardens, gentle streams in Chinese and Japanese gardens.

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42
Q

Water Garden - Plant examples

A

Gunnera manicata
Lobelia cardinalis

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43
Q

Water Gardens - Hard landscaping

A

Permeable materials for paths - H&S
Natural stone or reconstituted
Ponds - Fibreglass butyl rubber liners

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44
Q

Display Glass House - What are the examples of different styles

A

Belfast and Kew large ornate Victorian - good for large plants and ferns.
National Botanic Garden Wales - Modern style

Small displays of alpines - RHS Wisley

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45
Q

What are the sustainability issues with Hard landscaping choices

A

Always best to repurpose instead of buying new. Try to avoid ripping out and replacing. If possible reuse materials.

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46
Q

Benefits of recycled/repurposed materials

A

Environmental, sustainability, could be in keeping with garden (weathered), supports local economy, reduced disposal costs

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47
Q

Limitations of recycled/repurposed materials

A

Variable quality, limitations on supply, can be worn, could be hidden costs for installation

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48
Q

What factors should affect procurement decisions

A

Durability, functionality, sustainability, costs, building regulations, supply chain availability, ethical sourcing, cultural sensitivities

49
Q

How factors need to be specified for hard landscaping material

A

Material, Dimensions, Surface finish, colour, manufacturer/brand

50
Q

Suitable hard landscaping material or feature for a wall in a formal garden

A

Limestone

51
Q

Suitable hard landscaping material or feature for a pergola in a formal garden

A

Wrought Iron

52
Q

Suitable hard landscaping material or feature for a statue in a formal garden

A

Marble

53
Q

Suitable hard landscaping material or feature for a path in a woodland garden

A

Gravel

54
Q

Suitable hard landscaping material or feature for a plant support for a cottage garden

A

Wicker

55
Q

Suitable hard landscaping material or feature for an arch in a cottage garden

A

Cedar (because it doesn’t rot) tends to be used for garden furniture

56
Q

Suitable hard landscaping material or feature for a patio for a modernist garden

A

Natural stone - slate

57
Q

Suitable hard landscaping material or feature for a seat for a modernist garden

A

Wood - Teak

58
Q

Suitable hard landscaping material or feature for a sculpture for a coastal garden

A

Driftwood

59
Q

Suitable hard landscaping material or feature for a fence for an ecological garden

A

Living fence - Willow

60
Q

Suitable hard landscaping material or feature for a crevice garden

A

Sandstone (Limestone is protected)

61
Q

Suitable hard landscaping material or feature for a path to surround a wildlife pond

A

Gravel

62
Q

Suitable hard landscaping material or feature for a bridge for a Japanese water garden

A

Wood

63
Q

Suitable hard landscaping material for staging for a display glasshouse

A

Pressure treated wood

64
Q

Two example trees in a formal publicly accessible garden

A

Linden Tree (Tilia cordata)
Cupressus sempervirens ‘Pyramidalis’

65
Q

What is the practical and aesthetic role of the Linden Tree in a formal publicly accessible garden

A

Dense foliage provides ample shade, creating comfortable, cool areas for visitors to sit and relax.
Once established, Linden trees are hardy and require minimal maintenance, making them a practical choice for public gardens where maintenance resources may be limited.
Aesthetic - The Linden Tree’s symmetrical, pyramidal to rounded crown enhances the structured, geometric design typical of formal gardens.
Often pleached to provide avenues.

66
Q

What is the practical and aesthetic role of Cupressus sempervirens ‘Pyramidalis’ in a formal publicly accessible garden

A

t has a strong vertical form, often described as an exclamation mark. It
can be pruned if needed as well to provide a more regular shape. This could make a single
focal point or several can be used to line a formal pool. As they are so narrow, they cast
little shade, so are valuable in smaller gardens as well.

67
Q

Two example trees in a Woodland publicly accessible garden.
General function.

A

Oak Tree (Quercus robur)
Silver Birch (Betula pendula)

They provide the canopy layer.
They create the environment for all the other plant species to grow, and the biodiversity in the garden.

68
Q

What is the practical and aesthetic role of an Oak tree in a woodland publicly accessible garden

A

The majestic form, rugged bark, and seasonal changes in foliage make it a visually stunning focal point in a woodland setting. Generally low maintenance but may need occasional pruning to remove dead or diseased branches.

69
Q

What is the practical and aesthetic role of a Silver Birch tree in a woodland publicly accessible garden

A

The white bark provides winter interest, while the delicate leaves and catkins add texture and movement in spring and summer

70
Q

Two example trees in a Cottage Garden publicly accessible garden

A

Malus spp. (Crabapple)
Hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna)

71
Q

What is the practical and aesthetic role of a Malus tree in a Cottage garden publicly accessible garden

A

The Crabapple brings ornamental flowers and fruit, supporting pollinators and providing seasonal interest

72
Q

Two example trees in a Coastal garden publicly accessible garden

A

Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris)
Cupressus sempervirens ‘Pyramidalis’

73
Q

What is the practical and aesthetic role of a Hawthorne tree in a Cottage garden publicly accessible garden

A

Historically used in traditional medicine, the tree adds cultural and historical depth to the garden, wildlife habitat, and versatile uses as a tree or hedge.

74
Q

What is the practical and aesthetic role of a Scots Pine tree in a Coastal garden publicly accessible garden

A

Scots Pine provides structural height, wind protection, and evergreen beauty. Fits well into the naturalistic style often desired in coastal gardens.

75
Q

What is the practical and aesthetic role of a Cupressus sempervirens ‘Pyramidalis’ tree in a Coastal garden publicly accessible garden

A

Italian Cypress is well-suited to withstand strong coastal winds. When planted in rows or clusters, these trees can act as effective windbreaks, protecting more delicate plants and creating sheltered microclimates within the garden.
Erosion Control: Their strong root systems can help stabilize soil, reducing erosion, which is particularly beneficial in sandy or loose coastal soils. Aesthetically, it offers architectural structure, year-round interest, and versatility in design

76
Q

Two example trees in an Ecological planting in a publicly accessible garden

A

English Oak (Quercus robur)
Silver Birch (Betula pendula)

77
Q

What is the practical and aesthetic role of an English Oak tree in an Ecological planting publicly accessible garden

A

Supports over 1,300 species of wildlife, including insects, birds, and fungi. It’s particularly important for various moth and butterfly caterpillars.
Food Source: Acorns, food source for many birds and mammals, such as jays, squirrels, and deer.
Habitat Provision: The tree provides habitat and nesting sites for numerous bird species. Its rough bark offers a home for lichens and mosses, and the decaying wood supports fungi and invertebrates.
Carbon Sequestration: Oaks are efficient at sequestering carbon dioxide, contributing to climate change mitigation.

78
Q

What is the practical and aesthetic role of a Silver Birch tree in an Ecological planting publicly accessible garden

A

Pioneer Species: Silver Birch is a pioneer species, meaning it is often one of the first trees to colonize disturbed lands, improving soil quality for other plants.

Pollinator Support: The catkins provide early pollen for bees and other pollinators in spring.

Biodiversity Support: Supports a variety of insects, including aphids, which in turn attract birds and other predators. The leaves are a food source for caterpillars of several moth species.
Soil Improvement: The fallen leaves decompose quickly, enriching the soil with nutrients.

79
Q

Two example trees in an alpine and rock garden in a publicly accessible garden

A

Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris)
Mountain Ash / Rowan (Sorbus aucuparia)

80
Q

What is the practical and aesthetic role of a Scots Pine tree in an Alpine planting publicly accessible garden

A

Can thrive in well-drained, rocky soils and cooler climates. Tall, narrow growth habit makes it suitable for providing vertical interest and a backdrop to lower-growing alpine plants

81
Q

What is the practical and aesthetic role of a Mountain Ash tree in an Alpine planting publicly accessible garden

A

The Rowan’s adaptability to different soil types, including rocky and well-drained soils, makes it ideal for this setting. Slender trunk and an open, airy canopy.

82
Q

What are the general benefits for having trees in any style of garden

A
  • They provide a canopy layer
  • provision of shade to people, plantings, and buildings
  • privacy and screening
  • improved aesthetic value to garden area from colour texture and form
  • provision of focal points
  • framing views, creating a sense of place
  • reduction in windspeed and increase in relative humidity
  • provision of a backdrop for other plantings
  • provision of a sense of containment of space
83
Q

Name some trees that would go into a Modernist garden

A

Birches, such as the paperbark birch - Betula papyrifera make a strong statement in a
modernist style with their bright white trunks.
Ginkgo biloba has a strong architectural form with the distinctive fan shaped, bilobed
leaves.

NEEDS EXPANDING

84
Q

Factors that apply for all types of pruning

A

Prune at the correct time for the species
* Use the correct tools for the size of the branch to be pruned
* Always use clean and sharp tools to prevent snagging and transferring diseases
* Prune in the correct place – always above the branch collar
* Prune in stages for larger branches
* Assess whether the work should be carried out by a professional arboriculturist
* Certification is required for the professional use of chainsaws in the UK.

85
Q

What is Crown raising

A

Lower branches are removed to leave a clear trunk and allow light and air through for plants underneath.
It could also allow room to walk under a tree and provide valuable
shade for a seat underneath.
Views can be opened to other parts of the garden.

86
Q

Legislation referring to trees

A

Tree Preservation orders (TPO)
The Wildlife & Countryside Act 1981 makes it an offence to destroy bat roosts and the nest of any wild bird while it is in use or being built.
Occupiers Liability Act - for visitors and trespassers not in danger

87
Q

Different styles of plantings in Glass house

A

Will depend on the location Natural Plantings reflecting a wider landscape (Wales)
Clean lines and minimalist - Modernist style

88
Q

What are some of the different materials used for the framework and cladding of a glass house

A

Framework - Cast iron, brick work, aluminum, steel.
Cladding - Horticultural glass, safety glass, polycarbonate

89
Q

What are some of the materials suitable for staging inside a glass house

A

Wood, aluminum or historically wrought iron

90
Q

Health and Safety issues inside a glasshouse

A

Pathways could be damp, branches, high humidity

91
Q

Opportunities and Limitations of a site for a Glass house

A

Need adequate light
Watch for other buildings and over hanging trees
Enough space for maintenance around it
Avoid cold areas otherwise have to pay for heating for tender plants

92
Q

How is hedging used in a formal garden

A

Closely and regularly clipped. Geometric shapes and lines. Small ones to provide edging to beds, larger ones to create rooms.

93
Q

What is a claire- voie or clear view

A

Openwork gate or fence or just an opening out to a wilder part of the garden

94
Q

Examples of plants used for a maze

A

Thymus spp., Taxus baccata, C Betulas. Modern versions include maize and sunflowers

95
Q

Describe formal bedding

A

Typical Victorian gardens and used in public parks. Spring bullbs followed summer plantings.
Can be edging plants as well.
Dot plants such as Cordyline australis
F1’s good for uniformity

96
Q

What is carpet bedding and how does it differ from formal bedding

A

Distinct type of formal bedding. Foliage plants and much flatter. Close together to give appearance of woven carpet. Can be used to write name or advertising.

97
Q

What is meant by coppicing and how would it be used in a woodland garden

A

Coppicing is a traditional woodland management technique where trees or shrubs are cut down to ground level to encourage new shoots to grow from the stump or root system. This practice takes advantage of the tree’s natural ability to regenerate, and the new growth, or “coppice,” can be harvested on a regular cycle (typically every 7 to 20 years, depending on the species).

In a woodland garden, coppicing can be used for various purposes:

  1. Sustainable Harvesting
    Timber and fuel: Coppicing provides a sustainable source of wood for firewood, poles, stakes, and even furniture making. The regular cutting of trees ensures a renewable supply of these materials.
    Craft materials: The shoots from coppiced trees, such as willow and hazel, are often used for weaving, basketry, and fencing (e.g., wattle hurdles).
  2. Wildlife Habitat
    Coppicing creates a diverse range of habitats in the woodland garden. The cycle of cutting and regrowth leads to a mosaic of light and shade, encouraging a variety of plant species to flourish. This in turn attracts different insects, birds, and mammals, enriching the biodiversity of the garden.
  3. Light Management
    By periodically cutting back certain trees or shrubs, more light can reach the forest floor. This allows smaller plants, like woodland flowers or herbs, to thrive. Coppicing can thus help manage light levels and create a layered, diverse garden structure.
  4. Ornamental Use
    Some trees, like hazel, willow, or dogwood, are coppiced to maintain an attractive structure and vibrant new shoots. Regular coppicing keeps shrubs more compact, bushy, and visually interesting.
  5. Controlling Growth
    Coppicing can also be used to control the size of trees or shrubs that might otherwise outgrow the space, helping to maintain an open and managed woodland feel.
98
Q

Examples of ground layer plants in a coppiced wood

A

Hyacinthoides non-scripta
Anemone nemorosa
Prmula vulgaris
Galanthus nivalis

99
Q

What is meant by an Woodland edge

A

Woodland edge gardens are designed to create a layered effect, with taller trees in the back, followed by medium-sized shrubs, and lower-growing perennials in the foreground.

This approach provides visual interest, biodiversity, and a more natural look, often attracting wildlife such as birds, pollinators, and beneficial insects. It can be a great way to introduce a feeling of woodland serenity into a garden while offering more variety in plant selection.

100
Q

What is meant by a Woodland Edge

A

Can work in a small garden. Key things is it is made up of various layers.

101
Q

How would you go about creating a woodland edge garden

A

Start with trees add shrubs, once established climbers. Herbaceous plants must work with dappled shade. Homes for wild life
Don’t be too tidy - allow decay and dead wood.
Use mulch

102
Q

Example plants for a Woodland edge

A

Crab Apple Malus slyvestris
Oak (Canopy)
Foxgloves
Holly - Ilex aquilfolium (Middle)

103
Q

Maintenance of a woodland garden

A

Pruning to prevent over growing
Crown lifting to allow plants to grow
Paths and furniture in keeping and maintained (bark chipping on paths for example)

104
Q

Example of a woodland garden also a Prairie one

A

Wakehurst (part of Kew Gardens)

105
Q

What is Piet Oudolf’s matrix style of planting

A

Species planted in large numbers that acts as a background.
Pulls everything together
Amongst the drifts are strong or primary flowering plants
They are main interest in colour
Then scatter or secondary plants

106
Q

What is scree

A

Loose particles of rock that are found naturally on mountain sides They provide good protection and good drainage

107
Q

Opportunities and Limitations of a Water Garden

A

It attracts wild life and if you have the resources can be very ornate.
Shade of trees and falling leaves.

108
Q

What is permeable paving

A

It allows gaps or voids to allow water to seep away. Sustainable Drainage Systems (SuDS).

109
Q

What is meant by Crown thinning

A

Removal of smaller branches, to produce uniform density of foliage. It doesn’t change the the overall size and shape of the tree. It allows more light through

110
Q

What is meant by Crown reduction

A

A reduction in the height and spread of a tree

111
Q

Recent examples of tree diseaese

A

Dutch elm
Ash dieback
Box blight and box tree caterpillar

112
Q

What is the impact of garden planting styles on visitors ?

A

Do they appreciate ecological plantings, is formal attractive or daunting. Are woodland just for walking.

113
Q

What is the impact of garden or planting styles on garden management plans

A

Woodland - long term 20 years, prairie might need renewal over 5 years, different for modernist.

114
Q

What is the impact on various garden and planting styles for the biodiversity of the overall garden

A

Compromises for formal, hardscaping in woodland to assist visitors

115
Q

How could climate change affect the selection of hard landscaping materials

A

Sun make metail benches too hot, plastic more brittle. Increased rainfall and flooding. Better parking areas.

116
Q

What is the impact of different garden or planting styles on diversity or equality

A

Heritage garden has links to slavery, a Victorian Millionaires home is not relevant.

117
Q

How to answer a question that says “discuss”

A

Define key terms: Briefly define any important terms in the question.
Provide context: Give a brief overview of the issue or topic.
State your aim: Explain what you will discuss and mention the aspects you’ll cover.

Then a balanced and detailed exploration of the subject.

Present multiple perspectives, analyze the arguments, and provide evidence or examples to support your points.

Link back to the question.

118
Q

How to answer a question that says “review”

A

Assess, evaluate, or critique a particular subject
Define terms
Discuss the strengths and positive aspects of the topic.
Then, evaluate its weaknesses, limitations, or challenges.
Support your points with examples, evidence, or logical reasoning.

L3 Unit 2 (4 decks)

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