Topic 1 - Diversity And Inclusion Flashcards
What is the definition of Identity?
Identity is our idea of who we are, formed through our personal experience, our background and the communities to which we belong
What is cultural identity ?
Cultural identity is what we share with other members of a group or community, through it’s language, beliefs, values and customs
How can people express their cultural identity?
Through their :
- food
- music
- traditional dress
- sport
- festivals e.g. Christmas, Ramadan, Chinese New Year
- Flags
- religious views
- language
What factors may influence a young persons cultural identity ?
Family - through a family’s values, religion, language
Peer group - through fashion, food, music, festivals
Religion- through beliefs, morals, religious practices
Community - through people in the same area sharing religious and political views
School - through school values, mottos and sports
Media - through fashion trends, music via magazines, TV and the internet
What are the national identities in Northern Ireland ?
British and Irish
What are the Religious identities in Northern Ireland ?
Protestant and Catholic
What are the Political identities in Northern Ireland ?
Unionist/Loyalist, Nationalist/Republican
What is a multicultural society/diversity?
A society in which there is a range of different cultural groups. The USA is one example of a multicultural society
What is an ethnic minority ?
A cultural group which is not the majority in a society
What are the benefits associated with expressions of cultural identity ?
- Society is enriched by a wide variety of food, sport, language and music
- Helps Mutual understanding and tolerance of other cultures
- Shared cultural experiences promote inclusion and respect
- Cultural festivals attract tourists and visitors which has economic benefits
What are challenges associated with expressions of cultural identity ?
- Strong loyalties to a particular culture can result in intolerance and mistrust of others
- Cultural differences can reinforce divisions and lead to tension and conflict
- In Northern Ireland there can be tension over flags, symbols,marching, different versions of the past
- Hatred between cultural groups can lead to major conflict such as in Bosnia in 1992 - 1995
What is the definition of diversity ?
Living in a society where there are groups with differing race religions, culture, age etc
What is inclusion?
Inclusion is ensuring that all groups are fully included in society and are treated fairly
What is prejudice ?
Prejudice is dislike or intolerance of people of a different race, religion,gender, culture etc
What is stereotyping?
Stereotyping is making generalised assumptions about a person because of the group they belong to e.g. ‘women can’t drive’
What is discrimination?
Treating someone differently because of the group they belong to e.g. refusing to employ them or provide a service for them
What is secterianism ?
Prejudice, discrimination or unfair treatment based on a persons religion
What is racism?
Prejudice, discrimination or unfair treatment based on a persons race
What is marginalisation?
Treatment of an individual or a group as insignificant
What are some causes of prejudice
- Different cultural practices (such as food preparation, clothing, festivals, parades) may not be understood by others and this can lead people to feel threatened and less to negative behaviour towards other cultures
- Intolerance between different religions: Catholics, Protestants, Muslim, Jew, Hindu etc
- The passing of prejudiced attitudes and behaviours, both between families over generations and peers
- segregated housing and education which can reinforce lack of understanding and respect
- Different political beliefs, especially where political views reflect cultural divisions e.g. in Northern Ireland: Unionist, Nationalist, Republican, Loyalist
- The media can portray influential stereotypes or negative views about particular cultures
Why does discrimination happen ?
Discrimination arises when people act on their prejudices and is caused by the same factors which lead to prejudice
What are the consequences of prejudice and discrimination for individuals?
- anxiety,stress, depression
- stress related illnesses
- loss of self esteem and confidence
- problems at school and work
- loss of job, poverty and homelessness
What are the consequences of Prejudice and Discrimination for the economy ?
- People who are discriminated against in an organisation or business may have low self morale and be less motivated to work, therefore reducing the businesses productivity
- businesses may fail to make best use of all the available skills and talent
What are the consequences of Prejudice and Discrimination for society?
- equal opportunity is a feature of democratic states and so discrimination is a threat to democracy
- In non-democratic countries, the justice system may target marginalised groups e.g. the Jews in Hitler’s Germany
- Conflict may develop between groups seeking greater equality and government and this may lead to major conflict
What are some reasons for immigration ?
- Economic - work opportunities are usually seen as the major reasons for immigration, more job opportunities, higher wages and better standards of living
- Social - some countries have a higher standard of living in terms of climate, culture, housing and healthcare
- Education - some countries are well known for the standard of their school, universities or professional institutes
- Family - some people emigrate to follow in the footsteps of family
- Political - emigrants may leave home because of persecution for political beliefs (refugees) or because they want more political freedom or they are in a war zone
- Religious - emigrants may leave home due to persecution for religious beliefs or because they want more religious freedom
- ## Environmental - people may emigrate to escape natural disasters e.g earth quakes
What have people more recently moved to live in Northern Ireland?
- Opportunities for a better standard of living e.g. higher salaries, better housing, education and healthcare
- Northern Ireland is a more peaceful society since the 1998 Belfast Agreement and therefore a more attractive place to live
- People with particular skills from other countries such as the Philippines have been recruited by employers to work in Northern Ireland
What are the benefits of immigration for Communities, society and the Economy?
- Promotes tolerance and understanding of communities with differing cultures
- Enriches our community by providing a broader range of shared experiences e.g. different types of food and music
- Expressions of cultural identity give people a sense of belonging and where different groups share activities this buildd relationships across society and promotes harmony
- Generated more money in our economy through the growth of different businesses for which migrants work
- Eases skills and labour shortages e.g. nurses, construction workers, hospitality workers
- Increases tax contributions which helps pay for services such as education, health and transport
What are the social challenges/tensions of immigration ?
- a large increase of migrants into local communities can lead to tension and conflict with local people
- differences in cultural identity may lead to an increase in prejudice and stereotyping, followed by an increase in discrimination and racism. Migrant groups can become marginalised
What are the economic challenges/ tensions of immigration?
- Pressure on existing resources such as housing, hospital waiting lists, and schools
- Pressure on jobs
- The government may need to provide social housing or welfare benefits
- Community tensions may lead to violence
- Language barriers and measures needed to be overcome which can be costly
- Security and policing measures may be needed to deal with illegal immigration, those entering with a criminal record, those who pose a terrorist threat. Policing is also needed to deal with hate crime against immigrants.
What are some ways the government can support immigrants?
- Housing - Northern Ireland Housing Executive
- An interpreting service - to fill out applications
- Information on how to access health and social care services through NI Direct
- NI Direct provides information on education, training, skills and choosing a school.
- The government also funds the Inclusion and Diversity service which provides advice to schools regarding provision for pupils whose first language is not English
- The government has a responsibility through the Northern Ireland Act to protect equal rights, including those of migrants e.g. in the work place
- The PSNI has a role in tackling hate crime
What is the definition of tolerance?
Acceptance of other people’s differences
What does a more inclusive and tolerant society mean ?
A more inclusive and tolerant society means less discrimination, racism and secterianism and therefore less conflict
What are some ways Individuals can promote inclusion ?
- individuals can share experiences and celebrate traditions and cultures
- Individuals can challenge racist or sectarian attitudes in others
- Individuals can join NGOS or community groups which work to combat conflict
- Individuals can report racist or sectarian crimes to police
What are some ways schools can promote inclusion?
- Having special assemblies to celebrate cultural diversity
- Having clubs which encourage pupils to come together in sharing their interests e.g. music
- Citizenship classes raising awareness of human rights
- Having facilities for those with disabilities e.g. wheelchair access, arrangements for special needs
- Anti- Bullying policy
- Having food available to meet the needs of those with particular food practices
What are some ways society/communities can promote inclusion?
- Cross community groups can work together to promote tolerance through events, trips meetings, talks
- Community groups can organise celebrations to promote multi culturalism
- Youth groups can organise education sessions which encourage young people to be tolerant of difference, thereby reducing sectarianism and racism
What can be
What are some ways to promote inclusion in the workplace ?
- Employers are required to follow the equal opportunities law which protect people from discrimination in the workplace and ensure that everyone can access goods and services equally
- Employers can ensure that staff are trained to follow inclusion policies
- Employers can ensure that disciplinary policies set out sanctions for discriminatory behaviour
How can inclusion be promoted in the role of the government ?
- The government can promote tolerance through education in schools and in other organisations
- The Government can provide funding for organisations such as the Community Relations council which works to promote better relations between different communities in Northern Ireland
- Local councils can fund multi-cultural celebrations e.g. the Continental Market
- The government can legislate (pass laws and enforce those laws) to prevent discrimination, sectarianism and racism
- The PSNI works closely with community groups and can arrest those who break laws which protect the right to inclusion . The PSNI works to ensure that it is a balanced force representing people from all sections of the community
How does the Equal Pay Act 1975 protect people?
Gives women the same pay as men for doing the same job
How does the Sex Discrimination Act protect people ?
Protects disabled people from discrimination due to gender
How does the Disability Discrimination Act protect people?
It Protects disabled people from discrimination
How does the Northern Ireland Act (section 75)1998 protect people?
It brings previous laws together to uphold equality for all; requires government and all public bodies to actively promote equality
Conflict can arise because of disputes over what ?
- Land, energy sources, or the distribution of resources, especially where there is a poverty or economic decline
- different racial or ethnic backgrounds
- different cultural practices: food, clothing, parades, flags
- segregated housing and education can reinforce lack of respect and understanding
- different political views
- different views of the past/ historical events
What are some examples of conflict locally in Northern Ireland ?
- There is racism against Chinese, Filipinos, Polish
- There is sectarianism between Catholics and protestants
- An example of widespread violent conflict was The Troubles in Northern Ireland
What are some examples of National conflict ?
- There is racism against Pakistanis in the UK
- There is sectarianism between Muslims and Hindus in India
- Civil War in Iraq
What are some examples of Global conflict?
Russia - Ukraine war
What are the consequences of widespread violent conflict for individuals ?
- Lack of basic necessities such as clean water, food, medical care, housing
- Physical harm may be done - witnessing death, torture, rape, hostage taking
- Population displacement - refugees
What are the consequences of widespread violent conflict for society?
- Neighborhoods become war zones
- There may be collapse of infrastructure - businesses, schools, healthcare, transport systems
- Breakdown of families e.g. children may be orphaned
What are the consequences of widespread violent conflict for the economy ?
- Slump in the economy
- Loss of trade with other countries
- Decline in the size of the workforce
- Rising prices due to shortages
What is conflict resolution?
Methods of reducing or ending conflict
In what ways can Local conflict be resolved ?
- Local groups and communities play an important role in reducing conflict e.g. The Community Relations Council provides support for cross community schemes and inclusion for ethnic minorities
- By promoting inclusion and therefore creating a society with less conflict by ensuring all groups are equally respected and included
What are 2 ways National conflict can be resolved?
- Mediation - where 2 sides in a conflict attempt to reach a solution with a neutral, independent, third party, e.g. talks which led to the Belfast Agreement 1998
- Truth and Reconciliation Commissions e.g. in South Africa after apartheid victims and perpetrators of violence gave their testimonies in a search for the truth
What are some ways conflict between countries can be resolved?
- The judicial system - using the international court system to reach a final settlement in a dispute for example the International Criminal Court has tried those accused of war crimes and The European Court of Human Rights will deal with disputes concerning governments accused of abusing human rights
- Sanctions - where a government attempts to change the behaviour of another government by withholding loans or aid
- Boycott - where a government attempts to change the behaviour of another government by refusing to trade ( buy or sell goods) with that country
- United Nations - The United Nations can send a peacekeeping army to the country to attempt to keep warring groups apart and promote a solution to the dispute
Is a boycott a long term or short term method and why ?
A boycott is a short term method designed to bring a country quickly into line, it will not be likely to solve a dispute permanently
What is the advantage of a boycott ?
It puts pressure on a government to make changes without the need to go to war
What is a disadvantage of a boycott?
The boycott may not work as another country may continue to trade essential goods
Is Mediation a long term or short term method and why ?
If agreement is reached mediation may start to bring about a longer term solution
Is promoting inclusion a long term or short term method and why ?
This is a method which is designed to change attitudes and behaviours for the long-term and therefore make recurrence of conflict less likely
Is The United Nations a long term or short term method and why ?
Unless the United Nations can tackle the causes of the conflict, peace will not be permanent
What is the advantage of mediation?
Each group gets to put it’s views forward and is encouraged by the mediator to listen to the views of others
What is the disadvantage of mediation?
One group may refuse to listen or compromise and the talks may start to break down
What is the advantage of Promoting Inclusion as a form of conflict resolution?
Individuals and communities are encouraged to better understand and respect one another and to live together in greater harmony
What is the disadvantage of promoting inclusion as a form of conflict resolution ?
It may take a long time to reach the goal of full inclusion
What is the advantage of The United Nations?
They can send troops into a country to keep peace
What is the disadvantage of The United Nations ?
United Nations forces can face attack themselves leading to further conflict
