topic 1 - developmental psychology VOCAB

Question 1

Brain

Answer 1

The organ in your head made up of nerves. It processes information and controls behaviour.

Question 2

Forebrain

Answer 2

The anterior part of the brain, including the hemispheres and the central brain structures.

Question 3

Midbrain

Answer 3

The middle section of the brain forming part of the central nervous system.

Question 4

Hindbrain

Answer 4

The lower part of the brain that includes the cerebellum, pons and medulla oblongata.

Question 5

Anterior

Answer 5

Directed towards the front (when used in relation to our biology).

Question 6

Posterior

Answer 6

Directed towards the back (when used in relation to our biology).

Question 7

Cerebellum

Answer 7

An area of the brain near to the brainstem that controls motor movements (muscle activity).

Question 8

Medulla oblongata

Answer 8

Connects the upper brain to the spinal cord and controls automatic responses. It controls involuntary responses such as sneezing and breathing, as well as heart rate and blood pressure.

Question 9

Involuntary response

Answer 9

A response to a stimulus that occurs without someone making a conscious choice. They are automatic, such as reflexes.

Question 10

Neural connections

Answer 10

Links formed by messages passing from one nerve cell (neuron) to another.

Question 11

Seriation

Answer 11

sorting obejects into an order. Develops during concrete operational stage.

Question 12

Conservation

Answer 12

The child knows that quantity, length or number are not related to shape e.g. juice test

Question 13

Decentration

Answer 13

Ability to take on anothers viewpoint.

Question 14

Symbolic Play and when does it develop?

Answer 14

Children use other objects e.g. toys to represent other things. This develops at the pre-operational stage.

Question 15

Egocentric

Answer 15

Unable to see the world from another’s point of view.

Question 16

Animism

Answer 16

Belief that objects can behave as if they were alive.

Question 17

Reversibility and when does it develop?

Answer 17

Understanding that action can return something to its original state. Develops in the concrete operational stage.

Question 18

Morality

Answer 18

General principle about what is right and wrong,

Question 19

Schema

Answer 19

Mental representations of the world based on one’s own experiences

Question 20

Sensorimotor stage

Answer 20

Infants use their senses and movements to get information about the world. at first they live in the present. They develop object permanence and learn to control their movements.

Question 21

Pre-operational stage

Answer 21

Children engage in symbolic play. They think in pictures and use symbols, including some words (the beginning of language development). Children are egocentric and show animism. Later in this stage they start reasoning and show centration and irreversibility.

Question 22

Formal operational stage

Answer 22

Develops around 12 years old and is associated with the moral reasoning and deductive reasoning.

Question 23

Concrete operational stage

Answer 23

develops at 7 to 12 and involves development of abilities to such conservation, reversibility, seration and decentration.

Question 24

Equilibrium

Answer 24

When a child’s schemas can explain all that they experience - a state of mental balance may have resulted from new accomodation.

Question 25

Assimilation

Answer 25

Incorporating new experiences into existing schemas.

Question 26

Accommodation

Answer 26

When a schema has to be changed to deal with a new experience.

Question 27

Three Mountian Task

Answer 27

An experiment by Piaget and Inhelder which tested egocentricism

Question 28

Mindset

Answer 28

A belief about something which infuence our perceptions, interpretations of situations and how we behave.

Question 29

Fixed Mindset

Answer 29

belief that abilities are unchangeable

Question 30

Growth Mindset

Answer 30

belief that abilities are changeable

Question 31

Gunderson et al (2013)

Answer 31

A natural experiment showing process praise correlates to a belief that effort is worthwhile.

Question 32

3 - 4 weeks

Answer 32

forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain develops.

Question 33

6 weeks

Answer 33

cerebellum starts to develop

Question 34

20 weeks

Answer 34

medula begins to develop

Question 35

Rehersal/Drilling

Answer 35

Another word for practice. Can lead to the behaviour/throught becoming automatic.

Question 36

Self-regulation

Answer 36

An individuals ability to manage their own behaviour. Willingham suggests delaying reward can help this develop.

Question 37

Automatic

Answer 37

This happens when something is praticed and leads to the thought/behaviour being performed with little thought.

Question 38

Motivational Framework

Answer 38

belief that effort drives ability (which can change)

Question 39

Process praise

Answer 39

praising what is being done rather than the individual.

Question 40

Person Praise

Answer 40

praising the individual rather than what they are doing.

Question 41

hetronomous rules

Answer 41

rules put into place by others

Question 42

autonomous rules

Answer 42

rules the individual decides themselves

Question 43

Social Norm

Answer 43

the values and customs of a society directs the individual within its behaviour

Question 44

pre-conventional stage

Answer 44

A stage in Kohlberg’s theory, whereby the child is moral believes rules are fixed and makes moral judgements based on their own interest e.g. avoid punishment

Question 45

conventional stage

Answer 45

A stage in Kholberg’s theory, whereby the individual’s moral beliefs are based upon following social norms, e.g law enforcement

Question 46

post conventional stage

Answer 46

The last stage of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development where an individuals morals are based on ethical reasoning from their own beliefs, rights, values and principles.

Question 47

Damon

Answer 47

Nativist theory of moral development, suggesting infants feel empathy and grown to understand why others feel upset

Question 48

nativist

Answer 48

a natural theory/view point