Topic 1- Class Differences in Achievement External Factors

Question 1

what are the 2 types of speech codes?

Answer 1

• elaborated
• restricted

Question 2

who distinguished the middle and working class with speech codes?

Answer 2

basil bernstein 1975

Question 3

what is elaborated code?

Answer 3

• used by middle class
• wider vocabulary and more complex
• context free

Question 4

what is restricted code?

Answer 4

• used by working class
• limited vocabulary
• predictable speech
• context bound

Question 5

what are the 4 sub categories to parents’ education?

Answer 5

• parenting style
• parents’ educational behaviours
• use of income
• class, income and parental education

Question 6

explain parenting style in terms of class differences in educational achievement

educated, less educated

Answer 6

• educated parents style has high discipline and expectations
• less educated parents has inconsistent disciplining prevents learning independance and self control

Question 7

explain parents’ educational behaviours

educated parents

Answer 7

• educated parents are more aware of what they have to do to assist their child at school
• recognise the value of having a relationship with the teacher and educational activities

Question 8

explain use of income in terms of class difference in achievement

working class, middle class

Answer 8

• better educated parents spend their income that promote their child’s educational success
• more likely to buy educational resources
• working class lack resources so children don’t have access to intellectual things at home

Question 9

explain the link between class, income and parental education

Answer 9

better educated parents tend to have more successful children regardless of class or income

Question 10

what are the 4 features that a working class subculture has according to barry sugarman?

Answer 10

• fatalism
• collectivism
• immediate gratification
• present time orientation

Question 11

explain fatalism

Answer 11

• belief in fate so there is nothing you can do to change it

Question 12

explain collectivism

Answer 12

valuing being part of a team more than succeeding as an individual

Question 13

explain present time orientation

Answer 13

seeing present as more important than future and long term goals

Question 14

explain immediate gratification

Answer 14

seeking pleasure now rather than later so not making any sacrifices in order to achieve more later

Question 15

what does compensatory education aim to do?

Answer 15

• tackle the problem of cultural deprivation by providing extra resources to schools
• intervene early in the socialisation process to compensate children for deprivation

Question 16

example of compensatory education

Answer 16

• operation head start
• introduced in 1960s
• gave planned enrichment to children
• sesame street was part of it transmitting values and skills for academic success

Question 17

what is Nell Keddie’s evaluation of cultural deprivation?

Answer 17

• argues children cannot be deprived of something they don’t have
• they have different cultures and fail because the education system is dominated by middle class

Question 18

give 3 pieces of evidence that poverty links to underachievement in schools

Answer 18

• barely 1/3 of pupils on FSM got 5 or more gcses a-c
• exclusion and truancy is more likely from pupils in poor families
• 90% of ‘failing’ schools are in deprived areas

Question 19

what are the 4 factors of material deprivation?

Answer 19

• housing
• diet and health
• financial support and cost of education
• fear of debt

Question 20

how can housing affect pupil achievement?

Answer 20

• overcrowding can make it harder to study
• development can be impaired with lack of space to explore
• cold or damp houses have health affects

Question 21

how does diet and health affect pupil achievment

Answer 21

• marilyn howard says people from poorer homes have less vitamin and energy intake
• externalising behaviour like tantrums are more common in poorer families and will disrupt learning

Question 22

how does financial support and cost of education affect pupil achievement?

Answer 22

• can’t afford equipment to help with education
• trips, transport and uniform cost alot and may get made fun of
• less choice of school usually a local school

Question 23

how does fear of debt affect pupil achievement

Answer 23

• cost of university means working class students won’t want to go so don;t see importance in getting grades
• more likely to drop out due to working
• get less or no support from family

Question 24

what are the 3 types of capital?

Answer 24

culture
economic
education

Question 25

who says there are different types of capitals?

Answer 25

bourdieu

Question 26

how does culture capital give middle class pupils an advantage?

Answer 26

• by going to museums andd other educational outings
• gain an ability to understand abstract ideas
• so learn quicker at school

Question 27

how does economic and educational capital benefit middle class pupils?

Answer 27

• parents can afford tuition
• afford a house in a catchment area for a good school