Topic 1- Class Differences in Achievement External Factors Flashcards
what are the 2 types of speech codes?
- elaborated
- restricted
who distinguished the middle and working class with speech codes?
basil bernstein 1975
what is elaborated code?
- used by middle class
- wider vocabulary and more complex
- context free
what is restricted code?
- used by working class
- limited vocabulary
- predictable speech
- context bound
what are the 4 sub categories to parents’ education?
- parenting style
- parents’ educational behaviours
- use of income
- class, income and parental education
explain parenting style in terms of class differences in educational achievement
educated, less educated
- educated parents style has high discipline and expectations
- less educated parents has inconsistent disciplining prevents learning independance and self control
explain parents’ educational behaviours
educated parents
- educated parents are more aware of what they have to do to assist their child at school
- recognise the value of having a relationship with the teacher and educational activities
explain use of income in terms of class difference in achievement
working class, middle class
- better educated parents spend their income that promote their child’s educational success
- more likely to buy educational resources
- working class lack resources so children don’t have access to intellectual things at home
explain the link between class, income and better parental education
better educated parents tend to have more successful children regardless of class or income
what are the 4 features that a working class subculture has according to barry sugarman?
- fatalism
- collectivism
- immediate gratification
- present time orientation
explain fatalism
- belief in fate so there is nothing you can do to change it
explain collectivism
valuing being part of a team more than succeeding as an individual
explain present time orientation
seeing present as more important than future and long term goals
explain immediate gratification
seeking pleasure now rather than later so not making any sacrifices in order to achieve more later
what does compensatory education aim to do?
- tackle the problem of cultural deprivation by providing extra resources to schools
- intervene early in the socialisation process to compensate children for deprivation
example of compensatory education
- operation head start
- introduced in 1960s
- gave planned enrichment to children
- sesame street was part of it transmitting values and skills for academic success
what is Nell Keddie’s evaluation of cultural deprivation?
- argues children cannot be deprived of something they don’t have
- they have different cultures and fail because the education system is dominated by middle class
give 2 pieces of evidence that poverty links to underachievement in schools
- barely 1/3 of pupils on FSM got 5 or more gcses a-c
- 90% of ‘failing’ schools are in deprived areas
what are the 4 factors of material deprivation?
- housing
- diet and health
- financial support and cost of education
- fear of debt
how can housing affect pupil achievement?
- overcrowding can make it harder to study
- development can be impaired with lack of space to explore
- cold or damp houses have health affects
how does diet and health affect pupil achievment
- marilyn howard says people from poorer homes have less vitamin and energy intake
- externalising behaviour like tantrums are more common in poorer families and will disrupt learning
how does financial support and cost of education affect pupil achievement?
- can’t afford equipment to help with education
- trips, transport and uniform cost alot and may get made fun of
- less choice of school usually a local school
how does fear of debt affect pupil achievement
- cost of university means working class students won’t want to go so don;t see importance in getting grades
- more likely to drop out due to working
- get less or no support from family
what are the 3 types of capital?
culture
economic
education
