Topic 1: Cell Division Flashcards
Active transport
The movement of substances from a more dilute solution to a more
concentrated solution (against a concentration gradient) with the use of energy from
respiration.
Adult stem cell
A type of stem cell that can form many types of cells
Agar jelly
A substance placed in petri dishes which is used to culture microorganisms on.
Cell differentiation
The process where a cell becomes specialised to its function.
Cell membrane
A partially permeable barrier that surrounds the cell
Cell wall
An outer layer made of cellulose that strengthens plant cells.
Chloroplast:
An organelle which is the site of photosynthesis.
Chromosomes
DNA structures that are found in the nucleus which are made up of genes.
Concentration gradient
The difference in concentration between two areas
Diffusion
The spreading out of the particles of any substance in solution, or particles of a
gas, resulting in a net movement from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower
concentration.
Embryonic stem cell
A type of stem cell that can differentiate into most types of human
cells.
Eukaryotic cell
A type of cell found in plants and animals that contains a nucleus.
Magnification
How much bigger an image appears compared to the original object
Meristematic cells
A type of stem cell that can differentiate into any type of plant cell
Mitochondria
An organelle which is the site of respiration
Mitosis
A type of cell division which produces two genetically identical daughter cells from
one parent cell.
Nucleus
An organelle found in most eukaryotic cells that contains the genetic material of the
cell and controls the activities of the cell.
Organelle
A specialised structure found inside a cell
Osmosis
The diffusion of water from a dilute solution to a concentrated solution through a
partially permeable membrane
Plasmid
Loops of DNA found in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells
Prokaryotic cell
A type of cell found in bacteria that does not contain a nucleus
Resolution
The ability to distinguish two different points in a specimen
Specialised cells
Cells that are adapted to perform a specific function.
Stem cell
An undifferentiated cell that can divide to produce many specialised cells of the
same type.
Surface area
The amount of contact an object has with its environment.
Surface area to volume ratio (SA:V)
The size of the object compared with the amount of
area where it contacts its environment.
The cell cycle
A series of stages preparing the cell for division
Therapeutic cloning
Producing an embryo that has the same genes as a patient.
Vacuole
An organelle that stores cell sap.
Animal cells are Eukaryotic an they contain:
Cell Membrane,cytoplasm,Nucleus containing DNA
Bacteria Cells are Procaryotic and much smaller and have a:
cell wall,cell membrane,cytoplasm,single circular strand of DNA and plasmids
Cell membrane
they keep toxic substances out of the cell; they control what enters and leaves the cell
Ribosomes
A ribosome functions as a micro-machine for making proteins
Permanent Vacuole
Improves Cell rigidity
Cell Wall
Provides strength to the cell
Differences between plant and animal cells
Cell wall and Chloroplasts
Function of a sperm cell
The purpose of a sperm cell is to be released during sexual intercourse and to eventually meet with an ovum (egg cell),
Nerve cells
Transmit electrical signals quickly from one place in the body to another
Muscle cells
Their predominant function is contractibility. Muscles, attached to bones or internal organs and blood vessels, are responsible for movement. Nearly all movement in the body is the result of muscle contraction.
Root Hair cells
Specialised to take up water by osmosis and mineral ions by active transport from the soil as they are food in the tips of roots
Xylem cells
Specialized to transport water and mineral ions up the plant from the roots to the shoots
phloem cells
specialized to carry the products of photosynthesis(food)to all parts of thr body
