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P.E > Topic 1-Applied anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

Topic 1-Applied anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

what is the function of the skeleton?

A

protection
muscle attachment
joints for movement
red blood cell reproduction

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2
Q

what are the four types of bones and what are they for?

A 
long bones (leverage)
short bones (weight bearing)
flat bones (protection or muscle attachment) 
irregular bones (protection and muscle attachment)
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3
Q

what are the five regions of the vertebral column? top to bottom

A 
cervical
thoracic
lumbar 
sacrum 
coccyx
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4
Q

what are the four types of joints?

A

pivot (neck)
ball and socket (elbow)
condyloid (wrist)
pivot (knee)

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5
Q

what is dorsiflexion?

A

pointing foot upward/forward

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6
Q

what is plantarflexion

A

when the foot is pointing toward the floor

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7
Q

what is extension?

A

when the joint is straightened

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8
Q

what is flexion?

A

decreasing the inner angle of the joint

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9
Q

what is adduction?

A

movement toward the mid line of the body

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10
Q

what is abduction?

A

movement away from the midline of the body

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11
Q

what are tendons?

A

connect bone to muscle

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12
Q

what are ligaments?

A

connect bone to bone

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13
Q

how are ligaments relevant to a sports person?

A

helps keep joints stable

prevent unwanted movement that might cause injury

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14
Q

how are tendons relevant to a sportsperson?

A

when the muscle contracts the muscle can pull on the bone and cause movement at joints

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15
Q

what are the three muscle types?

A

cardiac
voluntary
involuntary

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16
Q

characteristics of cardiac muscle

A

forms the hearts
unconsciously controlled
pump blood around the body

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17
Q

characteristics of voluntary muscle

A

skeletal muscles that attach via tendons
allow movement
conscious control

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18
Q

characteristics of involuntary muscle

A

found in blood vessels
contract slowly and rhythmically
helps regulate blood flow for vascular shunting

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19
Q

define agonist

A

prime mover

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20
Q

define antagonist

A

muscle that relaxes

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21
Q

what are the characteristics of slow twitch type 1 fibre?

A

produce low force
slow speed of contraction
high endurance
don’t produce a lot of power

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22
Q

what are the characteristics of fast twitch type 2a fibre?

A

high force
moderate speed of contraction
medium endurance

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23
Q

what are the characteristics of fast twitch type 2X fibre?

A

very high force
fast contracting
fatigue quickly/low endurance

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24
Q

function of blood in the cardiovascular system

A

transports gases
blood cells
and nutrients

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25
Q

function of blood of blood vessels?

A

structures that carry blood

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26
Q

function of the heart

A

circulates blood around the body

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27
Q

how does the cardio vascular system transport oxygen?

A

in the blood- transports oxygen to working muscles as it is needed in physical activity

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28
Q

how does the cardio vascular system transport carbon dioxide?

A

its produced as a by product during energy production

takes carbon dioxide away from the working muscles to get rid of it

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29
Q

how does the cardio vascular system transport nutrients?

A

broken down from the food we eat and transported to the body in the blood

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30
Q

how does the cardio vascular system clot wounds?

A

platelets are transported in blood

clot wounds by gathering at site and forming a plug to prevent blood loss

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31
Q

how does the cardio vascular system regulate body temperature?

A

blood vessels vasodialate to increase blood floe to capillaries so heat can radiate
vasoconstrict to decrease blood flow so heat isnt lost

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32
Q

where is the tricuspid vavle?

A

Right side between right atruim and ventricle

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33
Q

where is the biscuspid valve?

A

left side between left atrium and ventricle

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34
Q

where is the semi lunar valve?

A

bwteen ventricleds and the pulmonary artery and vein

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35
Q

what do valves do?

A

prevent back flow of blood

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36
Q

what is the function of the vena cava?

A

main vein brings deoxygenated blood back to heart so it can be pumped to the lungs to collect oxygen

37
Q

what is the function of the aorta?

A

main artery

carries oxygenated blood away from the left ventricle to take oxygen to working muscles

38
Q

what is the function of pulmonary artery?

A

receives deoxygenated blood from right ventricle to take to lungs to receive oxygen

39
Q

what is the function pulmonary vein?

A

brings oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium

40
Q

what is the function of the right atrium?

A

receives deoxygenated blood from body via vena cave

41
Q

what is the function of the left atrium?

A

receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via the pulmonary vein

42
Q

what is the function of the right ventricle?

A

receives deoxygeneated blood from the right atrium via the tricuspid valve

43
Q

what is the function of the left ventricle?

A

receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium

44
Q

what is the function of the septum?

A

separates the left and right side of the heart and stops blood from mixing

45
Q

what is the structure of the artery?

A

thick muscular wall

small internal diameter

46
Q

what are the functions of the arteries?

A

carry blood at high pressure away from the heart
mainly carries oxygenated blood
exception is pulmonary artery

47
Q

what is the relevance of arteries during exercise?

A

blood pressure increases during exercise
increase blood flow as working muscles require more oxygen
artery walls contract and relax allowing more room for blood to get through

48
Q

what is the structure of capillaries?

A

very thin walls

small internal diameter

49
Q

what is the function of capillaries?

A

link smaller arteries with smaller veins

carry blood at very low pressure

50
Q

what is the relevance of capillaries?

A

allow gaseous exchange
walls are very thin allowing gas and nutrients to pass through
gets oxygen to muscles and removes carbon dioxide

51
Q

what is the structure of veins?

A

thin walls

large diameter

52
Q

what is the function of veins?

A

carry blood at low pressure
mainly carry deoxygenated blood
exception pulmonary veins

53
Q

what is the relevance of veins?

A

carry deoxygenated blood from muscles
large diameter allows blood to pass through more easily
return blood to the heart

54
Q

what is another term for blood shunting?

A

vascular shunting

55
Q

what is plasma and what is its function?

A

liquid part of the blood that transports blood cells platelets and nutrients to different parts of the body

56
Q

what are platelets and what are their function?

A

help prevent bleeding as they stick to eachother and wall of blood vessels
platelets flow in plasma and form plug to prevent blood loss

57
Q

what is the function of red blood cells

A

carry oxygen and remove carbon dioxide

diffused into bloodstream from alveoli

58
Q

what is the function of white blood cells?

A

fight infection. travel in plasma

59
Q

what are the four main components of the blood?

A

white blood cells
red blood cells
plasma
platelets

60
Q

what are the percentage of gases in inhaled air

A

78% nitrogen
21% oxygen
0.04% carbon dioxide

61
Q

what is the percentage of gases in exhaled air

A

78% nitrogen
16% oxygen
4% carbon dioxide

62
Q

what is tidal volume?

A

amount of air inhaled per breath

63
Q

what is vital capacity?

A

maximum amount of air the lungs can expire after maximum amount they can inspire

64
Q

how does increase tidal volume benefit a sports person?

A

inhale more oxygen to meet demands of working muscles

exhale more carbon dioxide to get rid of waste products

65
Q

what is the function of the lungs in the respiratory system?

A

allow movement of air in and out of the body

66
Q

what is the function of the bronchi?

A

air travels to each lungs via bronchi

67
Q

what is the function of the bronchioles?

A

smaller airways from the bronchi gets air to alveoli

68
Q

what is the function of the alveoli?

A

tiny air sacs where gas exchange takes place

69
Q

what is the structure of the alveoli?

A

tiny air sacs
very thin walls
surrounded by capillaries

70
Q

how does the structure of alveoli allow gaseous exchange?

A

thin walls allow oxygen to diffuse into cappilarries which then caryy oxyen around the body

71
Q

what pressure does gas move from?

A

high to low

72
Q

what happens to gas exchange during aerobic activity?

A

increase breathing rate so increase in gas exchange to meet demands of working muscles

73
Q

what happens to gas exchange after anaerobic activity?

A

elevated breathing rate allowing greater gas exchange to aid recovery

74
Q

what is the aerobic equation?

A

gucose+oxygen= carbon dioxide+heat+energy

75
Q

what is the anaerobic equation?

A

glucose=lactic acid+energy

76
Q

what is the energy source for aerobic activity?

A

fats

carbs

77
Q

what is the energy source for anaerobic activity?

78
Q

what are the characteristics of fat?

A

require oxygen to break down
slow to break down
once broken give large quantities of energy

79
Q

what are the characteristics of carbohydrates?

A

do not require oxygen to be broken down
don’t give as much energy as fats
quicker to break down than fats
release more energy than fats

80
Q

how is muscle fatigued caused (short term effect)

A

increased acidity in the cells as a result of reactions taking place to release energy

81
Q

how is lactate accumulation caused? (short term effect)

A

occurs in muscle tissue and blood stream due to a lack of oxygen

82
Q

how is muscle fatigue relevant to a performer?

A

increase in acidity in muscle cells interrupts normal processes of energy production
muscles have to reduce intensity they are working
so muscles can recover

83
Q

what increases in your cardio vascular system when you exercise?

A

heart rate
stroke volume
blood pressure
cardiac output

84
Q

how do you calculate cardiac output

A

heart rate X stroke volume

85
Q

what increases in your respiratory system when you exercise?

A

depth of breathing
rate of breathing
gas exchange
tidal volume

86
Q

how do the CVS and RS work together in regards to oxygen intake ?

A

as breathing depth and rate increases more air is drawn into body faster

87
Q

How do CVS and RS work together in regards to transfer of blood to muscles ?

A

occurs more quickly and increase blood flow means more oxygen can be picked up from lungs and transported more quickly to working muscles

88
Q

how do CVS and RS work together in regards to delivery of oxygen?

A

increased delivery to muscles from lungs

also removal of co2 from muscles to the lungs

P.E (6 decks)

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