Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Microorganisms, Infection and Immunity > Topic 1 > Flashcards

Topic 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Innate Immune cells recognise…

A

danger signals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Examples of danger signals which innate immune cells detect

A

PAMP’s (Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns) and DAMP’s (Damage Associated Molecular Patterns)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is meant by the complement system?

A

A collection of proteins which work together as an early warning system to fight pathogens. Some lyse pathogens, others label microbes for phagocytes to detect, and others recruit other immune cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How is the complement system activated?

A

There are 3 potential pathways. The alternative pathway, the lectin pathway or the classical pathway.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How does alternative pathway work?

A

Complement proteins such as c3b are spontaneously produced. What these do is they bind to the amino and hydroxyl groups of microbes which cause the complement effector mechanisms to activate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How does the lectin pathway work?

A

Well, mannose is a common surface carbohydrate which is found on the surface of many pathogens. Because of this, Mannose binding Lectin binds to the mannose.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Mannose is an example of a

A

Pathogen Associated molecular pattern (PAMP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Mannose binding lectin is an example of

A

A Pattern recognition receptor (PRR)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Sentinel cells include…

A

Macrophages and Dendritic Cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Properties of Macrophages include

A
  1. they dont move from infection site
  2. talk to T cells at infection site
  3. Good killer
  4. Good all rounder
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Properties of Dendritic cells include

A
  1. Migrate from site of infection to LN (lymph node)
  2. Talk to T cells in LN and infection site
  3. Doesnt kill
  4. Specialised in talking with T cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Macrophages as sentinels….

A

They are found in all barrier tissue, they mop up apoptotic cells, remove debris and scan the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

First danger signal comes from

A

DAMP’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The first danger signal causes

A

Cytokines to be released and complement pathway to activate. Macrophages are ready for action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The second danger signal comes from

A

PAMP’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Examples of second danger signals are

A

cell wall glucans (bacteria), double stranded RNA (viruses), lipopolysaccharide (lps)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

PRR’s can be

A

Intracellular and Extracellular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

During inflammation, cytokines…

A

are released (TNF-alpha is a good example)

19
Q

Neutrophils

A

are recruited from blood to infection site. They conduct phagocytosis of pathogens.

20
Q

When natural killer cells are called, they release

A

cytokines such as TNF-y which activates macrophages

21
Q

What condition arises when PAMP’s act as toxins

A

sepsis (which can ultimately lead to septic shock)

22
Q

T and B cells recognise

A

Antigens (Ag)

23
Q

An epitope is…

A

The precise part of the antigen which is recognised by the T or B cell receptor

24
Q

A paratope is…

A

The part of an antibody or T cell receptor that binds an epitope.

25
Q

Regulatory T cells

A

Suppress the immune response at appropriate times

26
Q

Cytotoxic T cells

A

kill infected cells

27
Q

Helper T cells…

A
  1. Activate macrophages
  2. Cause the activation of the immune response.
  3. Activate further T and B lymphocytes
28
Q

B lymphocyte cells…

A
  1. Neutralize microbes
  2. Phagocytosis
  3. Complement activation
29
Q

How do T cells recognise antigens?

A

via Antigen presenting cells only

30
Q

How do B cells recognise antigens?

A

On their own without any prerequisite

31
Q

T cells recognise antigens…

A

using T cell receptors which bind to antigen presenting cells

32
Q

B cells recognise receptors by

A

Either having a surface Immunoglobulin bind and interact with an antigen or secrete an antibody which can bind to the antigen

33
Q

A T cell antigen must be

A

a protein (which is then later broken down into peptides)

34
Q

A B cell antigen can be

A

Anything organic (and can bind in a linear fashion or discontinuous)

35
Q

T cell receptor consists of…

A

2 chains (alpha and beta) (although T cell receptors have 1 binding site)

36
Q

B cell receptor consists of

A

2 heavy chains and 2 light chains (and has 2 binding sites)

37
Q

Antigen receptors are created via…

A

somatic recombination

38
Q

Junctional diversity occurs by

A
  1. Having non-precise v,d, and j joinings
  2. addition of bases
  3. deletion of bases
  4. sequence alignment
  5. filling in the gaps
39
Q

what is clonal expansion?

A

where T/B cells see their Antigens and become active, the time required to activate and expand Ag specific T/B cells is slow, which explains why adaptive immunity is slow

40
Q

How does Immune evasion occur?

A

Antigenic variation

41
Q

T and B cells cannot…

A

tell what they are recognising

42
Q

Central Tolerance is…

A

a mechanism by which T and B cells which recognise self antigens are removed/ destroyed.

43
Q

Self reactive T cells are removed in

A

the thymus

44
Q

Self reactive B cells are removed in

A

the bone marrow

Microorganisms, Infection and Immunity (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions