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A Level Biology > Topic 1 > Flashcards

Topic 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

In small organisms how are substances moved around the body

A

Via diffusion as they travel short distances

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2
Q

Why do multicellular organisms need a mass transport system and don’t rely on diffusion

A

As diffusion is to slow in moving substances around the body

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3
Q

What are the two types of circulatory system

A

Open and closed circulatory system

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4
Q

What type of organisms rely on open circulatory system

A

Small organisms like insects

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5
Q

Explain how open circulatory systems work

A

A simple heart pumps blood into open cavities around the animals and substances diffuse between the blood and cell

When heart muscle relaxes blood is drawn from open cavities via small cables openings

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6
Q

What is a closed circulatory system

A

When blood is enclosed in blood vessels and travels under high pressure and faster

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7
Q

In a closed circulatory how does blood flow

A

From the heart blood will flow under high pressure along arteries and after arterioles then into capillaries ( come in contact with cells)

Substances are exchanged between the blood in capillaries and body cells

After passing through capillaries blood will return to the heart via venules then veins

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8
Q

Why do veins contains valves

A

In order to prevent the back flow of blood

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9
Q

What types of animals have closed circulatory system

A

They are larger size and more active

Ie pigs humans

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10
Q

What are the two types of closed circulatory system

A

Single and double circulatory system

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11
Q

What the difference between single and double circulatory system

A

In double blood returns to the heart twice before being pumped to the rest of the body

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12
Q

With reference to a fish how does single circulatory systems work

A

Deoxygenated blood is pumped from the heart to the gills

Gaseous exchange occurs in the gills in which co2 in the blood will diffuse into the surrounding water and oxygen from water will enter into the blood

The blood will flow from the gills to the rest of the body then finally arrive at the heart

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13
Q

Describe how a double circulatory system works

A

The right ventricle in the heart pumps deoxygenated blood into the lungs so it revives oxygen

The oxygenated blood returns to the heart where it is pumped again via the left ventricle to the rest of the body

The blood retuning to the heart is given a boost so it allows the blood to circulate around the body quicker

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14
Q

What does the boost given to the blood give animals

A

It gives mammals are higher metabolism due to oxygen and food needed for metabolism process is delivered quickly to cells

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15
Q

What is a mass flows

A

When a liquid and its contents travel in one direction due to change the in pressure

Ie blood

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16
Q

What is the transport medium in mass flow

A

Blood which contains plasma(which is made up of largely water

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17
Q

What substances does plasma carry

A 
Oxygen 
Co2
Urea
Cells red white 
Glucose
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18
Q

What is meant by water being a polar(dipole molecules

A

That it has an unevenly

Distributed electrical charge

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19
Q

What are the two properties of water

A

Solvent and thermal properties

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20
Q

What is meant by water having solvent properties and is it beneficial

A

Due to its polar nature it means that substances ie ionic ones can dissolve in it meaning it can be transported around the body easily

Chemical react with water by hydrolysis and condensation reactions

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21
Q

What is meant by water having high thermal properties

A

The specific heat capacity is high due to having lots of hydrogen bonds that are hard to break so has high boiling point

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22
Q

What are the benefits of water high specific heat capacity for organisms

A

Helps animals avoid rapid changes in internal temperature

Allows them to maintain a constant temperature in varied weather

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23
Q

What is the role of the right side of the heart and the left side

A

The right side receives deoxygenated blood which it pumps to the lungs

The left side receives oxygenated blood and pumps it to the rest of the body

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24
Q

What is the role of the aorta,coronary arteries,superior vena cava,valves

A

Aorta-the biggest artery which transports blood to the rest of the body

Coronary artery-supplies oxygen to the rest of the body

Valves-prevent the backflow of blood

Superior vena cava-supplies blood from the head and arms

Inferior vena cava-supplies blood from the rest of the body

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25
Q

What are the 3 main blood vessels

A

Arteries
Capillaries
Veins

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26
Q

What 3 things to both arteries and veins contain and state the functions of these things

A

Elastic fibres-they allow the blood vessels to stretch and recoil

Collagen which enables them to be strong and durable

Smooth muscle cells- they allow the blood vessels to constrict and dialate

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27
Q

Give characteristics of arteries

A

They carry blood at high pressure.

They have a narrow lumen

They thicker muscle layer and elastic tissue and more collagen

They contain endothelium inside the lumen

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28
Q

Give some characteristics of veins

A

Thinner walls

Wider lumen

Valves

Less collagen and smooth muscle and fewer elastic fibres

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29
Q

How does blood move through blood vessels

A

When systole takes place it forces the elastic walls of the artery to stretch as blood is forced out when diastole takes place the artery recoils and this pushes the blood foward

And blood moves along the arteries in series of stretches and recoils as a result of diastole

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30
Q

What happens when blood reaches the capillary and what feature of the capillaries allow for this to happen

A

Exchange of substances takes place in the capillaries via diffusion, the capillaries have a narrow lumen which creates friction which slows blood flow down enabling this to happen

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31
Q

How does blood in the veins back to the heart

A

As we breath in low pressure is created In the throw and this helps in drawing back blood into the heat via veins

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32
Q

What is the cardiac cycle f

A

One complete sequence of the heat pumping and filing up with blood

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33
Q

What’s heart rate

A

The number of times the heart beats per minute

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34
Q

What is systole and diastole

A

Systole when the heart contracts

Diastole- when the heart relaxes

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35
Q

What are the 3 stages in the cardiac cycle

A

Atrial systole
Ventricular systole
Cardiac diastole

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36
Q

What occurs in atrial systole and state which out of atrial valves and semi lunar valves which one is open

A

Blood returns to the atrium via the Vena cava and pulmonary vein the pressure increases in the atria causing it to contract and forcing blood through into the ventricles which forces the atrioventricular valves open

Sl valves closed

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37
Q

What is ventricular systole and which valves are open

A

The ventricles contract which increases pressure forcing the av valves to close but the semi lunar valves open as the blood is pushed up through the aorta and pv vein

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38
Q

What is cardiac diastole

A

When blood returns to the heart with the atria starting to fill again due to high pressure in the pulmonary vain and vena cava

Semi lunar valves close due to high blood pressure in the aorta and pulmonary artery this prevents back flow of blood

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39
Q

What is atherosclerosis

A

The hardening of arteries which results in raised blood pressure

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40
Q

Describe the stages atherosclerosis

A

The endothelium layer in the blood vessel is damaged due to hbp or toxins

Results in an inflammatory response in which leads to an atheroma building up their

At the site calcium salts and fibrous tissue builds up and this results in a plaque on the inner walls of the artery leads to the artery hardening

The lumen of artery becomes narrow as a result of the plaque and this causes high blood pressure so positive feedback builds up this means plaques form in the body

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41
Q

What do blood clots do

A

They seal breaks in a blood vessel which helps in limiting blood loss and helps in preventing pathogens entering open wounds

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42
Q

How does a temporary platelet plug form

A

Platelets change to spheres with long thin projections this allows it to stick to expose collagen in the artery wall and to each other which forms the plug

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43
Q

Describe the stages In the clotting cascade

A

A protein called thromboplastin is released from by damaged tissue and platelets

Thromboplastin helps catalyse conversion of prothrombin a protein into a enzyme called thrombin calcium and potassium ions need to be present for this to occur

Thrombin helps catalyse the conversion of fibrinogen into a insoluble protein called fibrin

A mesh of fibrin forms and traps the platelets and red blood cells forming a clot

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44
Q

What is a risk

A

The probability of an unwanted event or outcome occuring

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45
Q

Give reasons as to why risks are overestimated

A 
Not natural 
Unfair
Dreaded 
Very small
Involuntary
46
Q

What is a correlation

A

When a change in one variable is accompanied by a change in another variable

47
Q

What is a postive correlation

A

An increase in one variable is accompanied with an increase in another variable

48
Q

What is a negative variable

A

A decrease in one variable results in an increase in another variable

49
Q

What is meant be casually linked,causation

A

When a change in one variable is responsible for a change in another variable

50
Q

What test is used to identify if two variables are correlated

A

Spearmans rank i

51
Q

Give two methods used in investigating CVD

A

Cohort studies

Case control studies

52
Q

What is a cohort

A

Following large groups of people around of a period of time to see if they develop the disease or not

Any risk factors that they have been exposed to are recorded

53
Q

What are issues with cohert studies

A

They are expensive

They take a long period of time

54
Q

What is a case control study

A

When a group of people with a certain disease are compared with a control group

information about risk factors they have been exposed to are collected

55
Q

Name risk factors of CVD

A 
obesity
High blood pressure 
Smoking inactivity 
Inheritance 
Blood cholesterol
56
Q

What is blood pressure

A

It’s a measure of the hydrostatic force of blood against the walls of a blood vessel

57
Q

What are the two types of blood pressure

A

Systolic blood pressure-when the ventricles contract and force blood in the artery this is when BP is at its highest

Diastolic-blood pressure is when the ventricles relax and bp is at its lowest

58
Q

What is peripheral resistance

A

When friction occurs when the blood and walls of blood vessels come in contact

59
Q

What is Oedema

A

When swelling occurs as a result of tissue fluid build up

60
Q

What is oedema a sign of and how

A

High blood pressure as to much tissue fluid is being forced out of blood plasma which results in fluid accumulating

61
Q

What are monosaccharides

A

Single sugar units

62
Q

How do diasaccrides and polysaccharides form

A

As a result of condensation reactions between sugar units

63
Q

What are the 3 monosaccharides

A

Fructose
Glucose
Galactose

64
Q

How can do distinguish between the 3 monosaccharides

A

The OH are different

Galactose OH are high
Fructose are high and low
Glucose both low

65
Q

What is the bond called when monosaccharides react to form disaccharides

A

Glycosidic bond that’s named after the carbons where the bonds occur

66
Q

What is the reaction between sugar units called and what’s released

A

It’s condensation reactions and water is releases

67
Q

What are the 3 most common disaccharides and how are they made

A

Lactose-from glucose and galactose in milk

Sucrose-glucose and fructose sugar in plants

Maltose-two glucose

68
Q

What is hydrolysis

A

When water is added to a glycosidic bond causing it to split up

69
Q

Give the 3 types of polysaccharide

A

Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose

70
Q

Why are glycogen and starch suitable for storage

A

They are compact with low solubility in water

Osmosis isn’t affected by it so ester can be moved in and out freely

71
Q

What is starch and glycogen made up of

A

Amylose and amylopectin

72
Q

Describe the structure of amylose and how it’s beneficial for starch

A

It made of alpha glucose and contains 1,4 glycosidic bond that coil in a spiral which aids in making starch and glycogen compact and suitable for storage

73
Q

Describe the structure of amylopectin and how it’s beneficial for starch and glycogen as

A

It’s has 1,6 glycosidic bonds and 1,4 that has lots of side chains which means it can be broken down easily and glucose can be released it’s made of alpha glucose

74
Q

What are Lipids

A

Fats and oils and are triglycerides

75
Q

What are triglycerides made up of

A

3 fatty acids and glycerol

76
Q

How are triglycerides produced and what is the bond that holds them

A

Then are produced by condesation reaction in which ester bonds form

77
Q

What are saturated fats

A

They contain the maximum number of hydrogen atoms in a chain

78
Q

Why do saturated fats have high melting and boiling points

A

As the hydrocarbon chains pack closely together and they have strong intermolecular forces between them

79
Q

What are unsaturated fats

A

They have double bond in their hydrocarbon chain

80
Q

Why do unsaturated fats have lower melting points

A

As they have kinks in their chain which mean that they don’t pack closely together so the strength of the intermolecular forces are weaker

81
Q

What is chloesterol and give its uses

A

It’s a short lipid molecule

It’s used in sex hormones

In cell membrane for their functioning and organisation

82
Q

Give the two types of lipoprotein

A

Low density lipoprotein

High density lipoprotein

83
Q

How does cholesterol move in our blood steam

A

It combines with proteins to form lipoprotein

84
Q

How are low density lipoprotein formed

A

When triglycerides and cholesterol protein combine

85
Q

What is the function of low density lipoprotein and describe what happens after

A

It carries cholesterol to our cells

Where the cholesterol is taken up by cell membrane receptors in our cells and it’s involved in maintained of the cell membrane

86
Q

What is the problem with LDL

A

When their to much blood cholesterol it leads to an excess overload on the csm receptor leads to atheroma developing

87
Q

How is HDl formed and what’s the difference with LDL

A

When triglycerides in our diet combine with protein and cholesterol

It has a high level of protein

88
Q

What is the role of HDl

A

It’s used in to transport cholesterol to the liver to be broken down

89
Q

Give two gene disorders that contribute to CVD

A

FH

Apolipoprotein

90
Q

What is FH mutation and how does it link to CVD

A

These are mutations of the ldlr gene which cause LDL receptors shape not to form properly making it less efficient in taking cholesterol up

91
Q

What does Apolipoprotein do

A

They stabilise lipoprotein structure and they recognise receptors that are involved in lipoprotein uptake

92
Q

What is the role anti hypentenvies and give examples

A

They help in reducing blood pressure

Dietetics- reduce amount of salt that is reabsorbed by blood which reduces blood volume

Beta blockers- reduce strength of heart beat

Vadodilators-widen blood vessels

93
Q

What risks are their with taking anti hypertensives

A 
Fainting
Allergic reaction 
Depression 
Headaches 
Palpitations 
Abnormal heart rhythms
94
Q

What do stains do

A

They reduce blood cholesterol

95
Q

Give some side effects of using statins

A

nosebleeds
Nausea
Muscle joint pain
Headaches

96
Q

What do anticoagulants do

A

They reduce formation of blood clots

97
Q

What are side effects of anticoagulants

A 
Allegic reactions 
Fainting
Swelling of tissue
Excessive bleeding
Osteoporosis
98
Q

What is the role of the platelet inhibiting drugs

A

They prevent platelets clumping together to form blood clots

99
Q

What’s a problem with platelet inhibiting drugs

A 
Nausea 
Rashes
Liver function 
Problems 
Diarrhoea
100
Q

What do Ace inhibitors do

A

They prevent the synthesis of angiotensin II which causes vasoconstriction of blood vessels so help in lowering blood pressure

101
Q

What are issues with Ace inhibitors

A

Dry cough
Rapid lowering in blood pressure
Abnormal heart rhythms
Kidney function reduces

102
Q

What do calcium channel blockers do

A

They block calcium channels in lining of arteries meaning they can’t interact so blood vessels don’t contract lowers blood pressure

103
Q

What side effects are their of taking diuretics

A

Headaches
Dizziness
Swollen ankles
Abnormal heart rhythms

104
Q

State role of mrna and tRNA in protein synthesis

A

Mrna- it’s a copy of the template strand

Binds to the ribosome it’s used in translation

tRNA-it attaches to a specfic amino acid

Two mrna bring amino acids together

105
Q

Distinguish between amylose and amylopectin

A

Amylose is straight chained and unbraced contains 1,4 glycosidic bond and its spiral

Amylopectin is branched
Contains 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bond
Has side chains

106
Q

What feature of water gives its thermal and solvent properties

A

Hydrogen bonds

107
Q

Why is chloesterol insouble in water

A

It contains fatty acid tails in that are hydrophobic

108
Q

State how a diet that contains lots of saturated fats can result in CVD

A

They contain lots LDL cholesterol

Which leads to atherma forming this in itself can lead to high blood pressure

109
Q

In ventricular systole what causes the atriaventricular valves to close

A

The increased pressure in the ventricles

110
Q

In cardiac dyostle what causes the semi lunar valves to close

A

The high pressure in the aorta and pulmonary artery

A Level Biology (9 decks)

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