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Biology GCSE > Topic 1,2: key concepts- cells, microscopes, mitosis, growth, stem cells, nervous system. > Flashcards

Topic 1,2: key concepts- cells, microscopes, mitosis, growth, stem cells, nervous system. Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the vacuole?

A

A bag like structure which holds water and nutrients and helps keep the cell rigid

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2
Q

What is the chloroplast?

A

Contain green pigment call chlorophyll. Chlorophyll is used in photosynthesis.

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3
Q

What are special about palisade cells?

A

They have extra chlorophyll to help with photosynthesis

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4
Q

What do ciliates epithelial cells do?

A

Keep the airways clean by trapping dust and microbes.

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5
Q

Arteries carry blood…

A

Away from the heart

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6
Q

What does the cell membane do?

A

Controls what goes on and out of the cell.

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7
Q

What do the mitochondria do?

A

Where respiration happens. - energy is released from glucose.

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8
Q

What does the cytoplasm do?

A

provides cell shape and is where reactions take place.

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9
Q

What do ribosomes do?

A

Where protein synthesis happens, the process in which proteins are made.

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10
Q

What is mitosis?

A

The process in which cells divide

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11
Q

What is a chromatid?

A

an arm of a chromosome preparing to divide.

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12
Q

What are the phases of mitosis?

A 
IPMAT
interphase
prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
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13
Q

What happens in each phase of mitosis?

A

interphase: when the dna replicates
prophase: The DNA forms chromosomes and the nucleus membrane disappears
Metaphase: spindle fibres form across the cell and the chromosomes line up along the equator
Anaphase: The chromatids get pulled apart to either end of the cell/poles.
Telophase: A nucleus develops around both sets of chromosomes (cytokinesis) the cytoplasm divides into two cells that are genetically identical

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14
Q

What are stem cells?

A

special cells which can differentiate into many different types of cells and are essential to developing as an embryo.

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15
Q

Where are stem cells found?

A

In animal embryos and in bone marrow. Normally once an animal is fully developed, the stem cells can only produce the same type of cell that is around them. in plants stem cells remain fully functional throughout their life.

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16
Q

Why are stem cells useful?

A

Because they can treat many different diseases and illnesses including wounds and genetic diseases.

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17
Q

What do pluripotent and totipotent mean?

A

pluripotent: can become only a few different cells.
totipotent: can become any different cell.

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18
Q

What is the order of the nervous system?

A

Receptor>sensory neurone>relay neuron>motor neuron>effector

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19
Q

What happens in the sensory neuron?

A

It receives an impulse from a receptor and passes it on to the relay neuron in the spinal chord via its axon terminal.

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20
Q

What happens in the relay neuron?

A

Receives the impulse from the sensory neuron and passes it on to the motor neuron.

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21
Q

What happens in the motor neuron?

A

The motor neuron receives the impulse from the relay neuron and then stimulates the effector.

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22
Q

What is a synapse?

A

the junction between neurons such that the nerve impulse is transmitted from a neuron to another neuron or to a muscle cell or gland cell.

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23
Q

How does the synapse pass on the electrical impulse?

A

1) The impulse travels along the axon terminal in the first neuron.
2) The electrical impulse stimulates the chemical neurotransmitter
3) The chemical neurotransmitter diffuses from the axon terminal to the dendrite.
4) The receptor in the dendrite picks up the neurotransmitter and activates the electrical impulse onto the next neuron.

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24
Q

What is neurotransmitter?

A

Neurotransmitters are endogenous chemicals that enable neurotransmission; They transmit signals across a chemical synapse.

25
Q

What does the Frontal lobe of the brain control?

A

high cognitive functions - problem solving, personality, behaviour and emotions

26
Q

What is the Parietal lobe? and where is it?

A

controls sensation and touch.

located at the top of your head

27
Q

What is the occipital lobe? And where is it?

A

Controls your vision.

located at the back of your head.

28
Q

What is your cerebellum? and where is it?

A

Receives information from sensory systems and controls balance, coordination and speech.
located at back/bottom of your head.your

29
Q

What is the medulla oblongata? and where is it?

A

Controls subconscious actions such as breathing and is located in the brain stem below the cerebellum.

30
Q

What is you temporal lobe and where is it?

A

Controls your hearing located on the side of your head in the middle.

31
Q

What is a CT scan?

A

used to can the brain for physical damage

-shows the shape and structure of the brain

32
Q

What is a PET scan?

A

used to scan the brain for damage to the functions

-shows which areas of the brain are working

33
Q

How do doctors use PET scans to search for tumours?

A

It might show up red because it has rapidly dividing cells and then take in more of the radio active glucose so show up more on the scan

34
Q

What is the lens in your eye?

A

refracts the light and focuses the light to the back of the eye

35
Q

What is the cornea?

A

clear colourless covering which focuses and refracts the light - on the outside of the eye

36
Q

What is the iris?

A

A bit towards the edge of the lens which controls how much light goes in and out of the eye by bending the pupil.

37
Q

What is the conjunctiva?

A

A protective layer over the cornea

38
Q

What is active transport?

A

used to bring minerals in through the roots. this requires energy because it is against the concentration gradient.

39
Q

What is the name of the bit on the end of the sperm head?

A

Acrosome

40
Q

What is the name of the tail of a bacterial cell?

A

Flagellum

41
Q

What is the purpose of the acrosome?

A

Contain enzymes to digest through the egg cell membrane

42
Q

How do you calculate the real size of a magnified picture?

A

Image size/magnification

43
Q

How is a root hair cell adapted for it purpose?

A

Has a long thin finger like shape to increase surface area and allows water and minerals to absorb in quickly

44
Q

How is a sperm cell adapted for its purpose?

A

The head contains genetic information and an enzyme to help penetrate the egg cell membrane. The middle section is packed with mitochondria for energy. The tail moves the sperm to the egg.

45
Q

How are red blood cells adapted for their purpose?

A

Thin outer membrane to let oxygen diffuse through easily. Bi-concave shape increases the surface area to allow more oxygen to be absorbed efficiently. No nucleus, so the whole cell is full of haemoglobin which is used to carry oxygen.

46
Q

What is the name of the big focusing wheel on a microscope?

A

The coarse focusing wheel

47
Q

What is the name of the small focusing wheel on a microscope?

A

The Fine focusing wheel

48
Q

What is the purpose of the mirror in a microscope?

A

To reflect light through the stage

49
Q

Why is it difficult to treat spinal chord injury’s?

A

Because they are inside of the spine and are specialised cells meaning the body will struggle to repair itself as that would require stem cells.

50
Q

What is a neurotransmitter and how is it used?

A

It is a chemical which once being activated by the electrical impulse from the axon terminal, it diffuses across to the dendrite where it activates the next electrical impulse.

51
Q

What is a reflex arc?

A

A reflex arc is one which provides an immediate and involuntary response to a stimulus. It only consists of three neurones and passes it to and from the spinal chords meaning it is far quicker as does not involve the brain.

52
Q

What is cataracts and how is it treated?

A

When your lens in your eye becomes too cloudy so light cannot pass through it clearly. it can be treated by replacing your lens with an artificial one.

53
Q

What causes colour blindness?

A

A normal retina contain three types of cone that detect red, green and blue light. The colour of an image is detected by how much of each type of cone is stimulated.. With colour blindness, at least one of the cones are missing or don’t work properly. This is an inherited disorder.

54
Q

What is being long sighted and what is it caused by?

A

Being long sighted, close objects will appear blurry. This because either your eyeball is too short or your cornea is too flat/not powerful enough meaning the light rays are focused behind your retina.

55
Q

What treatment is there for being long sighted?

A
  • A CONVERGING lens consisting as a pair of glasses or contact lenses which brings the light rays TOGETHER so that the light is focused further forwards on your retina.
  • Laser eye surgery can adjust the shape of your cornea to make it more concave/converging making it more powerful and focuses the light further forwards
56
Q

What is short sightedness and what is it caused by?

A

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It causes distant objects to appear blurry. This is because your eyeball is too long or your cornea is too concave/powerful, focusing the light in front of your retina.

57
Q

What is the treatment for short sightedness?

A

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  • A DIVERGING lens consisting as a pair of glasses or contact lenses which SPREADS THE LIGHT OUT before entering the eye so that the rays are focused further back
  • Laser eye surgery which changes the shape of your cornea to make it flatter/less powerful so it focuses the light the correct amount so it is focused on your retina.
58
Q

How do we see?

A

1) Light enters through your pupil
2) The cornea and lens focus that light on the retina
3) The retina contains special receptor cells called rods and cones that detect the light
4) The rods and cones convert the light into electrical signals and sent to the brain along the optic nerve

59
Q

How does your eye focus light to something far away as opposed to near?

A

If the object is near, your ciliary muscles will contract and your suspensory ligaments will become slack. This makes the lens rounded.
If the object is far away, your ciliary muscles will contract and your suspensory ligaments will become slack. This makes our lens thinner and flattened.

Biology GCSE (12 decks)

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