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IGCSE Biology > Topic 1 > Flashcards

Topic 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Define movement in terms of the 7 life processes:

A

An action by an organism or part of an organism causing a change of
position or place.

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2
Q

Define respiration in terms of the 7 life processes:

A

The chemical reactions in cells that break down nutrient molecules and
release energy for metabolism.

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3
Q

Define sensitivity in terms of the 7 life processes:

A

The ability to sense external or internal stimuli and make appropriate responses.

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4
Q

Define growth in terms of the 7 life processes:

A

Permanent increase in cell size, cell number or dry mass.

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5
Q

Define reproduction in terms of the 7 life processes:

A

The ability to make more of the same organism. Offspring have to be fertile.

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6
Q

Define excretion in terms of the 7 life processes:

A

The ability to expel waste products, toxic materials from respiration or substances in excess.

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7
Q

Define nutrition in terms of the 7 life processes:

A

The ability to gain necessary energy by itself, for growth, development, and respiration.

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8
Q

4 features of plants:

A
  1. Multicellular
  2. Eukaryotic
  3. Cell wall = cellulose
  4. Autotrophs
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9
Q

Autotrophs?

A

Make its own energy (food)

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10
Q

Heterotrophs?

A

Does not make its own energy (food)

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11
Q

4 features of animals:

A
  1. Multicellular
  2. Eukaryotic
  3. No cell wall
  4. Heterotrophs
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12
Q

4 features of fungi:

A
  1. Multicellular
  2. Eukaryotic
  3. Cell wall = chitin
  4. Heterotrophs
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13
Q

What do classification systems aim to achieve?

A

They aim to reflect evolutionary relationships.

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14
Q

What is used as a mean of classification?

A

DNA sequencing.

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15
Q

What does it mean if a group of organisms share a recent ancestor?

A

They are more closely related and have base sequences in DNA that are more similar than those that share only a distant ancestor.

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16
Q

3 features of bacteria:

A
  1. Unicellular
  2. Prokaryotic
  3. Cell wall = peptidoglycan
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17
Q

3 features of proctists:

A
  1. Unicellular
  2. Eukaryotic
  3. Heterotrophs/Autotrophs
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18
Q

What are arthropods?

A

Jointed legs, segmented body sections, exoskeleton that’s made out of chitin.

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19
Q

Main features of insects:

A

3 body sections and 6 legs.

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20
Q

Main features of arachnids:

A

2 body sections and 8 legs.

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21
Q

Main features of crustaceans:

A

2 body sections and at least 10 legs.

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22
Q

Main features of myriapods:

A

Many body sections and 10 or more legs.

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23
Q

Main features of mammals:

A
  • Fur/hair on skin
  • Have a placenta
  • Young feed on milk from mammary glands
  • External ears (pinnas) visible
  • Endothermic
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24
Q

What is a vertebrate?

A

Organisms that contain a backbone.

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25
Q

Main features of birds:

A
  • Skin covered with feathers
  • 2 legs and 2 wings
  • Lay eggs with hard shells on land
  • Beak
  • Endothermic
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26
Q

Main features of reptiles:

A
  • Dry, fixed scales on skin
  • Lay eggs with rubbery shells on land
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27
Q

Main features of amphibians:

A
  • Smooth, moist skin
  • Adults usually live on land (so have lungs), larvae live in water (so have gills)
  • Lay eggs without shells in water
28
Q

Main features of fish:

A
  • Loose, wet scales on skin
  • Gills to breathe
  • Lay eggs without shells in water
29
Q

5 features of a monocotyledon:

A
  1. 1 cotyledon
  2. Parallel veins
  3. Vascular bundle arranged complexly
  4. Fibrous root system
  5. Floral parts usually in multiples of 3
30
Q

5 features of a dicotyledon:

A
  1. 2 cotyledons
  2. Net-like veins
  3. Vascular bundles arranged in a ring
  4. Tap root
  5. Floral parts usually in multiples of 4 or 5
31
Q

What is the function of the nucleas?

A

Contains genetic material. The nucleolus produces ribosomal RNA surrounded by nuclear envelope.

32
Q

What is the function of the plasma membrane/cell membrane?

A

Keeps internal environments safe. Controls what goes in/out. Semi-permeable.

33
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A

Site of cellular respiration.

34
Q

What is the function of chloroplasts?

A

Found in plants only, site of photosynthesis, contains chlorophyll.

35
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A

Supports the cell shape.

36
Q

What is the function of the vacuole?

A

Plants have one big central vacuole and animals have very small/absent vacuole. It is used as storage and maintains turgor pressure (turgidity).

37
Q

What is the function of the lyosomes?

A

Sacs containing enzymes. Used to break down parts of a cell.

38
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

Site of protein synthesis (produces proteins). Associated with endoplasmic reticulum.

39
Q

How are new cells produced?

A

New cells are produced by the division of existing cells.

40
Q

What is the function of cytoplasm?

A

Made out of cytosol (fluid) and organelles. Site of chemical reactions.

41
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A group of cells in a similar structure and function as a tissue.

42
Q

What is an organ?

A

Group of different tissues with related functions.

43
Q

What is an organ system?

A

A group of organs with related functions.

44
Q

What is an organism?

A

A living thing that functions as an individual, made up of organ systems.

45
Q

What is a cell?

A

The smallest unit of life. The structural and fundamental unit of life.

46
Q

What is the formula to find the magnification of a specimen?

A

Magnification = image size/actual size

47
Q

How many micrometers in a millimeter?

A

1000

48
Q

Diffusion:

A

The net movement of particles from a region of their higher concentration to a region of their lower concentration (down a concentration gradient), as a result of their random movement.

49
Q

Where does the energy for diffusion come from?

A

The kinetic energy of the random movement of molecules and ions.

50
Q

What does diffusion allow through a cell membrane?

A

Some substances move in and out of the cells by diffusion.

51
Q

What does diffusion do to help living organisms?

A
  • Obtain many requirements
  • Get rid of waste products
  • Carry out gas exchange for respiration
52
Q

What are the 4 factors that influence diffusion?

A
  1. Surface area
  2. Temperature
  3. Concentration gradient
  4. Distance
53
Q

What is the role of water?

A

Used as a solvent in organisms to aid with digestion, excretion and transport.

54
Q

Osmosis:

A

The net movement of water molecules from a region of higher water potential (dilute solution) to a region of lower water potential (concentrated solution), through a partially permeable membrane.

55
Q

Plant cells in a hypertonic solution:

A

Net movement out of the cell. Cell becomes plasmolyzed due to the loss of water from vacuole, resulting in loss of turgor pressure and becomes flaccid.

56
Q

Plasmolysis:

A

When the lack of water causes the cell membrane to peel off the cell wall, and shrink the cytoplasm.

57
Q

What is a hypertonic solution?

A

A hypertonic solution contains a higher concentration of solutes compared to another solution.

58
Q

Plant cells in a hypotonic solution:

A

Net movement of water into the cell. Cell increases in size and turgidity. The cell membrane pushes against the cell wall.

59
Q

What is a hypotonic solution?

A

Contains a lower concentration of solutes compared to another solution.

60
Q

Plant cells in an isotonic solution:

A

No net movement. It is in equilibrium, so there will be no change to the cell.

61
Q

What is an isotonic solution?

A

Where the concentration of solutes is equal to another solution.

62
Q

What are plants supported by?

A

The water pressure inside the cells, pressing outwards on the cell wall.

63
Q

What is active transport?

A

The movement of particles through a cell membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration (against concentration gradient), using energy from respiration.

64
Q

Why is active transport important?

A

It’s the process for movement of molecules or ions across membranes, including ion uptake by root hairs.

65
Q

What are the role of protein carriers?

A

They move molecules or ions across a membrane during active transport.

IGCSE Biology (10 decks)

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