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IGCSE Biology > Definitions > Flashcards

Definitions Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Tissue

A

A group of cells working together to perform a shared function

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2
Q

What is a species

A

A group of organisms that can reproduce to produce fertile offspring.

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3
Q

Organ

A

A group of tissues working together to perform a shared function

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4
Q

Organ system

A

A group of organs working together to perform a shared function

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5
Q

Diffusion

A

Net movement of particles from higher to lower concentration as a result of their random movement

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6
Q

Osmosis

A

Net movement of water from higher water potential to lower water potential through a partially permeable membrane

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7
Q

Active transport

A

Movement of particles through a cell membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration using energy from respiration

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8
Q

Structure of DNA

A

Double helix, chemicals called bases, bonds between pairs of bases, A binds with T, C binds with G

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9
Q

Catalyst

A

Substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction and is not changed or used up by the reaction

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10
Q

Enzyme

A

Proteins involved in all metabolic reactions; biological catalysts

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11
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Process by which plants synthesize carbohydrates from raw materials using energy from light

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12
Q

Balanced diet

A

Contains all food groups in correct proportions to stay healthy

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13
Q

Physical digestion

A

Breakdown of food into smaller pieces without chemical change, to increase surface area for enzyme activity

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14
Q

Chemical digestion

A

Breakdown of large insoluble molecules to small soluble ones that can be absorbed

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15
Q

Transpiration

A

Loss of water vapour from leaves; water evaporates from spongy mesophyll cells into the air spaces and then diffuses out of the stomata

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16
Q

Translocation

A

Movement of sucrose and amino acids from source to sink

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17
Q

Blood clot

A

Fibrinogen is converted to fibrin to form a mesh

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18
Q

Pathogen

A

A disease-causing organism

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19
Q

Transmissable disease

A

A disease in which the pathogen can be passed on from one host to another

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20
Q

Active immunity

A

Defence against a pathogen by antibody production

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21
Q

7 uses of energy

A
  • muscle contractions
  • protein synthesis
  • cell division
  • active transport
  • growth
    -passage of nerve impulses
  • maintenance of a constant body temp
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22
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

Chemical reactions in cells that break down nutrient molecules to release energy without oxygen

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23
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

Chemical reactions in cells that break down nutrient molecules to release energy with oxygen

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24
Q

Deamination

A

Removal of the ‘nitrogen - containing’ part of amino acids to form urea

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25
Q

Synapse

A

A junction between 2 neurones

26
Q

Sense organs

A

A group of receptor cells responding to specific stimuli

27
Q

Hormone

A

A chemical substance produced by a gland, carried by the blood, and alters the activity of one or more target organ

28
Q

Homeostasis

A

Maintenance of a constant internal environment

29
Q

Drug

A

Any substance taken into the body that modifies or affects chemical reactions in the body

30
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

Process resulting int the production of genetically idential offspring from one parent

31
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

Process involving the fusion of nuclei of 2 gametes to form a zygote; offspring are genetically different

32
Q

Fertilisation

A

Fusion of nuclei of gametes

33
Q

Self pollination

A

Transfer of pollen from anther to stigma on same flower, or a different flower on the same plant

34
Q

Cross - pollination

A

Transfer of pollen grains from the anther of a flower to the
stigma of a flower on a different plant of the
same species

35
Q

STI

A

An infection transmitted through sexual contact

36
Q

Gene

A

A length of DNA that codes for a protein

36
Q

Allele

A

An alternative form of a gene

37
Q

Mitosis

A

Nuclear division giving rise to genetically identical cells

38
Q

Stem cells

A

Unspecialised cells that divide by mitosis to produce daughter cells that can become specialised

39
Q

Meiosis

A

Reduction division in which chromosome number is halved from diploid to haploid resulting in genetically different cells

40
Q

Inheritance

A

Transmission of genetic information from generation to generation

41
Q

Genotype

A

Genetic makeup of an organism

42
Q

Phenotype

A

Observable feature of an organism

43
Q

Homozygous

A

2 identical alleles of a gene

44
Q

Heterozygous

A

2 different alleles of a gene

45
Q

Dominant allele

A

Expressed if it is present in the genotype

46
Q

Recessive allele

A

Only expressed if no dominant allele is present

47
Q

Codominance

A

Both alleles in heterozygous organisms contribute to the phenotype

48
Q

Variation

A

Differences between individuals of the same species

49
Q

Mutation

A

Random change in the base sequence of DNA

50
Q

Adaptive feature

A

An inherited feature that helps an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment

51
Q

Adaptation

A

The process resulting from natural selection by which populations become more suited to their environment over many generations

52
Q

Producer

A

An organism that makes its own organic nutrients usually using energy from sunlight through photosynthesis

53
Q

Decomposer

A

An organism that gets its energy from dead or waste organic material

54
Q

Population

A

A group of organisms of one species, living int eh same area, at the same time

55
Q

Community

A

All the populations or diiferent species in an ecosystem

56
Q

Ecosystem

A

A unit containing the community of organisms and the environment interacting together

57
Q

Biodiversity

A

Number of different species that live in an area

58
Q

Sustainable resource

A

A resource that is produced as rapidly as it is removed from the environment so that it doesn’t run out

59
Q

Genetic modification

A

Changing the genetic material of an organism by removing, changing or inserting individual genes

60
Q

Movement

A

An action causing a change in position or place

IGCSE Biology (10 decks)

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