Topic 1

Question 1

How can high blood pressure increase the risk of developing a CVD?

Answer 1

-Causes damage to the endothelium of arteries.
-Build up of cholesterol leads to atheroma formation/Inflammatory response.
-Plaque develops, lumen narrows.

Question 2

What does a hole in a mammals heart cause?

Answer 2

-Oxygenated and deoxygenated blood mix.
-Concentration of oxygen in blood circulating in body reduces.
-Less oxygen available for aerobic respiration

Question 3

How can diet lead to CVD?

Answer 3

-High salt intake.
-Increases blood pressure.
-Causes damage to endothelium of artery.
-High cholesterol intake.
-High LDL’s can form atheromas.

Question 4

Medication that reduces blood pressure + examples?

Answer 4

-Antihypertensives.
-Beta blockers -> reduces strength of heart beat
-Diuretics -> Reduces amount of Na reabsorbtion in kidneys, results in less water reabsorbtion through osmosis

Question 5

How dooes LDL’s help develop atherosclerosis?

Answer 5

-LDL’s increase blood cholesterol (bad) -> liver to blood
-Cholesterol causes plaque to form.
-In endothelium of artery.

Question 6

How does atherosclerosis damage the heart muscle?

Answer 6

-Narrows lumen of coronary arteries.
-Reducing blood flow to cardiac muscle.
-Reducing aerobic respiration.

Question 7

How do blood clots form in blood vessel?

Answer 7

Collagen exposed when wall of blood vessel is damaged.
-Leads to release of thromboplastin.
-Thromboplastin catalyses conversion of prothrombin to thrombin.
-Thrombin catalyses conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin.
-Fibrin forms mesh of fibres and traps red blood cells.

Question 8

How does high blood pressure result in atherosclerosis?

Answer 8

-High blood pressure damages endothelium of artery.
-Causing inflammatory response.
-Atheroma forms due to cholesterol build up.

Question 9

What do platelet inhibitors do?

Answer 9

-Reduce risk of blood clots forming.
-By making platelets less sticky.
-Less likely that blood flow to heart muscle will be blocked.

Question 10

How can medication and lifestyle changes reduce blood pressure?

Answer 10

-Antihypertensive can be taken. (Beta Blockers or Diuretics)
-Reduce salt intake.
-Increase exercise.
-Stop smoking.

Question 11

How can high salt intake cause a CVD to develop?

Answer 11

-High salt intake increases blood pressure.
-Causes damage to endothelium of artery.
-Causes inflammatory response.
-Leading to atheroma formation.
-Arteries narrow increasing risk of blood clots.

Question 12

Devise a procedure to compare the effects of decaffeinated coffee and regular coffee on the heart rate of Daphnia.

Answer 12

-Use a microscope to count the number of daphnia.
-Measure the heart rate of daphnia in plain water, decaffeinated and caffeinated coffee to see heartbeat before and after.
-Ensure they’re measured at same temp for same amount of time.
-Use a T-test to compare results.

Question 13

What happens in atrial systole?

Answer 13

-Atria contracts forcing atrioventricular valves to open.
-Blood flows into ventricles.
-Ventricular diastole occurs during atrial systole.

Question 14

What happens in ventricular systole?

Answer 14

-Ventricle contracts forcing semi-lunar valves to open.
-Blood flows from right ventricle into pulmonary artery.
-And blood flows from left ventricle into aorta.
-Atrial diastole occurs during Ventricular systole.

Question 15

How can high levels of sugar can lead to obesity?

Answer 15

-Energy intake higher than energy output.
-Excess energy converted to fat.
-Leading to weight gain.
-BMI>30 indicates obesity.

Question 16

What is another test to indicate obesity?

Answer 16

Hip to waist ratio.

Question 17

How does the structure of glycogen allow it to be an energy store?

Answer 17

-Glycogen is a polysaccharide.
-It is branched to allow for rapid hydrolysis.
-Contains 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds. (Amylopectin)
-Compact so a large amount of glucose can be stored in a small space.
-Insoluble meaning it doesn’t affect osmosis.

Question 18

Why are LDL’s saturated?

Answer 18

-Contain no carbon-carbon double bond.
-Hydrocarbon chain is saturated with hydrogen.
-Form unbranched linear chains.
-Function is to increase cholesterol levels

Question 19

Why are HDL’s unsaturated?

Answer 19

-Contain a carbon-carbon double bond.
-Double bonds create a kink in hydrocarbon chain.
-Body to liver for execution
-Function is to reduce cholesterol levels

Question 20

What joins two a-glucose molecules together to form a disaccharide?

Answer 20

-A condensation reaction takes place.
-Water is formed.

Question 21

What elements may be found in an R group?

Answer 21

-Nitrogen or Sulfur.

Question 22

Compare and contrast structure of glycogen and a disaccharide.

Answer 22

-Both contain glycosidic bonds.
-Both contain glucose.
-Glycogen contains 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds whereas disaccharides contains only one type of glycosidic bonds.
-Glycogen only contains glucose whereas disaccharides can contain glucose and other monosaccharides.

Question 23

How do enzymes break down polysaccharides?

Answer 23

=Enzymes hydrolyse the glycosidic bonds.

Question 24

What are triglycerides made up of?

Answer 24

-One molecule of glycerol
-Three fatty acids
-Joined by ester bonds
-Formed in a condensation reaction.

Question 25

A student stated that loss of heat when sweating is related to the dipole nature of water molecules.
Justify this statement.

Answer 25

-The water has an uneven distribution of charge making it a dipole.
-Water forms hydrogen bonds with other water molecules.
-Requires a lot of thermal energy to break these bonds.
-To allow water to evaporate.

Question 26

How do the properties of water make it an ideal transport medium?

Answer 26

-Water is a solvent.
-Water molecules surround polar molecules.
-Water is a liquid so it has the ability to flow.