Topic 1 Flashcards
How can high blood pressure increase the risk of developing a CVD?
-Causes damage to the endothelium of arteries.
-Build up of cholesterol leads to atheroma formation/Inflammatory response.
-Plaque develops, lumen narrows.
What does a hole in a mammals heart cause?
-Oxygenated and deoxygenated blood mix.
-Concentration of oxygen in blood circulating in body reduces.
-Less oxygen available for aerobic respiration
How can diet lead to CVD?
-High salt intake.
-Increases blood pressure.
-Causes damage to endothelium of artery.
-High cholesterol intake.
-High LDL’s can form atheromas.
Medication that reduces blood pressure + examples?
-Antihypertensives.
-Beta blockers -> reduces strength of heart beat
-Diuretics -> Reduces amount of Na reabsorbtion in kidneys, results in less water reabsorbtion through osmosis
How dooes LDL’s help develop atherosclerosis?
-LDL’s increase blood cholesterol (bad) -> liver to blood
-Cholesterol causes plaque to form.
-In endothelium of artery.
How does atherosclerosis damage the heart muscle?
-Narrows lumen of coronary arteries.
-Reducing blood flow to cardiac muscle.
-Reducing aerobic respiration.
How do blood clots form in blood vessel?
Collagen exposed when wall of blood vessel is damaged.
-Leads to release of thromboplastin.
-Thromboplastin catalyses conversion of prothrombin to thrombin.
-Thrombin catalyses conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin.
-Fibrin forms mesh of fibres and traps red blood cells.
How does high blood pressure result in atherosclerosis?
-High blood pressure damages endothelium of artery.
-Causing inflammatory response.
-Atheroma forms due to cholesterol build up.
What do platelet inhibitors do?
-Reduce risk of blood clots forming.
-By making platelets less sticky.
-Less likely that blood flow to heart muscle will be blocked.
How can medication and lifestyle changes reduce blood pressure?
-Antihypertensive can be taken. (Beta Blockers or Diuretics)
-Reduce salt intake.
-Increase exercise.
-Stop smoking.
How can high salt intake cause a CVD to develop?
-High salt intake increases blood pressure.
-Causes damage to endothelium of artery.
-Causes inflammatory response.
-Leading to atheroma formation.
-Arteries narrow increasing risk of blood clots.
Devise a procedure to compare the effects of decaffeinated coffee and regular coffee on the heart rate of Daphnia.
-Use a microscope to count the number of daphnia.
-Measure the heart rate of daphnia in plain water, decaffeinated and caffeinated coffee to see heartbeat before and after.
-Ensure they’re measured at same temp for same amount of time.
-Use a T-test to compare results.
What happens in atrial systole?
-Atria contracts forcing atrioventricular valves to open.
-Blood flows into ventricles.
-Ventricular diastole occurs during atrial systole.
What happens in ventricular systole?
-Ventricle contracts forcing semi-lunar valves to open.
-Blood flows from right ventricle into pulmonary artery.
-And blood flows from left ventricle into aorta.
-Atrial diastole occurs during Ventricular systole.
How can high levels of sugar can lead to obesity?
-Energy intake higher than energy output.
-Excess energy converted to fat.
-Leading to weight gain.
-BMI>30 indicates obesity.
What is another test to indicate obesity?
Hip to waist ratio.
How does the structure of glycogen allow it to be an energy store?
-Glycogen is a polysaccharide.
-It is branched to allow for rapid hydrolysis.
-Contains 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds. (Amylopectin)
-Compact so a large amount of glucose can be stored in a small space.
-Insoluble meaning it doesn’t affect osmosis.
Why are LDL’s saturated?
-Contain no carbon-carbon double bond.
-Hydrocarbon chain is saturated with hydrogen.
-Form unbranched linear chains.
-Function is to increase cholesterol levels
Why are HDL’s unsaturated?
-Contain a carbon-carbon double bond.
-Double bonds create a kink in hydrocarbon chain.
-Body to liver for execution
-Function is to reduce cholesterol levels
What joins two a-glucose molecules together to form a disaccharide?
-A condensation reaction takes place.
-Water is formed.
What elements may be found in an R group?
-Nitrogen or Sulfur.
Compare and contrast structure of glycogen and a disaccharide.
-Both contain glycosidic bonds.
-Both contain glucose.
-Glycogen contains 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds whereas disaccharides contains only one type of glycosidic bonds.
-Glycogen only contains glucose whereas disaccharides can contain glucose and other monosaccharides.
How do enzymes break down polysaccharides?
=Enzymes hydrolyse the glycosidic bonds.
What are triglycerides made up of?
-One molecule of glycerol
-Three fatty acids
-Joined by ester bonds
-Formed in a condensation reaction.
