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a-level bio > Topic 1 > Flashcards

Topic 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a monomer

A

smaller repeating units that can create larger molecules

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2
Q

what is a polymer

A

molecule made from lots of monomers chemically bonded together

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3
Q

3 examples of glucose polymers?

A

starch
cellulose
glycogen

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4
Q

what is an amino acid’s polymer

A

protein

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5
Q

what are 2 possible nucleotide polymers

A

DNA
RNA

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6
Q

what is a condensation reaction

A

joining 2 molecules together
to create a chemical bond
removing water

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7
Q

what is a hydrolysis reaction

A

breaks a chemical bond between 2 molecules
using the addition of water

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8
Q

what elements do carbohydrates contain?

A

C H O

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9
Q

3 types of carbs?

A

mono,di and polysaccharides

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10
Q

3 examples of monosaccharides?

A

glucose
fructose
galactose

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11
Q

3 examples of disaccharides?

A

sucrose
maltose
lactose

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12
Q

3 examples of polysaccharides?

A

starch
cellulose
glycogen

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13
Q

glucose formula

A

C6H12O6

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14
Q

alpha and beta glucose are examples of?

A

isomers

inverted hydrogen and hydroxyl groups on carbon 1

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15
Q

what is a disaccharide?

A

made of two monosaccharides
joined together by a glycosidic bond
formed by a condensation reaction

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16
Q

maltose formation equation

A

glucose + glucose -> maltose + water

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17
Q

lactose formation equation

A

glucose + galactose -> lactose + water

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18
Q

sucrose formation equation

A

glucose + fructose -> sucrose + water

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19
Q

2 plant polysaccharide examples

A

starch and cellulose

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20
Q

animal polysaccharide example

A

glycogen

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21
Q

Starch

monomers
bond between monomers
function
location
structure
explain how structure links to function

A

alpha glucose
1-4 glycosidic bonds in amylose
1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds in amylopectin
storage of glucose
plant cells
made of 2 polymers - amylose, unbranched helix and amylopectin, branched molecule

helix is compact so lots of glucose fits in a small space
branched structure increases SA for rapid hydrolysis for terminal glucose molecules
insoluble so won’t affect water potential

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22
Q

Cellulose

monomers
bond between monomers
function
location
structure
explain how structure links to function

A

beta glucose
1-4 glycosidic bonds
structure strength in cell wall
plant cell walls
polymers form long straight chains held in parallel by many H bonds forming fibrils

many H bonds provide collective strength
insoluble so doesnt affect cell wp

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23
Q

Glycogen

monomers
bond between monomers
function
location
structure
explain how structure links to function

A

alpha glucose
1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds
glucose storage
animals in muscle and liver cells
highly branched molecule

branched structure investing SA for rapid hydrolysis to glucose
insoluble but doesn’t affect wp

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24
Q

how are triglycerides formed

A

via condensation reactions
forming ester bonds
between a molecule of glycerol and 3 fatty acids

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25
Q

how many water molecules are released when an triglyceride forms?

A

3

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26
Q

saturated fatty acid?

A

the hydrocarbon chain has only single carbon to carbon double bonds

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27
Q

unsaturated fatty acids?

A

the hydrocarbon chain forms at least one double bond between the carbons

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28
Q

explain 4 properties of using triglycerides?

A

large ratio of energy storing carbon hydrogen bonds compared to the number of carbon atoms
high ratio of hydrogen to oxygen atoms act as a metabolic water source as triglycerides release water when oxidised (good for camels)
insoluble - doesn’t affect wp
low mass - lots can be stored without increasing the mass and preventing movement

29
Q

what is in a phospholipid?

A

1 glycerol molecule
2 fatty acid chains
1 phosphate group attached to glycerol

30
Q

How many condensation reactions occur to form a phospholipid? What bonds form?

A

2 reactions
ester bonds form

31
Q

What region of a phospholipid attracts water and repels fats and why?

A

Hydrophillic head
Due to -vely charged phosphate group

32
Q

What region of a phospholipid repels water and mixes with lipids and why?

A

hydrophobic tail
the fatty acid chain is not charged

33
Q

Phospholipid bilayer arrangement

A

hydrophillic heads facing outside, hydrophobic tails all on inside of the membrane

34
Q

amino acid structure

A

H2N-CRH-COOH

35
Q

How many R groups are there?

A

20, for 20 different amino acids

36
Q

Primary structure definition?

A

Order of amino acids in the polypeptide chain
a polymer

37
Q

Secondary structure definition

A

sequence of AA causing parts of a protein to bend into a ahelix or bpleated sheet due to hydrogen bonds

38
Q

Tertiary structure definition

A

folding of secondary structure to form a unique 3D shape
held in place by hydrogen, disulfide and ionic bonds

39
Q

Quaternary structure meaning

A

a protein made up of 1+ polypeptide chains

40
Q

enzyme definition

A

tertiary structure proteins which lower activation energy of a reaction they catalyse as they provide an alternate reaction route

41
Q

Active site properties and why they arise

A

Specific
Unique
Due to specific folding and bonds in tertiary structure, determined by primary structure

42
Q

Induced fit model

A

AS induced to slightly change shape so it moulds around the substrate

When EZ complex forms, it strains the bonds and lowers the AE

43
Q

5 factors affecting rate of enzyme controlled reaction

A

Temp
pH
substrate conc
enzyme conc
inhibitor presence

44
Q

Competitive inhibitors

A

same shape as substrate
bind to active site
affects ES complexes
extra substrates can outcompete inhibitors

45
Q

Non competitive inhibitors

A

bind to allosteric site
causes AS to change shape
no EZ complexes can form
adding more substrate doesn’t help

46
Q

Test for starch

A

add iodine
if present, orange to blue black solution

47
Q

Test for reducing sugars

A

add benedicts reagent + heat
if present, blue to green/yellow/orange/brick red (increasing sugar)

48
Q

Test for non reducing sugars

A

Follows a -ve Benedicts test where it remains blue
Add acid and boil
Cool solution
Add alkali to neutralise
Add benedicts reagent and heat
If blue to orange/brick red solution, it’s present

49
Q

Test for proteins

A

Add biurets solution
If present, turns from blue to purple solution

50
Q

Test for lipids

A

Dissolve sample in ethanol
Add distilled water
If present, white emulsion forms

51
Q

DNA monomer

A

a nucleotide

52
Q

nucleotide components

A

pentose sugar
a nitrogenous base
phosphate group

53
Q

DNA bases

A

adenine
thymine
cytosine
guanine

54
Q

nucleotide polymer

A

polynucleotide

55
Q

Where do phosphodiester bonds form in DNA

A

between phosphate groups and deoxyribose sugars

56
Q

RNA nucleotide components

A

ribose
nitrogenous base
phosphate group

57
Q

RNA bases?

A

adenine
guanine
cytosine
uracil

58
Q

RNA vs DNA

A

RNA shorter
RNA single stranded

59
Q

Function of RNA

A

transfer genetic code from DNA in nucleus to ribosomes (mRNA)

combine with proteins to create ribosomes (rRNA)

60
Q

semi conservative replication steps

A

DNA helicase breaks hydrogen bonds between bases so double helix unwinds
Each strand acts as a template
Free DNA nucleotides in the nucleus attach to their complementary base pairs on the strands of parental DNA
Adjacent nucleotides join together by phosphodiester bonds in a condensation reaction with DNA polymerase
2 new double helixes each have one new and one old strand of DNA each

61
Q

ATP components

A

adenine
ribose sugar
3 phosphate groups

62
Q

ATP is made during

A

respiration using ATPsynthase

63
Q

ATP hydrolysis enzyme

A

ATPhydrolase

64
Q

ATP phosphorylation advantage and example

A

makes compounds more reactive by phosphorylating them
eg glucose in respiration to make it more reactive

65
Q

5 key properties of water

A

Metabolite so used in hydrolysis reactions
Solvent for reactions
High Specific Heat Capacity which buffers temperature change
Large latent heat of vaporisation
Strong cohesion between water molecules in columns eg the xylem

66
Q

H+ ion purposes

A

chemiosmosis - for EC gradient
lowers solution’s pH

67
Q

Iron ion purpose

A

component of haemoglobin for O2 transport

68
Q

Na+ ion purposes

A

for transport of AA and glucose in absorption
generating action potentials

69
Q

Phosphate ion purpose

A

component of DNA and ATP

a-level bio (9 decks)

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