TOPIC 1 Flashcards
what are the health people 2020 goals?
-Attain high-quality, longer lives free of preventable disease, disability, injury, and premature death
-Achieve health equity, eliminate disparities and improve the health of all groups
-Create social and physical environments that promote good health for all
-Promote quality of life, healthy development and healthy behaviors across all life stages
what are health beliefs?
a person’s ideas, convictions, and attitudes about health and illness
what are the two types of health behaviors?
positive health behaviors
negative health behaviors
positive health behaviors
activities related to maintaining, attaining, or regaining good health and preventing illness
negative health behaviors
practices actually or potentially harmful to health (smoking, drug or alcohol abuse, poor diet and refusal to take necessary medications)
what are the 3 components of the health belief model?
-an individuals perception of susceptibility to an illness
-an individuals perception of serious of illness
-and the likelihood that a person will take preventative action
what is health promotion?
the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health, INCREASING THE PATIENTS WELL BEING
what are the focuses of the health promotion model?
- Individual characteristics and experiences
- Behavior specific knowledge and effect
- Behavioral outcomes in which the patient commits to or changes behavior
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, self-actualization
holistic health model
promote optimal health by considering emotional, spiritual, and physical wellbeing (body, mind, spirit)
what are INTERNAL variables that influence health belief and practices
developmental stage
intellectual background
perception of functioning
emotional factors
spiritual factors
what are External variables that influence health belies and practices
family practices
socioeconomic factors
cultural background
health promotion example
routine exercise and good nutrition
illness prevention example
immunization programs
wellness example
physical awareness, stress management, self-responsibility (mind, body, spirit)
what are the two types of health promotion activities
active and passive
passive health promotion
individuals gain from the activities of others without acting themselves
active health promotion
individuals adopt specific health program
what are the levels of preventative care
Primary Prevention
Secondary Prevention
Tertiary Prevention
primary prevention
the only TRUE prevention; lowers the chances that a disease will develop (health education programs, immunizations, nutritional programs, and physical fitness activities)
secondary prevention
“when there is a problem/could be a problem and the things to help the issue and not make it worse”
o Focuses on those who have health problems or illnesses and are at risk for developing complications or worsening conditions (delivered in homes, hospitals or skilled nursing facilities)
tertiary prevention
Occurs when a defect or disability is permanent or irreversible (also called preventative care because it involves preventing further disability or reduced functioning)
risk factors include:
o Genetic and physiologic factors
Ex: being overweight, heredity, genetic predisposition
o Age
o Environment
Where a person works, or lives can increase illness. Ex: hot, cold, overcrowding, air quality
o Lifestyle
Ex: sunbathing, prolonged stress, healthy/unhealthy diet
CHANGE model steps
precontemplation
contemplation
preparation
action
maintenance stage
precontemplation stage
no intention to change (not aware)
contemplation stage
considering a change within the next 6 months (thinking about change)
preparation stage
making a small change ( making a plan “I will stop smoking on this day”)
action stage
actively engaging in strategies to change behavior (take action)
maintenance stage
maintaining changes behavior (education!!)
what are things that are important for the maintenance stage/ lifestyle changes
active listening, assist in establishing patient goals
provide written educational resources
include family to provide support
have patient track adherence an provide positive reinforcement
illness
A state in which a person’s physical, emotional, intellectual, social, developmental, or spiritual functioning is diminished or impaired
acute illness
short duration and severe
o Usually reversible, the symptoms appear abruptly, are intense, and often subside after a short period
chronic illness
persists linger than 6 months
o Irreversible, affect function of more than one system
internal variables of illness behavior
perception of illness and nature of illness
external variables of illness behavior
Visibility of symptoms, social group, cultural background, economics, and accessibility to health care
Impact of Illness on the Patient and Family
-Illness is never an isolated life event. The patient and family deal with changes resulting from illness and treatment.
-People have many “roles” in life, illness can cause a person (or family) to adapt. Family dynamics often change
vital sign measurement
indicates the effectiveness of circulatory, respiratory, neural and endocrine body functions
Pain
a subjective symptom, also called the fifth vital sign
Normal temperature normal range
96.8° to 100.4° F (36-38C)
normal pulse normal range
60 to 100 beats/min, strong and regular
normal BP normal range
Systolic: <120 mm Hg
Diastolic: <80 mm Hg
pulse pressure normal range
30 to 50 mm Hg
respiration normal range
12 to 20 breaths/min, deep and regular
O2 saturation normal range
Normal: SpO2 > 95%
elderly population temperature range
95° to 97°F (35-36)
circadian rhythm and body temperature
Lowest temperature at 6 am and highest temperature at 4 pm in healthy people
what are the factors that affect body temperature?
age, exercise, hormone level, circadian rhythm, stress, and environment
exercise and body temperature
Increase blood supply and increase carb and fat breakdown. Increase heat production and body temperature
hormone level and body temperature
Women experience greater fluctuation in body temperature than men (progesterone)
what happens to metabolism and oxygen during a fever
Increase metabolism > more oxygen > if body can’t meet demand > hypoxia (inadequate oxygen)
hyperthermia
elevated body temperature due to the body’s inability to promote heat loss or reduce heat production
s/s of hyperthermia
giddiness, confusion, delirium, excessive thirst, nausea, cramps, visual disturbances, elevated body temperature, increase HR, lowering of BP
hypothermia
occurs with exposure to cold, the core body temperature drops, and the body is unable to compensate
s/s of hypothermia
uncontrolled shivering, loss of memory, depression, poor judgement, HR, RR, and BP fall. Skin becomes cyanotic.
A fever is usually not harmful if it stays below…
102.2
fever “breaks” no fever
afebrile
FUO
fever of unknown origin (fever with an undetermined cause)
pyrogens
elevate body temperature, acting as antigens, triggering immune responses
the hypothalamus and fever
-The hypothalamus raises the set point and the body conserves heat > chills fevers and feels cold.
-The hypothalamus set pot drops initiating heat loss response >skin becomes warm and flushed because of vasodilation
pulse
- Palpable bounding of blood flow in a peripheral artery
- Indicator of circulatory status
pulse rate
Number of pulsing sensations in 1 minute
when the patient is in a worsens condition, where is pulse taken?
carotid
When a patient takes medication that affects the HR, where should pulse be taken
the apical pulse provides a more accurate assessment of heart function.
character of the pulse
rate, rhythm, strength, equality
how do you document pulse strength?
(4); full or strong
(3); normal and expected
(2); diminished or barely palpable
(1); or absent
(0).
ventilation
Assess ventilation by determining respiratory rate, depth, rhythm and end-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2) value.
diffusion
Assess diffusion and perfusion by determining oxygen saturation.
mechanics of breathing
o Inspiration is an active process (diaphragm)
o Expiration is a passive process
standard unit for measuring BP
millimeters of mercury (mm Hg).
systolic pressure
The peak of maximum pressure when ejection occurs is the systolic pressure.
diastolic
When the ventricles relax, the blood remaining in the arteries exerts a minimum or diastolic pressure. Diastolic pressure is the minimal pressure exerted against the arterial walls at all times.
pulse pressure
The difference between systolic and diastolic pressures
as age advances, BP ….
tends to rise with advancing age
Prehypertension
120-139/80-89
smoking and blood pressure
Smoking results in vasoconstriction, a narrowing of blood vessels. BP rises when a person smokes and returns to baseline about 15 minutes after stopping smoking.
hypertension is associated with what in the arterial walls
thickening and loss of elasticity in the arterial walls.
why does hypotension occur
because of the dilation of the arteries in the vascular bed, the loss of a substantial amount of blood volume (e.g., hemorrhage), or the failure of the heart muscle to pump adequately (e.g., myocardial infarction).
orthostatic hypotension happens when
a drop in systolic pressure by at least 20 mm Hg or a drop in diastolic pressure by at least 20 mm Hg within 3 minutes of rising to an upright position.
