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NSG 300 7-9 EXAM 11/9 > EXAM 1 > Flashcards

EXAM 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Healthy People 2020

A

-Attain high-quality, longer lives free of preventable disease, disability, injury, and premature death.
-Achieve health equity, eliminate disparities, and improve the health of all groups.
-Create social and physical environments that promote good health for all.
-Promote quality of life, healthy development, and healthy behaviors across all life stages.

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2
Q

health beliefs

A

a person’s ideas, convictions, and attitudes about health and illness
(individuals perception about susceptibility, serious of illness, and if they will take preventative action)

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3
Q

positive health behaviors

A

activities to maintain good health and prevent illness

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4
Q

negative health behaviors

A

practices potentially harmful to health

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5
Q

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

A

Self Actualization
Self Esteem
Relationships, Love and Affection
Safety and Security
Physiological Needs

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6
Q

holistic health model

A

promote health by considering emotional, spiritual, and physical wellbeing.

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7
Q

internal variables that influence health beliefs and practices

A

developmental
intellectual background
perception off functioning
emotional factors
spiritual factors

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8
Q

external variables that influence health beliefs and practices

A

family practices
socioeconomic
cultural

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9
Q

what is an example illness prevention?

A

immunization program

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10
Q

what are some examples of health promotion?

A

routine exercise, good nutrition, adequate sleep

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11
Q

what are some examples of wellness?

A

physical awareness, stress management, self-responsibility

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12
Q

primary prevention

A

True prevention that lowers the chances that a disease will develop

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13
Q

what are some examples of primary prevention?

A

immunizations, physical activity, health education, nutrition, cleanliness

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14
Q

secondary prevention

A

individual has health issues/illness, this helps to decrease the chance of worsened conditions and to decrease complications from developing

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15
Q

what are some examples of secondary prevention

A

-screenings
-diagnostic tests
-medications

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16
Q

tertiary prevention

A

when a deficit is permanent/irreversible, so preventative cares used to prevent further disability

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17
Q

what are some examples of tertiary prevention?

A

Teach disease management to a patient with diabetes
Referral of a patient to OT and PT
Support group

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18
Q

what are the stages of the change model?

A

precontemplation
contemplation
preparation
action
maintenance

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19
Q

precontemplation stage

A

patient is unaware of problem and/or has no interest in change

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20
Q

contemplation stage

A

patient is aware of problem and is beginning to think about changing but has not made a commitment to do so (next 6 months)

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21
Q

preparation stage

A

Patient is making a small change/coming up with a plan

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22
Q

action stage

A

patient is actively engaging in the plan

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23
Q

maintenance stage

A

patient integrates newly adopted behavior patterns into his or her lifestyle

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24
Q

normal range for temperature

A

36-38 degrees c or 96.8-100.4 degrees f

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25
Q

normal temperature range for elderly population

A

35-36.1 degrees c or 95-97 degrees f

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26
Q

what are the factors that affect temperature

A

age
exercise
hormone level
circadian rhythm
stress
environment

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27
Q

factors affecting temperature: age

A

as you age, your temperature tens to run lower

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28
Q

factors affecting temperature: exercise

A

increase blood supply, increase heat production, increase body temperature

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29
Q

factors affecting temperature: hormone level

A

women experience increase fluctuation in body temp (progesterone)

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30
Q

factors affecting temperature: circadian rhythm

A

lowest temperature at 6 am and highest temperature at 4 pm (in healthy people)

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31
Q

factors affecting temperature: stress

A

Stress increases metabolism, increasing oxygen need
when the body cant meet this demand = hypoxia

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32
Q

factors affecting temperature: environment

A

room temperature/ temperature outside can lead to increase or decrease body temperature

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33
Q

fever

A

Abnormally high body temperature
important mechanism and enhances immune system

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34
Q

hyperthermia

A

abnormally high body temperature due to the body inability to promote heat loss or reduce heat production

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35
Q

hypothermia

A

Abnormally low body temperature often associated with exposure to cold and the body is unable to compensate

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36
Q

heatstroke

A

prolonged exposure to the sun or high environmental temperature
overwhelms the heat-loss mechanisms the body

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37
Q

heat exhaustion

A

condition resulting from exposure to heat and excessive loss of fluid through diaphoresis
results in excess water and electrolyte loss

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38
Q

normal pulse range

A

60-100 bpm
strong and regular

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39
Q

factors that influence pulse: exercise

A

short term exercise increases pulse rate
heart conditioned by long term exercise (athlete) will have lower resting pulse

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40
Q

what factors influence pulse

A

Exercise
Temperature
Acute pain
Emotions
Drugs
Hemorrhage
Position changes
Pulmonary conditions

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41
Q

factors that influence pulse: temperature

A

fever and heat increase pulse
hypothermia decrease pulse

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42
Q

factors that influence pulse: acute pain

A

increase in sympathetic activity will increase HR
effects of chronic pain/parasympathetic stimulation increases by unrelieved pain which decreases HR

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43
Q

factors that influence pulse: emotions

A

SNS increase pulse (anxiety)
PNS decrease pulse

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44
Q

factors that influence pulse: medications

A

epinephrine- increase HR
beta adrenergic and CC blockers decrease HR

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45
Q

factors that influence pulse: hemorrhage

A

sympathetic stimulation by loss of blood increases HR

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46
Q

factors that influence pulse: postural changes

A

stand: increases HR
lying down: decreases HR

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47
Q

factors that influence pulse: pulmonary conditions

A

(asthma, COPD)–> increased HR due to poor oxygenation

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48
Q

tachycardia

A

Abnormally rapid HR >100bpm

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49
Q

Bradycardia

A

abnormally slow HR <60bpm

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50
Q

dysrhythmia

A

abnormal heart rhythm/missed beats

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51
Q

normal respiration range

A

12-20 breaths per minute
deep and regular

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52
Q

as you age you need _____ breaths/min

A

less

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53
Q

factors affecting respiration

A

acute pain
exercise
anxiety
smoking
body position
medications
neurological injuries
hemoglobin function

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54
Q

factors affecting respiration: acute pain

A

pain may cause shallow breathing
inhibits chest wall movement with chest/abdominal pain

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55
Q

factors affecting respiration: exercise

A

increases rate/depth so that the body can meet the oxygen demand and get rid of carbon dioxide

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56
Q

factors affecting respiration: anxiety

A

increases RR and depth as result of sympathetic stimulation

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57
Q

factors affecting respiration: smoking

A

changes pulmonary airways
increase RR at rest when not smoking

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58
Q

factors affecting respiration: body position

A

straight/erect: full chest expansion
stooped/slumped: impaired
lying flat: prevent full chest expansion

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59
Q

factors affecting respiration: medication

A

opioid, anesthetics and sedatives decrease RR and depth
amphetamines and cocaine increase RR and depth
bronchodilators slow rate by causing dilation

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60
Q

factors affecting respiration: neurological injury

A

injury to brain stem impairs respiratory center and inhibits RR and rhythm

61
Q

factors affecting respiration: hemoglobin function

A

decrease hemoglobin (anemia) –> decreases oxygen carrying capacity–> increase RR

62
Q

high oxygen levels are _____ for a patient with COPD

A

FATAL
do NOT over oxygenate

63
Q

what is a normal SPO2 range

A

> 95%

64
Q

what is a normal SPO2 range fro patients with COPD

A

88%-92%

65
Q

normal BP range

A

Systolic: <120 mmHg
Diastolic: <80 mmHg

66
Q

Normal pulse pressure

A

30-50 mmHg

67
Q

what are the factors affecting BP

A

age
stress
ethnicity and genetics
gender
daily variation
medications
activity and weight
smoking

68
Q

factors affecting BP: age

A

BP increases throughout life (larger children will have higher BP than smaller children)

69
Q

factors affecting BP: stress

A

increase HR –> increase CO–> increase vcasucalr resistance–> which increase BP

70
Q

factors affecting BP: ethnicity and genetics

A

increase BP in African Americans

71
Q

factors affecting BP: gender

A

after puberty makes then to have higher BP
menopausal women then o have higher BP
OVERALL no significant differenced in BP

72
Q

factors affecting BP: daily variation

A

lower BP during sleep (12am-3am) there will be a slow and steady rise
highest during the day (10am-6pm)

73
Q

factors affecting BP: medications

A

antihypertensives & diuretics (any medication made to lower BP)

74
Q

factors affecting BP: activity and weight

A

period of exercise can reduce BP for several hours afterward
increase in the O2 demand increases BP

75
Q

factors affecting BP: smoking

A

causes vasodilation which increases BP

76
Q

stage 1 hypertension

A

Systolic: 130-139
Diastolic: 80-89

77
Q

stage 2 hypertension

A

Systolic: > 140mmHg
Diastolic: > 90mmHg

78
Q

hypotension range

A

systolic. falls below 90mmHg

79
Q

What is the nurses role in measuring, analyzing and reporting abnormal vital signs?

A

the nurses role is to ASSESS, then create a NURSING DIAGNOSIS, develop a PLAN, IMPLEMENT the plan/goals, then EVALUATE the outcomes

80
Q

What does caring mean in nursing practice?

A

autonomy
advocate
educator
communicator
(empathy & comfort)

81
Q

define disease

A

harmful deviation from normal structure of functional state of an organism, generally associated with certain signs and symptoms

82
Q

acute disease

A

symptoms develop rapidly
short term
self limiting
dissipate after injury heals
(trauma, surgery, kidney stone)

83
Q

chronic disease

A

when pain continues for 6 months or longer

84
Q

chain of infection

A

infectious agent
reservoir
portal of exit
mode of transmission
portal of entry
susceptible host

85
Q

reservoir

A

where microorganism survives, multiplies and awaits transfer to host

86
Q

portal of exit

A

a way for the infectious agent to escape from the reservoir in which it has been growing so it can find a host to enter and cause disease

87
Q

mode of transmission

A

a way that the causative agent can be transmitted to another reservoir or host where it can live (often unwashed hands)

88
Q

portal of entry

A

organisms enter the body through the same routes they use for exiting

89
Q

infectious process

A
  1. Incubation period
  2. Prodromal stage
  3. Illness stage
  4. Convalescence
90
Q

incubation period

A

time between entrance of pathogen and appearance of first symptoms

91
Q

prodromal stage

A

interval from onset of nonspecific signs and symptoms to more specific symptoms

92
Q

illness stage

A

the interval when symptoms specific to the infection occur

93
Q

convalescence

A

acute symptoms of infection disappear

94
Q

inflammation

A

a localized response to an injury or to the destruction of tissues or infection

95
Q

Signs of inflammation

A

swelling
redness
heat
pain/tenderness
loss of function

96
Q

serous exudate

A

clear, like plasma
normal to the healing process

97
Q

sanguineous exudate

A

containing red blood cells

98
Q

purulent exudate

A

pus; containing WBCs and bacteria
indicated infection

99
Q

RACE

A

Rescue patient
Alarm (pull alarm)
Contain (contain fire, close door, turn off O2)
Extinguish fire

100
Q

PASS

A

Pull, Aim, Squeeze, Sweep

101
Q

what is the importance of quality and safety in client care?

A

quality and safety minimizes risk of harm to patient and providers through both system effectiveness and individual performance

102
Q

what are some factors that influence infection susceptibility?

A

age
nutritional status
stress
disease process
treatments or conditions that compromise the immune system

103
Q

standard precautions

A

recommendations that must be followed to prevent transmission of pathogenic organisms by way of blood, blood products, body fluids, secretions, excretions(except sweat), non intact skin, and mucous membranes

104
Q

standard precautions (for use with all patients)

A

hand hygiene between each patient
wash hands if soiled
no artificial finger nails
wear gloves when touching body fluids
use appropriate PPE if needed
use of private room (only if needed)
discard all contaminated sharp objects
respiratory hygiene and cough etiquette

105
Q

what are some methods for providing basic care and comfort to clients?

A

encouraging health promotion (exercise, healthy diet, relaxation)
basic needs (O2, nutrition, temperature)
maintain proper body mechanics (posture and alignment
assistive devices for walking (cane)

106
Q

what side of the body should the cane be on

A

stronger side

107
Q

direct route

A

person-to-person (fecal,oral) physical contact between source and susceptible host

108
Q

indirect route

A

personal contact of susceptible host with contaminates inanimate object

109
Q

droplet route

A

infected person coughs/sneezes, creating droplets that carry germs (w/in 6 feet)

110
Q

airborne route

A

organisms are carried droplet nuclei to residue or evaporated droplets suspended in air

111
Q

vehicle route

A

contaminated items, water, drugs, solutions, blood, food

112
Q

vector route

A

external mechanical transfer (flies)
internal transmission (mosquito, flea, tick)

113
Q

Barrier precautions

A

*include the appropriate use of PPE such as gowns, gloves, masks, eyewear, and other protective devices or clothing.

114
Q

Contact precautions PPE

A

gown and gloves

115
Q

Droplet precautions PPE

A

a surgical mask when within 3 feet of the patient, proper hand hygiene, and some dedicated-care equipment.

116
Q

Airborne precautions PPE

A

negative air flow room (airborne infection isolation room)
N95 respirator

117
Q

Protective environment PPE

A

a specialized room with positive airflow.

118
Q

what is the appropriate technique to maintain safe client handling?

A

widen base of support
increase balance by bringing center of gravity closer to base of support

119
Q

safe patient handling and mobility (SPHM)

A

improved assessment, use of mechanical equipment and safety procedures to lift and move patients

120
Q

what is the importance of proper positioning and movement for promoting clients comfort?

A

proper positioning and placing them in correct body alignment can help reduce pressure risks
movement is important because immobility can cause many systemic effects

121
Q

Metabolic System: Effects of Immobility

A

endocrine (homeostasis is usual function, can decrease wound healing)
calcium absorption (hypercalcemia)
GI function (constipation)

122
Q

Respiratory System: Effects of Immobility

A

atelectasis (collapse of alveoli)
hypostatic pneumonia ( inflammation of lung from stasis or pooling secretions

123
Q

Cardiovascular System: Effects of Immobility

A

orthostatic hypotension
thrombus

124
Q

Musculoskeletal System: Effects of Immobility

A

loss of endurance and muscle mass
decrease stability and balance

125
Q

Muscular System: Effects of Immobility

A

loss of muscle mass
muscle atrophy

126
Q

Skeletal System: Effects of Immobility

A

impaires calcium absorption
joint abnormalities

127
Q

Urinary System: Effects of Immobility

A

urinary stasis
renal calculi (kidney stones)
UTI

128
Q

Integumentary System: Effects of Immobility

A

pressure ulcer
ischemia

129
Q

Safe application of physical restraints

A

make sure physician knows about this (restraint order) and visits the client within 1 hour of the client receiving physical restraints

restraint should never interfere with treatment

should not be SNUG (2 fingerwidths btwn)

fit properly and be as discreet as possible

be easy to remove or change (every 2 hours for toileting and checking neurovascular status)

only used 4 hrs for adults. for physician prescription, it can go up to 24 hrs.

130
Q

trochanter roll

A

prevents external rotation of the hips when a patient is in a supine position

131
Q

how is a trochanter roll implemented?

A

fold cotton towel length wise to a width that extends from greater trochanter of the femur to lower border of popliteal space

132
Q

hand roll

A

roll placed in the hand to prevent hand contraction

133
Q

trapeze bar

A

allows the client to pull with the upper extremities to raise the trunk off the bed, assist in transfer, or to perform exercises increases independence, helps maintain upper body strength, decreases the shearing action

134
Q

supported fowlers

A

the head of the bed is elevated 45 to 60 degrees, and the patient’s knees are slightly elevated without pressure to restrict circulation in the lower legs

135
Q

supine

A

lying face up

136
Q

prone

A

lying face down

137
Q

side lying

A

patient rests on the side with the major portion of body weight on the dependent hip and shoulder

138
Q

Sims

A

patient places the weight on the anterior ileum, humerus, and clavicle

139
Q

what are the psychological effects of immobility?

A

emotional/behavior responses (depression, hostility, fear, anxiety)
sensory alterations
altered sleep patterns
social isolation

140
Q

what are complementary/alternative therapies that influence metabolism

A

provide high protein, high calorie diet with vitamin C supplements

141
Q

what are complementary/alternative therapies that influence respiratory

A

cough and deep breathe every 1-2 hours
chest physiotherapy (CPT)

142
Q

what are complementary/alternative therapies that influence integumentary

A

reposition every 1-2 hours, provide skin care

143
Q

what are complementary/alternative therapies that influence elimination system

A

adequate hydration
diet
increase fluid
increase fruit and veg
increase fiber

144
Q

what are complementary/alternative therapies that influence cardiovascular

A

leg exercises, hose, compression socks

145
Q

health promotion and examples

A

directed at increasing a patients wellbeing routine exercise and good nutrition

146
Q

active health promotion

A

individual adopts a specific health program

147
Q

passive health promotion

A

individual gains from the activity without acting themselves

148
Q

disease prevention and example

A

the process of reducing risks and alleviating disease to promote, preserve, and restore health and minimize suffering and distress
ex: immunization program

149
Q

what are the factors that affect an individuals health

A

genetic/physiologic factors
age
environment
lifestyle

NSG 300 7-9 EXAM 11/9 (10 decks)

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