Topic 1. 1.2 And 1.3 Flashcards
is the science of the dynamics of flight, behavior, and effects of projectiles, as well as the process of designing, accelerating, and calculating projectiles in order to achieve desirable outcomes.
Ballistics
It also involves the study of the impact of the different conditions on the motion of the projectile.
Ballistics
refers to a metallic or non-metallic object propelled by a firearm that employs the expansive force of gases coming from burning gunpowder.
Projectile
refers to a giant bow or catapult used for throwing stones
ballistics
ballistics was derived from the Latin word _____?.
ballista
ballistes, from ballein, are Greek words that mean?
“to throw, to throw so as to hit.”
focuses on identifying the marks a firearm makes on a bullet, measuring the trajectory by which a bullet travels after being fired, and measuring the damage a bullet causes when it strikes a surface.
Ballistics
is defined as the science of motion of projectiles.
BALLISTICS
BALLISTICS It is derived from the Greek word _________ which means _______
“Ballo” or “Ballien”
to throw
BALLISTICS from the Roman war machine _____ which means a gigantic bow or catapult that hurls stones in killing enemies and wild animals.
“Ballista”
refers to the science of the travel of a projectile in flight. The flight path of a includes: internal travel down the barrel, external path through the air, and terminal path through a target. The wounding potential of projectiles is a complex matter.
BALLISTICS
GENERALLY: Ballistics includes:
Science
Projectiles
Motions
- refers to the systematized body of knowledge.
- Science
- the metallic or non-metallic objects propelled from a firearm.
- Projectiles
-the movement or action of projectiles launched from firearms.
- Motions
forward movement of the projectile inside the gun barrel resulting from the expanding force of gases produced after combustion of the gun powder.
a. Direct
the gyrating action (rotating or spinning), either right or left, of the projectile while passing through a gun barrel.
b. Rotary
- the straight-line movement where every part of the projectile follows as parallel path and no rotation takes place such as bouncing of a bullet after hitting a resistant surface.
C. Translational
This branch of ballistics centers on the study of the different phenomena that occur while the projectile is still inside the firearm.
INTERIOR BALLISTICS
Subject Of Study Under Interior Ballistics:
Firing pin striking the primer
Ignition of priming mixture
Combustion of gunpowder
Expansion of heated gas in the chamber
This phenomenon will occur after the hammer of the firearm strikes the firing pin.
The firing pin must be sufficient in length and the force brought by the impact of this part must also be adequate so that the primer will produce a spark. Moreover, the primer must contain a priming mixture that is live and potent. Otherwise a misfire will occur.
a) Firing Pin Striking The Primer
is a part of the cartridge usually located at the center of base.
Primer
This part contains a highly sensitive chemical that will produce ignition or heat when the firing pin strike it.
Primer
is a part of the firing mechanism of a firearm that impacts the primer in the base of a cartridge and causes it to fire.
Firing Pin Or Striker
refers to the phenomenon in which the there is an absence of explosion after the firing pin strikes the primer.
Misfire
If the primer is not defective, it will produce a spark when struck by a firing pin that is sufficient in length and brings enough force.
b) Of Priming Mixture
This spark produced is termed percussion. If the priming mixture is moistened, there is a possibility that a hang-fire will take place.
b) Of Priming Mixture
refers to a highly sensitive chemical mixture contained in a primer cup.
Priming Mixture
refers to the ignition resulting from the firing pin’s impact to the primer.
Percussion
refers to the phenomenon in which there is a delayed explosion for several seconds after the firing pin blows the primer.
Hangfire
The percussion produced by the priming mixture will pass through the vent or flash hole towards the gunpowder.
c) Combustion Of Gunpowder
This process results from the gunpowder being exposed to heat. Since gunpowder is sensitive to heat, then, it will react in the form of combustion.
c) Combustion Of Gunpowder
refers to the production of fire or heat due to a rapid chemical process.
Combustion
refers to the hole located at the center of the primer pocket which, serves as the canal of the ignition produced by the primer towards the gunpowder.
Vent or Flash Hole
The heated gas produced from the combustion of gunpowder will expand inside the cartridge. Consequently, the heated gas will cause the body of the cartridge case to expand. The cartridge during this time is placed inside the chamber of the firearm. Thus, this expansion will also cause contact between the body of the cartridge case and the chamber wall. This phenomenon will produce chamber markings.
Expansion Of Heated Gas In The Chamber
refers to the part of a firearm into which the cartridge is loaded.
Chamber
is also the place the cartridge is fired from.
chamber
In a breech-loading weapon, it is directly behind and in line with the barrel. In a revolver, there are multiple chambers contained in a revolving cylinder.
chamber
refer to the result due to the contact between the cartridge case and the chamber wall after the expansion of heated gas.
Chamber Markings
The heated gas produced in the cartridge will expand. Both the vapor pressure and the volume it occupies will increase.
e) Pressure Develop
refers to the standard unit of pressure. The pressure resulting from a force of one pound applied to an area of one square inch.
Pound Per Square Inch (PSI)
marking refers the marking created after the cartridge case is extracted from the chamber and comes in contact with the breech face of the firearm.
Breech Face
When pressure is developed, a massive force will also be generated. This force serves as the source of the energy of the bullet.
Energy Generated
refers to the fatal equivalent of the bullet compared to a pound that is dropped from a certain height.
Energy
refers to the unit of bullet’s energy. The amount of force required to move a one pound object through a distance of one foot.
Foot-pound (ft-lb)
refers to the speed of the bullet as it travels from the chamber to the barrel of the firearm. The velocity of the bullet depends on the load and the quality of the gunpowder.
g) Initial Velocity of the bullet
The bullet will rotate as it moves inside the rifled bore firearm. A rifled bore firearm is a firearm in which the barrel has rifling. The purpose of the rotating movement of the bullet is to develop gyroscopic stability.
Rotation Of The Bullet In The Barrel
refers to the part of a barrel of the rifled bore firearm composed of lands and grooves.
Rifling
refers to the condition in which the bullet is stable during its flight within the effective range.
Gyroscopic Stability
It is developed when a bullet passes through a barrel that has rifling.
Gyroscopic Stability
refers to the bullet’s body that comes in contact with the rifling of the gun.
Cylindrical Surface
refers to the accumulation of lead or bullet jacket material in a firearm’s bore due to the passage of bullets.
Barrel Leading (Metal Fouling)
refers to the wearing away of the interface of the bore due to the combined effects of gas washing, rusting, scoring, and mechanical abrasion.
Erosion
refers to the equal and opposite reaction of the gun that occurs immediately after the heated gas exits from the barrel of the firearm and comes in contact with the atmosphere. This results in the whole gun moving backward.
major recoil
It refers to the equal and backward movement of the pistol slide after the cartridge case is pushed by the heated gas out from the chamber.
minor recoil
is designed to redirect the exit of the heated gas backward and, therefore, counter the gun’s recoil.
Muzzle Brake
This branch of ballistics is also known as intermediate ballistics.
TRANSITIONAL BALLISTICS
It focuses on the projectile’s behavior from the moment it exits the muzzle of the gun until the pressure behind the projectile is equalized.
TRANSITIONAL BALLISTICS
Subject of Study under Transitional Ballistics are?
Muzzle blast
Muzzle flash
Flash suspensors
Sound suspensors
refers to the sound or noise created one to two inches from the muzzle end of the firearm due to the sudden exit of the heated gas that comes in contact with the atmosphere.
Muzzle Blast
refers to the light created caused by the sudden release of high- pressure gases as they combine with the oxygen in the air and finish combusting. Both the blast and flash are products of the exothermic combustion of the propellant and any remaining unburned powders react with ambient air.
Muzzle Flash
introduce turbulence into the mixing of fuel-laden hot gases escaping from the muzzle and the surrounding oxygen-rich air, reducing combustion efficiency and thus reducing the size and brightness of the flash.
Flash Suppressors
slow the expansion of gases, allowing them to cool and reducing the rate it escapes to prevent a shockwave from forming.
Sound Suppressors
focus on the motion of the projectiles after it exits the gun’s barrel and before it hits the target. In addition, conditions affecting the motion are taken into consideration.
- EXTERIOR BALLISTICS
Subject of Study under Exterior Ballistics are?
Muzzle energy
Velocity
Trajectory
refers to the energy carried by the projectile as it leaves the muzzle end of the firearm. The amount of energy depends on the load and quality of the gunpowder.
Muzzle
to the projectile’s speed from the moment it leaves the gun’s muzzle until it drops to the projectile
Velocity refers
refers to the path formed by the projectile during flight or motion.
Trajectory
refers to the force encountered by the bullet during its flight.
Air Resistance
refers the condition in which the bullet deviates from its path during its flight.
Yaw
refers to the straight distance from the muzzle of the gun to the target.
Range
Range It has two types, namely:
Effective range
Maximum range
Accurate range
refers to the distance in which the bullet has fully developed its stability.
a. Effective Range
The projectile in this distance is stable enough against the impact of air resistance, wind, and pull of gravity. The shooter still has control of his shot at this distance
a. Effective Range
refers to the farthest distance reached by the projectile. It is the distance wherein the projectile gradually loses its stability and velocity. At this distance, the firer no longer controls his shot since the projectile is prone to the impact of air resistance, wind, and pull of gravity.
b.Maximum Range
the distance within which the shooter or gunner has control of his shots.
c. Accurate Range
refers to the curved or are pattern formed in the bullet’s trajectory from when the bullet departs from the firearm’s barrel until it reaches the back curve.
Parabola
refers to the portion of the bullet’s trajectory that drops below the critical zone beyond the point-blank range. This is the portion where the projectile drops to the ground due to the pull of gravity.
Back Curve
This branch deals with the study of the impact of the projectile upon hitting the target.
TERMINAL BALLISTICS
refers to the pattern of the bullet grouping on the target.
Terminal Accuracy
4 Kinds Of Bullet Groupings On The Target are?
Terminal energy
Terminal penetration
Terminal velocity
Terminal accuracy
refers to the energy brought by the projectiles upon hitting the target. The design and weight of the bullet and its velocity, play a vital role on how the kinetic energy is transferred to the target.
Terminal Energy
refers to the depth of entry of the bullet upon hitting the target. The depth of penetration depends on the bullet’s velocity, design, weight, hardness, and distance of the target from the firearm.
Terminal Penetration
refers to the of the bullet as it strikes the target. The velocity of the bullet ceases or decreases the moment it hits the target because of the resistance of the objects or tissues in the person’s body.
Terminal Velocity
refers to the size of the bullet grouping on the target.
Terminal Accuracy
Is the science of Firearms Identification by means of the ammunition fired through them.
FORENSIC BALLISTICS
This is the real branch of the science which the police use as their guide in field investigations.
FORENSIC BALLISTICS
conducted by the first officers on case in the field when they a case or cases wherein firearms have been used. This is a routine job of the investigating officers, and this involves recognition, collection, marking, preservation, and transmittal of ballistics exhibits like fired bullets, fired shells, firearms and allied matters.
Field investigation
This is the performed by the firearms examiners in the laboratory. It involves marking of the evidence firearms, test firings of evidence firearms to obtain test bullets and test shells for comparative purposes, photomicrography under the bullet comparison microscope, preparation of comparative charts, and making of reports on the findings and observations of the firearms examiners.
- Technical Examination of the Ballistics Exhibits
- Court Trials wherein the ballistics report of the firearm examiner and the ballistics exhibits are presented during trial of the case in a court of justice.
- Legal Proceedings
As applied to ballistics, or to any other subject. suggest a relationship to Courts of Justice and legal proceedings.
FORENSIC
It is a Latin word from which forensic was derived, meaning a marketplace, where people gather for “public disputation” or “public discussion.”
FORUM
have come to mean one and the same thing in the minds of the public, and they can be used interchangeably.
The term “Ballistics”, “Forensic Ballistics, and “Firearms Identification”
are herein used includes rifles, muskets, carbines, shotguns, revolvers, pistols and all other deadly weapons from which a bullet, ball, shot, shell or other missile may discharge off by means of gunpowder or other explosives.
“Firearms” or “Arms”
The term also includes air rifles except such as being of small caliber and limited range used as toys.
“Firearms” or “Arms”
instrument used for the propulsion of a projectile by means of expansive force of gases from burning powder.
TECHNICAL DEFINITION OF FIREARM
