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DB Pe > Topic 1 > Flashcards

Topic 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 classifications of bone types ?

A

Long bones
Short bones
Flat bones
Irregular bones

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2
Q

What are examples of long bones ?

A

The humerus and femur are examples of long bones

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3
Q

Where are long bones found ?

A

Long bones are found in limbs (arms or legs).

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4
Q

What are long bones used for ?

A

They are used for movement, shape, blood cell production and mineral storage.

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5
Q

What are examples of short bones ?

A

The phalanges, carpals and tarsals are examples of short bones.

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6
Q

Where are short bones found ?

A

Short bones are found in the hands and the feet

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7
Q

What are short bones used for ?

A

They are used for shape and small movements

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8
Q

What are examples of flat bones ?

A

The scapula, sternum and cranium

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9
Q

Where are flat bones found ?

A

Flat bones are found near vital (important) organs

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10
Q

What are flat bones needed for ?

A

They are mainly needed for protection.

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11
Q

What are examples of irregular bones ?

A

The vertebrae

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12
Q

What are irregular bones used for ?

A

small movements and protection.

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13
Q

What do tendons do ?

A

Tendons connect muscle to bone.

E.g. the Achilles tendon connects your calf muscle with your ankle bone.

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14
Q

What do ligaments do ?

A

Ligaments connect bone to bone.

E.g. the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) connects the shin bone (tibia) with the thigh bone (femur).

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15
Q

What are the bones in the foot ?

A

Tarsals or metatarsals are bones in the foot.

You can remember this because ‘tarsals’, like ‘toes’, starts with a ‘t

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16
Q

What are the bones on the hand ?

A

Carpals or metacarpals are bones in the hand.

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17
Q

What are the bones you need to know in gcse ?

A

head/neck – cranium and vertebrae

shoulder – scapula and humerus

chest – ribs and sternum

elbow – humerus, radius and ulna

hip – pelvis and femur

knee – femur and tibia (students should also know that the patella sits in front of the knee joint)

ankle – tibia, fibula and talus

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18
Q

What is a joint ?

A

a point where 2 or more bones meet.

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19
Q

What are the 3 types of joints in the body ?

A

Immovable (fixed) joints
Slightly moveable joints
Synovial (moveable) joints

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20
Q

Where are immovable joints found ?

A

in the cranium (skull)

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21
Q

What is the role of immovable joints ?

A

To provide protection.

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22
Q

Where are Slightly movable joints found ?

A

in the vertebrae (back)

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23
Q

What is the role of slightly movable joints ?

A

let us make small movements and also provide some protection.

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24
Q

What is the most common type of joint in the body ?

A

Synovial joints

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25
Q

What is the role of synovial joints ?

A

To let the body move freely

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26
Q

What do we call a point where 2 or more bones meet?

A

A joint

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27
Q

What are the 6 functions of the skeletal system ?

A

support

protection of vital organs by flat bones

movement

structural shape and points for attachment

mineral storage

28
Q

How’s does the skeletal system provide the body with support ?

A

The bones in the skeletal system keep us upright and hold the muscles and organs in place.

E.g. the femur (thigh bone) in the leg supports an athlete’s body weight when running.

29
Q

How does the skeletal system provide our body with shape ?

A

The skeleton gives us our shape, height and build (e.g. taller people have longer bones).

The skeleton also provides ‘anchor’ points for muscles to attach to.

The human skeleton has a thumb, which allows us to grip a tennis racquet or javelin.

30
Q

How does the skeletal system provide protection?

A

Parts of the skeleton provide protection for the vital organs.

The cranium (skull), sternum (breastbone) and pelvis are all flat bones. They provide the best protection because of their large surface area.

This is useful in contact sports, such as football and rugby, because they can prevent injuries to the brain and the heart.

31
Q

How does the skeletal system provide movement for the body ?

A

The skeleton’s joints allow the body to move.

Muscles attach to the bones at places where they can pull a bone in a given direction.
This is useful in all sporting actions.

E.g. when a boxer jabs (punches) someone, the triceps (muscle at the back of the upper arm) contracts to pull the radius and ulna (bones in the forearm) away from the humerus

32
Q

How does the skeletal system provide mineral storage?

A

The bones can store minerals such as calcium.

Calcium can then be released into the blood when needed.

33
Q

How does the skeletal system provide blood cell production ?

A 
Bone marrow (a fatty substance) that is found in the long bones (e.g. femur) produces red and white blood cells.
Red blood cells carry oxygen and white blood cells fight against infection.

Anyone doing any aerobic event will need red blood cells to transport oxygen to the working muscles. If a runner fell over and cut their leg, the white blood cells would fight any invading bacteria to help the athlete stay healthy (free from infection).

34
Q

Because muscles can only pull, how do they need to be arranged to function ?

A

in pairs

35
Q

On either side of the humerus (bone in upper arm) what are the muscle pairs ?

A

Biceps (front) + triceps (back)

36
Q

On either side of the body what are the muscle pairs ?

A

Abdominals (front) + latissimus dorsi (back)

37
Q

On either side of the rib cage what are the muscle pairs ?

A

Pectorals (front) + latissimus dorsi and trapezius (back)

38
Q

on either side of the ball and socket joint in the shoulder what are the muscle pairs ?

A

Deltoid (front/top) + latissimus dorsi (back/underneath)

39
Q

On either side of the femur (thigh bone) what are the muscle pairs ?

A

Quadriceps (front) + hamstrings (back)

40
Q

On either side of the pelvis what are the pulse pairs ?

A

Hip flexors (front) + gluteals (back)

41
Q

On either side of the tibia (shin bone) what are the muscle pairs ?

A

Tibialis anterior (front) + gastrocnemius (back)

42
Q

When doing hamstring curls what muscle contracts and what muscle relaxes ?

A

the hamstrings contract and the quadriceps relax.

43
Q

When doing bicep curls, what muscle contracts and what muscle relaxes ?

A

the biceps contract and the triceps relax.

44
Q

What’s the mnemonic for remembering the functions of the skeletal system?

A

Super Star Pele Makes Many Passes.

Support Shape Protection Movement Mineral storage Production of blood cells.

45
Q

The hip flexors and gluteals are located on either side of which bone?

A

Pelvis

46
Q

What are the 6 features of synovial joints ?

A 
Cartilage 
Joint capsule 
Ligaments 
Bursae
Synovial fluid 
synovial membrane
47
Q

What is the role of cartilage ?

A

a protective layer that covers the end of each bone to stop them from rubbing together

48
Q

What is the role of joint capsule ?

A

joint capsule is very tough and fibrous.

49
Q

What is the role of ligaments ?

A

The 2 bones in a joint are joined together by ligaments.

The ligaments provide strength and keep the bones in place.

Ligaments help to stop the joint from moving too much and help to stop dislocations (bones moving out of their normal position).

50
Q

What is the role of bursae ?

A

Synovial joints are also protected by bursae.

Bursae are small bags of synovial fluid (oily substance) that help to reduce friction in a joint.

Bursae act like an airbag in a car. They cushion the joint from any external impacts, stopping the bones from coming together.

51
Q

Hat is the role of the synovial membrane?

A

This produces an oily substance called synovial fluid

52
Q

What is the role of synovial fluid ?

A

keeps joints well lubricated (greased to prevent friction) to stop them wearing down and rubbing together.

53
Q

What are the 3 types of hinge joints ?

A

Ankle
Knee
Elbow

54
Q

What are the movements that hinge joints can perform ?

A

Flexion and extension

55
Q

The hinge joint at the elbow are made of what bones ?

A

the humerus (bone in the upper arm), radius and ulna (bones in the forearm).

Lets a person bend (flexion) or straighten (extension) their elbow.

This can be used when taking a shot in basketball

56
Q

The hinge joint at the knee are made of what bones ?

A

the femur (thigh bone), tibia (shin bone) and fibula (calf bone).

Lets a person bend (flexion) or straighten (extension) their knee.

This is used when kicking a football.

57
Q

The hinge joint in the ankle are made up of what bones ?

A

the tibia (shin bone), fibula (calf bone) and talus (ankle bone). This joint allows for different

types of movement:
Plantar flexion: when a person points their toes (e.g. ballet dancers).
Dorsiflexion: when a person raises their toes upwards.

58
Q

What is plantar flexion ?

A

when a person points their toes (e.g. ballet dancers).

59
Q

What is dorsiflexion?

A

when a person raises their toes upwards.

60
Q

Where are our ball and socket joints found ?

A

Shoulder

Hip

61
Q

The ball and socket joint in our shoulder is made up of what bones ?

A

the humerus (bone in the upper arm), scapula (shoulder blade) and clavicle (collarbone).

Lets a person move their arm in all directions.

Can be used to perform a serve in tennis.

62
Q

The ball and socket joint in our hip are made up of what bones ?

A

the femur (thigh bone) and pelvis.

Lets a person move their leg in all directions.

Can be used to perform a lay-up in basketball.

63
Q

What type of joint are ball and socket joints?

A

Freely moveable joint

64
Q

What are the different types of joint movement?

A 
Extension
Flexion
Plantar flexion
Dorsiflexion
Abduction
Adduction
Rotation
65
Q

What’s the term for the movement of a limb away from the midline of the body?

A

Abduction

66
Q

For all movements what is the agonist ?

A

the main muscle that causes movement

67
Q

During a movement when the agonist works what does the antagonist do ?

A

The antagonist then relaxes to let another muscle work

DB Pe (8 decks)

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