Seneca Topic 7

Question 1

What do we call a fixed and oversimplified opinion of a type of person?

Answer 1

A stereotype

Question 2

What are the effects of gender stereotyping in sport ?

Answer 2

Stereotyping can affect women’s participation in sport.
Because women tend to have physically different builds (bodies) to men, some people may think that women lack the strength and endurance needed to play the same sports as men.
Some people may think that competitiveness is a more masculine (male) characteristic.

Question 3

What are the impacts of traditional views of women in sport ?

Answer 3

Some people negatively stereotype muscular women. Comments on things like this may discourage some women from participating in some sports.

Some people hold outdated views that a woman’s role is to be the carer of the family. Women exposed to these people may not have the same opportunity or time to play sport as men.

Question 4

What are the facilities like for women in sport ?

Answer 4

Facilities for women in sport have developed more slowly than facilities for men in sport (access to training centres, stadiums to play in etc).

Question 5

What is the media coverage like for women in sport ?

Answer 5

Generally, elite female performers get less media coverage than males.
E.g. The men’s football Premier League is on television all the time, but the Women’s Super League is not.

Question 6

How does ethnicity affect engagement in sport ?

Answer 6

Stereotyping and inequality

Question 7

How does ethnic stereotyping effect engagement in sport ?

Answer 7

Some people stereotype Black Caribbean and African groups as having better physiological (biological) make up.
This stereotype suggests that they are better adapted to some sports.

Question 8

How does inequality effect engagement in sport ?

Answer 8

At the highest level of sport in the UK, there is an imbalance (inequality) in the representation of different ethnic (related to race and nationality) groups.
E.g. in the English football leagues and UK athletics squads, around 30% of performers are from ethnic minority communities. Only 13% of the general population are from ethnic minority communities.

Question 9

What can have a large effect on sporting engagement ?

Answer 9

Ethnicity

Question 10

How do physical characteristics effect engagement in sport ?

Answer 10

Perceived physical attributes and inequality

Question 11

How do Perceived physical attributes effect engagement in sport ?

Answer 11

Football and athletics rely heavily on speed, power and strength.

Some people have suggested that certain ethnic groups have high percentages of fast-twitch muscle fibres and a long Achilles tendon. This would mean that they can create greater power transfer and would be well-suited to sports like football and athletics.

In reality, genes are the main factor and these can vary both between and within ethnic groups.

Question 12

How does inequality across sports effect engagement

Answer 12

Lots of other sports need the same physical attributes as football and athletics. Tennis, cycling and rugby are some examples where there is high overlap in required skills.
But there is not the same representation of ethnic minorities in many of these sports.

Question 13

1

Answer 13

One reason that ethnic groups aren’t equally represented across sports might be that many people from ethnic minority communities come historically from lower socio-economic groups (perhaps because they immigrated to escape persecution elsewhere).

Question 14

How does how much disposable income effect ethnic minority’s in sport ?

Answer 14

If an individual doesn’t have much disposable income (they have less money to spend), they may not be able to afford the equipment and the travel costs to participate in some sports

Question 15

How does cost of sports effect ethnic minorities in sport ?

Answer 15

This may explain the high percentage of ethnic minorities performing in football and athletics compared to more expensive and less accessible sports like polo or rowing.

Question 16

How does age affect engagement in sport ?

Answer 16

Post school drop outs, Potential physical limitations as we age, younger people

Question 17

How do post school drop outs effect engagement in sports ?

Answer 17

When students leave school, they often drop out of sport.
This is more common among females than males. There are many different reasons for this that vary for each person.
Examples of some more common participation barriers include:
Not seeing many positive role models in the media.
Engaging in sport with men who play aggressively is not appealing.
A sense of feeling judged by others when playing sport

Question 18

How do potential physical limitations effect engagement in sport?

Answer 18

There might be physical limitations that make it hard for older people playing sports such as rugby and football.
Fitness levels generally decline as you grow older and your body can become less able to recover from impact injuries.

Question 19

How does being a younger person effect engagement in sport ?

Answer 19

Usually, younger people are more involved in team sports.
A stereotypical belief is that older people are more involved in individual activities that are less physically strenuous, such as bowls.

Question 20

What is a stereotypical belief about older people and individual activities?

Answer 20

A stereotypical belief is that older people are more involved in individual activities that are less physically strenuous

Question 21

What is the importance of support for kids when looking at engagement in sport ?

Answer 21

If parents are more physically active, there is a higher likelihood of their children being so too. Family support (in the form of transport or money, for example) can be critical.
For example, the Cowdrey family have represented England on the cricket field for 3 generations.

Question 22

What is the importance of having parents that are role models for engagement in sport ?

Answer 22

Parents also act as role models (someone to look up to) for their children. A lack of family support can have a negative effect on participation in sport.

Question 23

What type of support can family and friends offer ?

Answer 23

Emotional and financial support

Question 24

How does following the crowd have a positive effect Engagement in sport ?

Answer 24

A lot of people like to follow the crowd. If all of your friends play football on a weekend, then there is a good chance that you will play football too.

Question 25

How can following the crowd have a negative Effect on engagement in sport ?

Answer 25

Discouragement:
Following the crowd or stereotypical attitudes could also have the opposite effect and discourage you from a particular activity.
E.g. Boys sometimes will not do gymnastics because of the negative attitudes some of their friends may have towards the sport.

Question 26

What disability’s have an effect on engagement in sport ?

Answer 26

Mental health impairments, sensory impairments, mobility impairments

Question 27

How do mental health impairments effect sporting engagement?

Answer 27

Individuals with mental health impairments have gone through psychiatric problems such as schizophrenia or personality disorders

Question 28

How do sensory impairments effect sporting engagement?

Answer 28

Examples include a significant reduction in sight or hearing.

Taking the example of sight, extreme cases can result in blindness but there are hundreds of thousands of people with vision impairments ranging from dry eyes to scratched corneas and more.

Question 29

How do mobility impairments effect sporting engagement?

Answer 29

Some people are born with mobility impairments; some will acquire mobility impairments as they age or as the results of a disease or injury, such as a broken bone.

Question 30

There is a debate about how best to include people with a disability in sports. There are two what are the two main approaches?

Answer 30

Integration and adapted sports

Question 31

What is integration ?

Answer 31

The main debate is whether disabled performers should be able to compete with non-disabled performers. This is called integration.

Question 32

What are the benefits of integration ?

Answer 32

Some benefits of integration are:
Less discrimination (treating people worse because they’re disabled).
Less stereotyping.
Fewer barriers to playing sport

Question 33

What are adapted sports ?

Answer 33

Adapted sports are sports that have been changed so that people with a physical disability can perform alongside individuals who don’t have a physical disability.
Some people think that disabled individuals should only take part in adapted sports

Question 34

What are the benefits of companies televising sports ?

Answer 34

Lower costs:
Sport can cost less money to televise than drama programmes for TV companies.
This is because TV companies are only paying for television rights and the production team to televise (show on television) sport. For a drama programme, they would have to pay for the cast, the staging, the production team and the backstage staff.

Fast paced viewing:
Sport also makes a very good show.
It is exciting, fast-paced and contains few stoppages in play.
Sport is often competitive, which may make it popular.

Roll models:
Watching performers with high levels of skill, strength or fitness may attract viewers.
Furthermore, the personalities of the performers (or role models) may attract viewers.

Sports are easy to follow:
Sports often have simple rules.
This can make them easy to follow and understand.

Question 35

How has the media influenced sporting events?

Answer 35

The TV audience (and media) influence the time of sporting events.
Sport is aired at popular times in the week to make sure that the TV companies get the biggest audiences possible.
E.g. football kick-off times on Saturday at 12:30pm/3:00pm/5:15pm and Sunday at 1:30pm/4:00pm.

Question 36

How has sport benefited from technology development?

Answer 36

Sport has also benefited from technological developments.
Tools like slow motion replays, hawk-eye and TMO (television match official) can all make sport more exciting for the TV audience and crowd.

Question 37

What and example if Sports having to adapt to make viewing more exciting for viewers and crowds.?

Answer 37

Sports have had to adapt to make viewing more exciting for viewers and crowds. Twenty20 cricket is an example of this. The Indian Premier League is a T20 competition and it is now one of the most watched competitions in the world.

Question 38

Other then television What types of media converge have affected sports ?

Answer 38

Social media, newspapers, radio programs and the internet

Question 39

How has media coverage effected sports ?

Answer 39

People can keep up-to-date with sports using platforms like Instagram, Twitter and Facebook.

People can download apps to follow scores with live updates, log onto websites that may contain forums (to chat on) and watch highlights on sports channels’ apps on smartphones.

Fans can communicate with other fans, players and teams using social media or websites.

Question 40

How have newspapers effected sports ?

Answer 40

There are 2 types of newspapers:
Broadsheet.
Place emphasis on being an information service.
Have fewer pages about sport but cover a wide range of sports.

Tabloid.
More interested in sporting personalities and only 25% of their newspaper contains sport.
Only cover the ‘main’ sports (e.g. football).

Question 41

How do radio programmes effect sports ?

Answer 41

Radio programmes are useful because they provide running commentaries and talk shows where sport can be discussed.

This gets the public involved and mixes public opinion with the expert opinions of professionals.

Question 42

How does the internet coverage effect sports !

Answer 42

The internet is an interactive platform that lets people from all over the world interact with one another.

Websites are now far more interactive than they used to be.

We can access them from any platform: laptops, mobiles, tablets etc.

Question 43

What is commercialisation ?

Answer 43

Commercialisation involves managing or running something for financial gain (money/profit). Almost every part of sport can be bought or sold.

Question 44

What are examples of commercialisation?

Answer 44

Stadiums - Businesses can buy and sell grounds and stadiums
Sponsorship - Organisations like FIFA can sell rights to sponsor the World Cup
Sports teams - The media (press) or individuals can buy and sell sports teams.
Players - Teams can buy and sell players

Question 45

What is marketing like in sport ?

Answer 45

A marketing manager’s job is to sell the sport/team to any potential investors (people who put money into the team/club/sport) or sponsors.

Question 46

What position has been made particularly important by the commercialisation of sport?

Answer 46

Market manager

A marketing manager’s job is to sell the sport/team to any potential investors (people who put money into the team/club/sport) or sponsors.

Question 47

What is the golden triangle ?

Answer 47

Sport has close ties with the media and sponsorship. This relationship is called the Golden Triangle.

Question 48

What ways Is commercialisation making sport more business focused?

Answer 48

Pressure to perform - With lots of money at stake, there is a lot of pressure on managers and players to perform well.
This has meant that managers and players are more likely to lose their jobs and be replaced.

Winning- The need for teams to win games to make money for the club is taking over the love for the sport.
Winning sponsors may be as important as winning competitions to some people in a sports club.

Question 49

Why is sponsorship useful to sport ?

Answer 49

Sponsorship is very useful to sport because of the financial benefits (money) that it brings. More money can let sport develop at a faster rate, allowing clubs to build “hi-tech” professional facilities.

Question 50

What are different ways that a sponsor can be involved in sport?

Answer 50

Sponsor competitions:
Gazprom is an energy company that sponsors the Champions League in football.

Sponsor facilities:
The Oval cricket ground in London is sponsored by Kia and is now called the Kia Oval.
The Old Trafford cricket ground in Manchester is now sponsored by the airline Emirates.

Sponsor individual players:
Individual players may be sponsored to wear or endorse certain product’s

Sponsor teams:
Arsenal’s football kit in 2018 was sponsored by the airline Emirates.

Question 51

What are the aims of sponsorships ?

Answer 51

Increase sales:
The main motivation for a company like Nike or Adidas sponsoring Cristiano Ronaldo is likely to be sales and financial gain.

To be Philanthropic (charitable):
Local businesses support local sports teams (e.g. a local fish and chip shop buying a new kit for an under 12’s football team) because they want to help others.

Question 52

What are the PROs and CONs of Commercialisation for Sponsors ?

Answer 52

Pros:
more opportunities to advertise
Publicity and sales - Sponsors want to associate themselves with successful teams/performers to get publicity and increase sales of their products

Cons:
Reputation risks
If anything negative happens and the team/performer is viewed in a bad light, the sponsor will also be associated with this.
E.g. Nike sponsored Lance Armstrong before his doping scandal was discovered.
E.g. Speedo sponsored Ryan Lochte before he was charged by Brazilian police for giving a false statement about a robbery.

Question 53

What are examples of Damaged Reputation of Sponsors ?

Answer 53

Lance Armstrong - Nike sponsored Lance Armstrong before his doping scandal was discovered.

Tiger woods - In 2009, after a car accident, it was reported that Tiger Woods had many affairs with women whilst he was married.
Gatorade stopped its “Tiger Focus” brand of sports drinks after this. It is possible that this was connected to the negative association with Tiger Woods at the time.

Ryan lochte-Speedo sponsored Ryan Lochte before he was charged by Brazilian police for giving a false statement about a robbery.

Question 54

How are there Negative Impacts of Sponsorship and the Media ?

Answer 54

The media (press) often focus on sporting personalities rather than sporting events. Performers are now entertainers as well as athletes, so they have to bear this in mind when they are trying to increase their marketability (ability to be marketed)

Question 55

What are examples of negative impacts of sponsorship and the media ?

Answer 55

Free time and privacy:
Sponsors usually make performers attend meetings and corporate (business) events. This means that the performer has to give up their free time and privacy.

Lower income:
A sponsor may withdraw their sponsorship from the performer if the performer is not performing well (i.e. there has been a run of bad results). This may reduce a performers’ income but it could incentivise cheating to improve performances.

Increased scrutiny:
Because of social media and technology, elite performers are constantly in the public eye. If a performer does anything out of the ordinary, this is immediately reported in the media.

Question 56

The West Brom players who were reported to have stolen a taxi whilst on a training camp in Barcelona could see their performances worsen because of…

Answer 56

Increased scrutiny from the media

Question 57

What are the positive impacts of sponsorship?

Answer 57

Increased earnings:
Performers earn money in exchange for accepting sponsorships and promoting products.
Rory McIlroy earns $300 million over 10 years to use Nike equipment and clothing.

Better equipment:
If an athlete or a team has a sponsor that can provide equipment, facilities or money, the athletes can spend more time training.
This way they can improve their fitness and skills.

Question 58

How have sponsors changed sports ?

Answer 58

Greater income:
Sponsorship is a huge source of income (money) for a lot of sports.
This is good for sports because teams and performers can earn money from more things than just spectators.
This can help to develop better sports’ facilities.

Sponsor power:
Sponsors can usually help to decide what is shown on TV. - Sponsors are deciding where they want their logos to be placed and even the position of the cameras to get as many people as possible seeing their products.

Timings have changed:
Sponsors also decide start times to increase publicity. In the Premier League, the start times of matches have been changed to: Friday night football, Saturday early/late kick off, Super Sunday and Monday Night Football.
Football matches may start at times that make it very inconvenient for away fans going to the game.

More focus on “bigger sports”:
The media quite often concentrates on the ‘bigger’ sports, leaving the ‘minor’ sports with very little. For example, the Premier League contract with BT Sport and Sky is worth over £5 billion from 2016/17-2019/20. That is an average of £10 million per team for a live game.
This is the same annual (yearly) sponsorship that UK athletics receive from Sainsbury’s.

Question 59

What are The Impact of Sponsorship on Officials ?

Answer 59

Opportunity to travel:
Fixtures are played all over the world with European and international tournaments. So officials have the opportunity to travel

Media scrutiny:
Officials are heavily scrutinised (watched) in the media. Their decisions are constantly questioned. They can be dropped from the elite leagues because of this.

Fame:
Some officials in sports become just as famous as some of the performers (e.g. Mark Clattenburg, the football referee).
The darts referee Russ Bray is almost as famous as any darts performers because of his distinctive voice.

Higher income:
Elite level officials in rugby and football work full-time and earn £50,000-£100,000 per year.

Question 60

What are the Impact of Sponsorship on Spectators?

Answer 60

More money:
Clubs having more money is good for spectators because teams can buy better players and play higher quality matches.
Clubs can invest in new stadiums and facilities for their players and spectators. This makes for better viewing for fans.

More merchandise:
There is a wider range of merchandise (stash) available for spectators to buy.

More coverage:
‘Armchair’ supporters can choose and view their sport from different camera angles on TV.
There are even specific sports channels (Sky Sports Football, Sky Sports F1), radio stations and newspapers that show and report on more sports than ever.

Lack of atmosphere:
The problem with viewing sport at home is that it takes away the atmosphere at the ground or stadium.
TV companies have tried to make up for this by tactically placing microphones and cameras around stadiums to record the atmosphere

Question 61

What is etiquette?

Answer 61

The unwritten rules concerning player behaviour.

Question 62

Explain the differences between ‘gamesmanship’ and ‘sportsmanship’.

Answer 62

Gamesmanship is using methods that are not strictly illegal to gain advantages in sport.
For example, someone could fake an injury to waste time during a rugby match.

Sportsmanship is appropriate or polite and fair behaviour while participating in a sporting event.
For example, someone could kick the football off the field, so a player can be treated for injury.

Question 63

What are the three elements of the golden triangle?

Answer 63

Media
Sports spectators
Business sponsors

Question 64

Using technology what are the ways of monitoring ?

Answer 64

Monitoring health

Monitoring nutrition

Question 65

How has technology helped the monitoring of athletes nutrition ?

Answer 65

The nutrition (diet) of athletes plays an important role in their physical development and recovery.
We can monitor and calculate this with great accuracy thanks to technology.

Question 66

How has technology helped the monitoring of athletes health?

Answer 66

Technological developments (e.g. heart rate monitors, pedometers and body fat monitors) have helped us to keep up the health and physical development of performers.

Question 67

How has technology helped recovery ?

Answer 67

Technology has also decreased the recovery time of injured performers through the use of ice baths, oxygen (hypoxic) tents and hyperbaric chambers.

Question 68

How have technology advances helped safety in sport ?

Answer 68

Technological advances have improved the safety measures for performers.
E.g. In cricket and hockey, the development of pads and helmets has increased safety.