Seneca Topic 6 Flashcards
What are ability’s ?
Abilities are inherited genetically (relates to genes) from your parents. Abilities are traits (characteristics) that determine a person’s potential to learn new skills.
Abilities are things that you are naturally good at because you are born with them. Abilities can help performers to learn new skills quickly (a gymnast with the ability of balance will learn skills needed for the beam more easily).
What’s a skill?
Skills are actions or behaviours that can be learned. The reason we learn skills is to bring about a goal using the least amount of time or energy possible.
When a skill has been mastered, it can be used consistently and made to look easy (e.g. a 3 point set shot in basketball).
What are the stages of information processing ?
Input, decision making, output, feedback
What is a basic skill ?
In basic skills, not many decisions need to be made, they are usually carried out by a beginner and they are easy to learn.
Walking and jumping are basic skills.
What is a complex skill ?
Complex skills need a high level of decision making. They are usually carried out by experienced performers and they can take a long time to learn.
Bowling in cricket is a complex skill because a performer needs the coordination of several movements to effectively run up and deliver an accurate ball with spin or at speed.
What are examples of complex skills ?
Basket ball dunk
Free kick in football
Bowling in cricket
What’s an open skill ?
In an open skill, the way the skill is performed is affected by the environment you are in (positioning of the opposition, the weather or the terrain (type of ground)).
These are usually externally paced skills (outside the control of the performer).
A pass in football depends on the position of the opposition players, the performer’s position on the pitch, the weather conditions and the terrain.
What’s a closed skill ?
In a closed skill, the way the skill is performed is not affected by the environment you are in (i.e there is no impact from the opposition, the weather or the terrain etc).
These are usually internally paced skills (within the control of the performer).
A somersault in gymnastics is not affected by external factors because it is a skill that is being performed in the performer’s own time. There is no pressure from the opposition.
What is a self paced skill ?
The performer initiates (starts) the skill. Therefore, the performer decides when to start and the speed or rate of the skill.
For example:
During the long jump, the performer starts the run up when they feel ready.
During a marathon, the runner decides the pace they feel they need to run at.
What is an externally paced skill ?
An external factor initiates (starts) the skill. This could mean that an opponent decides when to start and the speed or rate of the skill being performed.
For example:
When receiving a serve in badminton, a performer returns a shot when the opponent serves. The opponent decides when to serve and how fast to serve.
When marking an opponent in handball, your movement depends on the movement of the opposition (you move when they move).
What’s an outcome goal ?
The focus here is on the end result. The goals are usually compared against other competitors.
The standard of the performance does not matter because the aim is purely focused on the outcome.
For example, a footballer may just want to win the match without caring about how he performs individually.
What’s a performance goal ?
The performer compares their performance against a previous performance to find out what they have done or what they are going to do in the future.
This does not involve a comparison with somebody else.
For example, a golfer may hope for a better drive off the tee than their last one.
Why for beginners is it NOT always useful to use performance goals and outcome goals together ?
For beginners, it is very important to focus on the performance rather than the outcome. This is because beginners can lose motivation through poor outcomes.
This is because outcome goals can rely on the performance of others, rather than just your own.
Why for elite athletes is it NOT always useful to use performance goals and outcome goals together ?
Elite athletes are usually only driven by the outcome of winning.
Athletes use performance goals to develop specific areas of focus.
The outcome goals motivate them to succeed.
Why for top performers is it NOT always useful to use performance goals and outcome goals together ?
The top performers are the most resilient (recover quickly). If they fail, they become even more determined to succeed. But if a beginner fails, they might not want to try.
What do the letters in SMART targets stand for ?
Specific Measurable Accepted Realistic Time-bound
What does the S in SMART targets mean ?
Specific
Your goals should be specific to the demands of your sport, the muscles that you use and the movements and techniques involved.
For example, there is no point in setting the goal of improving your speed if you are a golfer.
What does the M in SMART targets mean ?
Measurable
Your goals should be measurable so that you can clearly see whether you have achieved them or not.
If your goal is to improve your speed, you need to carry out regular speed tests to measure your progress
What does the A in SMART targets mean ?
Accepted
The performer and the performer’s coach must agree on the goals that are set.
If a performer accepts the goals, they will be more motivated to achieve and work towards them.
What’s does the R in SMART targets mean ?
Realistic
Your goals must be achievable. If they are too difficult to achieve, then the performer could lose interest and give up on them
What’s does the T in SMART targets mean ?
Time-bound
Your goals must be set over a fixed period of time.
This gives a performer enough time to achieve them. There is no point in asking a performer to improve their speed by an unrealistic amount in just one week.
What happens in stage 1 (input stage) of information processing?
The first stage of information processing is receiving an input.
Inputs normally come from your 5 senses - sight, hearing, smell, touch, and taste.
This could be seeing a football fly towards you or watching someone try to tackle you in hockey.
An example of a hearing (auditory) input would be hearing your teammates’ shouts.
Over time as you gain experience, your mind will automatically focus on (and notice) different cues faster. It will learn what to pay the most attention to.
What happens in stage 2 (decision making stage) of information processing ?
You receive the information from the input and then make a decision.
If you are a goalkeeper, you may decide to dive to stop the football.
If you see someone trying to tackle you in hockey, you may change direction.
You will build up memories from your previous experiences and you will choose your actions based on which actions (outputs) were most successful in the past.
This stage determines whether a person will respond and how they will respond.
What happens in stage 3 (output stage) of information processing?
In response to the input, your decision will lead you to change your actions. This is the output stage of information processing.
If you are the goalkeeper, you will dive.
If you are the hockey player, you may change direction.
The output will be communicated from your brain to your muscles via the nervous system, causing you to change your behaviour.
What happens in stage 4 (feedback stage) of information processing ?
Feedback tells you whether your actions were successful and achieved the desired result. If you are the goalkeeper, you may have dived successfully to stop the goal. Or you might have dived too far or too late. You will store this experience to improve your dive the next time the football flies towards you.
Feedback can be split into 2 types:
Intrinsic feedback comes from yourself - something didn’t go the way you wanted it to. You could score a goal, but do it accidentally by miskicking a ball. Noticing this would be intrinsic feedback.
Extrinsic feedback comes from outside the body - like a goal being scored or not. This can come from a coach or it could be dependent on results or outcomes like scoring a goal.
What are the 4 types of guidance on a performer ?
Verbal
Visual
Manual
Mechanical
What is verbal guidance?
Verbal guidance involves a coach or teacher telling a performer what they are doing well and badly.
What is visual guidance ?
Visual guidance is when the performer can see something.
What is manual guidance ?
Manual guidance involves physically moving the performer
What is mechanical guidance?
Mechanical guidance involves using mechanical aids to help a performer.
Why is visual guidance important for a beginner ?
For beginners, visual guidance is important because the performer often needs to see what the desired skill should look like to try to copy it.
Demonstrations need to be:
Clear, concise, quick, easy to understand and of a realistic standard.
Why is visual guidance important for an elite performer?
For elite performers, visual guidance comes into play when performers watch themselves on video to look at their technique.
Elite performers also use visual guidance when looking at video analysis of their future opponents.
