tools of the laboratory #2

Question 1

metabolism

Answer 1

all chemical and physical workings of a cell

Question 2

two types of chemical reactions

Answer 2

catabolism
anabolism

Question 3

catabolism

Answer 3

degradative breaks the bonds of larger molecules forming smaller molecules releases energy

Question 4

anabolism

Answer 4

biosynthesis process that forms larger macromolecules from smaller molecules requires energy

Question 5

enzymes

Answer 5

are biological catalysts that increase the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering the energy of activation

Question 6

simple enzymes

Answer 6

consits of protein alone

Question 7

apoenzyme

Answer 7

protein portion

Question 8

cofactors

Answer 8

nonprotein portion

Question 9

apoenzymes specificity and active site

Answer 9

active site or specific substrate

Question 10

metallic cofactors

Answer 10

metal ions

Question 11

coenzymes

Answer 11

organic factors serve as temporary carrier for some substrates vitamins as the most common

Question 12

exoenzymes

Answer 12

transported extracellularly where they break down large food molecules or harmful chemicals

Question 13

endoenzymes

Answer 13

retained intracellularly and function there most enzymes are endoenzymes

Question 14

constitutive enzymes

Answer 14

always present always produced in equal amounts or at rates regardless of the amount of substrate

Question 15

regulated enzymes

Answer 15

not constantly present production is turned on in response to changes in the substrate concentration

Question 16

hydrolysis reactions

Answer 16

catabolic reactions that break down large substates into smaller molecules requires the input of water break bonds.

Question 17

labile

Answer 17

chemically unstable enzymes

Question 18

denaturation

Answer 18

weak bonds that maintain the shape of the apoenzyme are broken

Question 19

metabolic pathways

Answer 19

proceed in a stepwise highly regulated manner to maximize the use of a available nutrients and energy

Question 20

competitive inhibition

Answer 20

substances that resembles the normal substrate competes with the substrate for the active site

Question 21

allosteric inhibition

Answer 21

form of competitive inhibition in special types of enzymes with two biding sites

Question 22

allosteric inhibition 2 sites

Answer 22

the active site and the regulatory or allosteric site

Question 23

noncompetitive inhibition

Answer 23

inhibitor binds to the entire enzyme-substrate complex and prevents the enzyme from complete its action on the substrate

Question 24

enzyme repression

Answer 24

automatic suppression of enzyme synthesis when end product builds to excess

Question 25

enzyme induction

Answer 25

enzymes are made only when suitable substrates are present

Question 26

energy

Answer 26

the capacity to do work or to cause change forms of energy include

Question 27

redox reactions

Answer 27

always occurs in pairs

Question 28

metabolic “currency” three part molecule consisting of

Answer 28

adenine a nitrogenous base
ribose a 5 carbon sugar
3 phosphate groups

Question 29

bioenergetics

Answer 29

study of the mechanisms of cellular energy release

Question 30

glycolysis

Answer 30

split glucose = pyruvate

Question 31

Kerbs cycle

Answer 31

a few ATPs CO2

Question 32

electron transplant chain

Answer 32

ETC series of enzymes using electorns

Question 33

ATP synthesis 3 different mechanisms

Answer 33

substrate-level phosphorylation
oxidative phosphorylation
photophosphorylation

Question 34

substrate-level

Answer 34

transfer of phosphate group from a phosphorylated compound directly to ADP

Question 35

oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 35

series of redox reactions occurring during respiratory pathway

Question 36

photophosphorylation

Answer 36

in photosynthetic organism utilizing the energy of sunlight

Question 37

cellular respiration

Answer 37

glucose + oxygen - CO2 + H2O + ATP

Question 38

aerobic respiration

Answer 38

pathways involved glycolysis, the Krebs cycle electron transport
Products ATP, CO2, H2O

Question 39

anaerobic respiration

Answer 39

glycolysis the Kerbs cycle ETC molecules other than oxygen are final electron acceptor Nitrate or Sulfur no oxygen produced

Question 40

fermentation

Answer 40

glycolysis organic compounds are the final electron acceptors lactic acid or ethanol

Question 41

fermentation

Answer 41

uses organic compounds as terminal electron acceptors.

Question 42

anaerobic metabolism fermentative

Answer 42

pathways involved glycolysis
produtcs ATP, CO2, ethanol, lactic acid

Question 43

respiration

Answer 43

pathways involved glycolysis, kerbs cycle, electron transport
products ATP, organic acid, H2S, CH4, N2

Question 44

many pathways of metabolism are bi-directional or

Answer 44

amphibolic (goes both ways)

Question 45

photosynthesis

Answer 45

the ultimate source of all the chemical energy in cells comes from the sun

Question 46

photosynthesis occurs in 2 stages

Answer 46

light-dependent reaction
light- independent reaction

Question 47

light-dependent reaction

Answer 47

light energy splits water = O2, ATP made

Question 48

light-independent reaction

Answer 48

do not require light to occur Calvin cycle - ATP used to convert CO2 = glucose