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Microbiology > survey of prokaryotic cells and microorganism > Flashcards

survey of prokaryotic cells and microorganism Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

all living things are made of cells that share some common characteristics

A

basic shape
internal content
DNA chromosomes

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2
Q

two basic cell types

A

eukaryotic and prokaryotic

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3
Q

eukaryotic cells

A

animals, plants, fungi and protists
contain membrane-bound organelle that compartmentalize the cytoplasm and preform specific functions

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4
Q

prokaryotic cells

A

bacteria and archaea
No nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles

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5
Q

characteristics of life

A

reproduction and heredity
growth and development
metabolism
movement and/or irritability
cell support
transport of nutrients and waste

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6
Q

external structures

A

appendages 2 major groups of appendages
motility and attachment

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7
Q

external structures

A

glycocalyx- surface coating

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8
Q

flagella 3 parts in a prokaryotic cell

A

filament
hook
base body

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9
Q

filament

A

long, thin, helical structure composed of protein flagellin.

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10
Q

hook

A

curved sheath

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11
Q

base body

A

stack of rings firmly anchored in a cell wall

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12
Q

flagella rotates

A

360 functions in motility of cell through environment Run and Tumble movement

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13
Q

flagellar arrangements

A

monotrichous
lophotrichous
amphitichous
peritrichous

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14
Q

monotrichous

A

single flagellum at one end

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15
Q

lophotrichous

A

small branches emerging from the same site

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16
Q

amphitrichous

A

flagella at both ends of cell

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17
Q

peritrichous

A

flagella dispersed over surface of cell

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18
Q

chemical stimuli

A

chemotaxis; positive and negative

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19
Q

light stimuli

A

phototaxis

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20
Q

counterclockwise

A

results in smooth linear direction- run

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21
Q

clockwise

A

tumbles

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22
Q

internal flagella

A

enclosed in the space between the outer sheath and the cell wall peptidoglycan
produce cellular motility by contracting and impairing twisitng or flexing motion

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23
Q

fimbriae

A

fine, proteinaceous, hairlike bristles emerging from the cell surface function in adhesion to other cells and surfaces

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24
Q

pili

A

rigid tubular structure made of pili protein found only in gram- negative cells function to join bacterial cells from partial DNA transfer called conjugation

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25
Q

glycocalyx

A

coating of molecules external to the cell wall made of sugars and/or proteins

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26
Q

glycocalyx two types

A

slime layer loosely organized and attached
capsule highly organized tightly attached

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27
Q

functions of glycocalyx

A

protect cells from dehydration and nutrient loss.
attachment formation of biofilms

28
Q

the cell envelop

A

external covering outside the cytoplasm
composed of 2 basic layers
cell wall and cell membrane
maintains cell integrity

29
Q

two different groups of bacteria demonstrated by Gram stain

A

gram- positive
gram-negative

30
Q

gram-positive bacteria

A

thick cell wall composed primarily of peptidoglycan

31
Q

gram-negative bacteria

A

outer cell membrane thin peptidoglycan layer and cell membrane

32
Q

gram-positive cell wall

A

20 to 80 nm thick peptidoglycan includes teichoic and lipoteichoic
some cells have a periplasmic space

33
Q

gram- negative cell wall

A

inner and outer membranes and periplasmic space between them contains a thin peptidoglycan layer

34
Q

the gram stain

A

differential stain that distinguishes cells with a gram-positive cell wall from those with a gram-negative cell wall

35
Q

gram-positive

A

retain crystal violet and stain purple

36
Q

gram-negative

A

lose crystal violet and stain red from safranin counterstain

37
Q

some bacterial groups lack typical cell wall structures that is

A

mycobacterium and nocardia

38
Q

cell membrane structure

A

phospholipid bilayer embedded proteins - fluid mosaic model

39
Q

cell membrane functions

A

providing site for energy reactions nutrient processing and synthesis
passage of nutrients into the cell and discharge of wastes

40
Q

chromosomes

A

contain all genetic information required for a cell

41
Q

plasmids

A

used in genetic engineering

42
Q

inclusions and granules

A

intracellular storage bodies

43
Q

cell cytoplasm

A

serves as solvent for materials used in a cell function

44
Q

ribosomes

A

site of protein synthesis found in a cells

45
Q

cytoskeleton

A

skeleton of the cell hold cell shape from the inside internal network of proteins polymers

46
Q

endospores

A

when exposed to adverse environment conditions capable of high resistance and very long term survival

47
Q

sporulation

A

formation of endospores

48
Q

germination

A

return to vegetative growth

49
Q

at what time will steam destroy endospores

A

pressurized steam at 120 C for 20 - 30 minutes will destroy

50
Q

coccus

A

spherical

51
Q

bacillus

A

rod

52
Q

spirillum

A

helical, comma, twisted rod

53
Q

pleomorphism

A

variations in cell shape and size within a single species

54
Q

diplococci

A

in pairs

55
Q

tetrads

A

gropus of 4

56
Q

steps of the gram stain

A

crystal violet
gram siodine
alcohol (mordants)
alcohol (decolorized)
safranin (red dye counterstain)

57
Q

Bergey’s manual of determinative bacteriology

A

five volume resource covering all known prokaryotes two domains: archaea and bacteria

58
Q

domain archaea

A

adapted to extreme habitats and modes of nutrition

59
Q

domain bacteria

A

everyday bacteria

60
Q

species

A

a collection of bacteria cells which share an overall similar pattern of traits in contrast to other bacteria whose pattern differs significantly

61
Q

stain or variety

A

a culture derived from a single parent that differs in structure or metabolism from other cultures of that species

62
Q

prokaryotes with unusual characteristics

A

free-living nonpathogenic bacteria

63
Q

photosynthetic bacteria

A

use photosynthesis energy directly from the sun

64
Q

rickettsias

A

very thin gram-positive bacteria most are pathogens obligate intracellular pathogens cannot survive or multiply outside of a host cell

65
Q

chlamydias

A

tiny
obligate intracellular parasites not transmitted by arthropods

66
Q

archaea

A

constitute third Domain Archaea exist in extreme environments

67
Q

archaea

A

adapted to heat, salt, acid pH, pressure and atmosphere

Microbiology (4 decks)

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