Tools of Psychological Science

Question 1

three main tools of the scientific method:

Answer 1

• observation
• measurement
• experimentation

Question 2

The systematic noting and recording of events. Only events that are observable can be studied scientifically

Answer 2

Observation

Question 3

The assignment of numerical values to objects or events or their characteristics according to conventional rules.

Answer 3

Measurement

Question 4

a process undertaken to test a hypothesis that particular behavioral events will occur reliably in certain, specifiable situations.

Answer 4

Experimentation

Question 5

an event or a circumstance that happens before another; are the circumstances that come before the event or behavior that we want to explain

Answer 5

Antecedent/Antecedent conditions

Question 6

specific sets of antecedent conditions

Answer 6

Treatments

Question 7

a controlled procedure in which at least two different treatment conditions are applied to subjects

Answer 7

Psychology experiment

Question 8

An experimental design in which subjects receive only one kind of treatment

Answer 8

between-subject design

Question 9

present all treatments to each subject and measure the effect of each treatment after it is presented

Answer 9

within-subjects design

Question 10

The type of cause-and-effect relationship we establish through experiments, because a time difference occurs in the relationship.

Answer 10

temporal relationship

Question 11

The Scottish philosopher who argued that we can never establish causality from temporal relationships.

Answer 11

David Hume

Question 12

the first experimental psychologist

Answer 12

Wilhelm Wundt

Question 13

Wundt employed the tools of the scientific method to study human sensory experience. What are those?

Answer 13

• observation
• measurement
• experimentation

Question 14

included the study of consciousness and mental processes and was based on the premise that the human mind begins as a blank slate, gaining knowledge of the world through sensory experiences

Answer 14

Mental philosophy

Question 15

Reporting our own thoughts and feelings is called?

Answer 15

Phenomenology

Question 16

involved assessing traits and dispositions by measuring the size and location of bumps on the skull.

Answer 16

Phrenology

Question 17

Individual traits that were believed to reside in specific areas in the brain.

Answer 17

Faculties

Question 18

fluids in the body ebbed and flowed by magnetic principles and that both physical and mental illness could be cured by realigning these fluids using magnets, electrodes, or his hands passed across the patient’s body.

Answer 18

Mesmerism

Question 19

involved purported contact with ghosts and spirits of the dead

Answer 19

Spiritualism

Question 20

Greek for “false”-characterizes any field of the study that gives the appearance of being scientific but has no true scientific basis and has not been confirmed using the scientific method.

Answer 20

Pseudoscience-pseudo