Nonexperimental designs

Question 1

used to study behaviors in natural settings to explore unique or rare occurrences or to sample personal information

Answer 1

Nonexperimental design

Question 2

The degree to which a research design allows us to make causal statements

Answer 2

internal validity

Question 3

generalizability or applicability to people and situations outside the research setting

Answer 3

external validity

Question 4

All approaches to research can be described along two major dimensions (Willems, 1969):

Answer 4

• The degree of manipulation of antecedent conditions

* The degree of impositions of units

Question 5

theoretically varies from low to high from letting things happen as they will to setting up carefully controlled conditions

Answer 5

The degree of manipulation of antecedents

Question 6

refers to the extent to which the researcher constrains, or limits the responses a subject may contribute to the data.

Answer 6

The degree of imposition of units

Question 7

five common nonexperimental approaches used by psychologists:

Answer 7

1. Phenomenology
2. Case studies
3. Field studies
4. Archival studies
5. Qualitative studies

Question 8

• the description of an individual’s immediate experience

- personal experience as a source of data

Answer 8

Phenomenology

Question 9

the world’s most famous early psychologist used the phenomenological approach

Answer 9

William James

Question 10

a descriptive record of a single individual’s experiences, behaviors or both kept by an outside observer

Answer 10

Case study

Question 11

are data collected in the present that are based on recollections of past events

Answer 11

Retrospective data

Question 12

are nonexperimental approaches used in the field or in real-life setting

Answer 12

Field studies

Question 13

Different types of field studies:

Answer 13

• Naturalistic Observation Studies

* Participant-Observer Studies

Question 14

the technique of observing behaviors as they occur spontaneously in natural settings

Answer 14

Naturalistic observation

Question 15

Naturalistic observation approach has been used extensively in animal behavior research, called e _ _ _ _ _ _ y, to study behavior in the wild as well as in captivity

Answer 15

Ethology

Question 16

a technique whereas the researcher uses a prearranged strategy for recording observation in which each observation is recorded using specific rules or guidelines so that observations are more objective

Answer 16

Systematic observation

Question 17

Behavioral indicators can be observed without the subject’s knowledge; such indicators are called?

Answer 17

Unobtrusive measures

Question 18

a kind of field study that the researcher actually becomes part of the group being studied

Answer 18

Participant-observer studies

Question 19

a descriptive research method in which already existing records are examined for new purpose.

Answer 19

Archival study

Question 20

relies on words rather than numbers for the data being collected; it focuses on self-reports, personal narratives, and expression of ideas, memories, feelings, and thoughts.

Answer 20

Qualitative research