Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Genetics > Tools of Molecular Genetics and Cytogenetics > Flashcards

Tools of Molecular Genetics and Cytogenetics Flashcards

1
Q

What two fundamental obstacles do geneticists face?

A

Obtaining enough DNA or RNA sequence to analyze

Purification of sequence of interest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is a process of isolating a particular DNA sequence and creating multiple copies in vivo?

A

Molecular cloning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are 3 elements required for molecular cloning?

A

Origin of replication
Selectable marker (sort which are carrying DNA)
Other features are desired

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the four steps of molecular cloning?

A

DNA fragmentation w/ restriction endonucleases
Ligation of DNA fragments to a vector
Transfection/ transformation
Screening/ selection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q 
These are all ways to what?
•PCR
•Restriction enzyme digestion
•DNA sonication and fractionation 
•Chemically synthesized oligionucleotides
A

Isolate DNA fragment of interest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How does selection usually occur?

A

Through antibiotic resistance markers (allow only cells which have the vector to survive)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

WHat is a collection of cloned cDNA fragments inserted into host cells?

A

cDNA library

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is a cDNA library produced from?

A

Fully transcribed mRNA (can be expressed in prokaryotic organisms)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does gel electrophoresis do?

A

Separate by size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is southern blotting used for?

A

Check for the presence of a DNA sequence in a DNA sample

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does Southern blotting involve?

A

Agarose electrophoresis
Transfer methods
Probe hybridization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is improper chromosome number?

A

Aneuploidy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is it when homologues fail to separate?

A

Nondisjunction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is a monosomic gamete?

A

Has no chromosomes in cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is in a trisomic gamete?

A

2 chromosomes (will eventually create a trisomy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the term for when one chromosome is left out of new nucleus due to lag?

A

Anaphase lag

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the term for too many chromosomes?

A

Polysomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the term for exchange of portions of non-homologous chromsomes?

A

Translocation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is removal and reverse attachment of a portion of a chromosome?

A

Inversion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Are autosomal monosomies compatable with life?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Are autosomal polysomies compatible with life?

A

Yes (but typically have a shorter life span)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Are sex chromosome monosomies and trisomies compatible with life?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How much of human DNA is junk?

A

95%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Where do most mistake in chromosome structure occur?

A

Crossing over

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What are the four common types of chromosome damage?
Translocation Inversion Deletion Duplication
26
What is Trisomy 21?
Down Syndrome
27
What is the leading cause of mental retardation?
Down Syndrome
28
What are the three autosomal trisomies that are survivable?
``` Down syndrome (21) Edwards syndrome (18) Trisomy 13- Patau syndrome ```
29
What is the rare form of Down Syndrome?
Translocation on long arm of chromosome 21 to another chromosome
30
What syndrome is Trisomy 18?
Edwards syndrome (less common and more severe than Trisomy 21) only live a few weeks
31
What is Trisomy 13?
Patau syndrome
32
What syndrome is associated with a deletion of short arm of chromosome 5
Cri du Chat syndrome
33
What does a child with cri du chat look like?
Severe retardation Round face Heart anomalies Cry like cat
34
What is monosomy X?
Turner syndrome
35
What are the manifestations of monosomy X?
``` Short stature Webbed neck Fibrous ovaries Sterility Amenorrhea Wide chest Heart defects ```
36
What occurs with multiple X females?
XXX Normal appearance Menstrual abnormalities
37
What is the only different in males with XYY?
Taller than average
38
Big defining feature of Turner syndrome?
Webbed neck
39
What is the best probe to use in DNA analysis to look for a specific mutation?
Synthetic oligonucleotide
40
What is an ASO probe?
Allele-specific oligonucleotide
41
What is an ASO used for?
To see changes too small for traditional Southern blot analysis Can tell apart normal homozygous, mutant homozygous, heterozygous
42
What technique is used to analyze RNA?
Nothern/ RNA Blotting
43
Is there endonuclease cleavage in Nothern Blotting?
No
44
What is used to amplify single or few copies of a piece of DNA by several order of magnitude?
PCR (polymerase chain reaction)
45
What does PCR involve?
Thermal cycling and enzymatic replication
46
PCR requires ______ complementary to target region and DNA polymerase
primers
47
What polymerase survives thermal cycling and is used in PCR?
Taq polymerase
48
In PCR what does heat do?
Separates DNA strands to create templates
49
What happens in cooler temperatures in PCR?
DNA synthesis
50
What is the study of chromosomes, their structure, and their inheritance?
cytogenetics
51
What does a cDNA library not have information about?
Enhancers Introns Other regulatory elements
52
What enzyme creates mature mRNA from cDNA?
Reverse transcriptase
53
In which type of blotting is DNA gel placed in alkaline solution to denature the ds-DNA?
Southern Blotting
54
In Southern Blotting, what causes DNA to move from gel onto membrane
Capillary action with appropriate buffer
55
What binds the DNA to the membrane in Southern Blotting?
Ion exchange
56
In Southern Blotting, what indicates that the fragment contains DNA sequence complementary to the probe?
Hybridization of the probe to a DNA fragment on the filter membrane
57
Why is it difficult to identify mutations in southern blotting?
Only those that affect the size of the fragment are seen
58
What type of blotting doesn't involve endonuclease cleavage?
Northern Blotting
59
What is Klinefelter syndrome?
Where a male has an extra X- causes feminization
60
What is the order of vectors from smallest to largest
Plasmids --> phages --> cosmids --> YAC
61
What type of vector is grown in yeast?
YAC
62
What type of vector is when a virus infects bacteria?
Phage
63
What type of vector is a larger plasmid?
Cosmid
64
what type of vector must go through transfection?
YAC
65
Southern Blotting only identifies mutations that affect the ____ of the DNA fragment.
Size

Genetics (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions