Central Dogma 4/1

Question 1

What is mitosis?

Answer 1

Production of somatic cells

Growth, differentiation, repair

Question 2

Does mitosis include cell division?

Answer 2

No- that is cytokinesis

Question 3

What is meiosis

Answer 3

Production of gametes

Question 4

What is the period between mitoses known as?

Answer 4

Interphase

Question 5

What phase are most cellular activities performed?

Answer 5

Interphase

Question 6

What are the three phases of interphase?

Answer 6

G1
S
G2

Question 7

What is M phase?

Answer 7

Mitosis and cytokinesis

Question 8

What happens during G1 phase?

Answer 8

First gap phase
Rapid growth and development
Where cell does its job

Question 9

What happens during S phase?

Answer 9

DNA is replicated

Question 10

What happens during G2?

Answer 10

Final growth and prep for M phase

Question 11

What are the 3 checkpoints of the cell cycle?

Answer 11

G1 checkpoint
G2 checkpoint
M checkpoint

Question 12

What is chromosome segregation?

Answer 12

Distributing a copy of each chromosome to each daughter cell

Question 13

List the order of the phases of mitosis?

Answer 13

Prophase
Prometaphase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis

Question 14

In which phase do centromeres split and chromosomes migrate?

Answer 14

Anaphase

Question 15

IN which phase do chromosomes undergo congression?

Answer 15

Metaphase

Question 16

IN which phase does the nuclear membrane fall apart?

Answer 16

Prometaphase

Question 17

In which phase is there chromosome condensation, formation of centrosomes?

Answer 17

Prophase

Question 18

In which phase do nuclei reform?

Answer 18

Telophase

Question 19

In a chromosome, which is short arm?

Answer 19

p

Question 20

In a chromosome, which is the long arm?

Answer 20

q

Question 21

What happens during meiosis I?

Answer 21

Reduction division and genetic recombination

Question 22

What is meiosis II similar to?

Answer 22

Mitosis

Question 23

In prophase I, what are points of crossing over known as?

Answer 23

Chiasmata

Question 24

What is a tetrad?

Answer 24

Group of four chromatids

Question 25

How many genes does the human genome have?

Answer 25

about 25,000

Question 26

What is the central dogma of biology?

Answer 26

DNA --> RNA --> protein

Question 27

How is RNA different from DNA?

Answer 27

``` Has ribose (not deoxyribose) Uracil (instead of thymine) Single stranded (instead of double) ```

Question 28

What is the process of DNA --> mRNA known as

Answer 28

transcription

Question 29

What is the process of mRNA --> protein known as

Answer 29

Translation

Question 30

What is a sequence of DNA that is required for the production of a functional product?

Answer 30

Gene

Question 31

What is a promoter?

Answer 31

At 5' end, required for initiation of transcription | Help to regulate tissue specificity

Question 32

What does the 3' end of a gene signal for?

Answer 32

Addition of polyA tail

Question 33

What do gene families share?

Answer 33

Related DNA sequences and closely related polypeptides

Question 34

What is a gene family clustered on chromosome 11?

Answer 34

Beta globin

Question 35

Where is the OR gene family located?

Answer 35

Throughout the genome

Question 36

What are non-coding segments due to mutations that are found in gene families?

Answer 36

Pseudogenes

Question 37

What is a non-processed pseudogene?

Answer 37

Dead genes

Question 38

What is a processed pseudogene?

Answer 38

Has no introns

Question 39

Where does transcription begin?

Answer 39

5' UTR (untranslated region)

Question 40

What happens before mRNA is transported to cytoplasm?

Answer 40

5' and 3' modifications occur Introns removed Exons spliced

Question 41

What does translation use?

Answer 41

Ribosome and tRNA

Question 42

What way does DNA read?

Answer 42

3' --> 5'

Question 43

Which way is RNA produced?

Answer 43

5' --> 3'

Question 44

What is another name for the untranscribed DNA strand?

Answer 44

Coding strand

Question 45

What is the transcribed also known as?

Answer 45

Non-coding (anti-sense)

Question 46

Where is the site of protein synthesis?

Answer 46

Ribosomes (composed or rRNA and protein)

Question 47

What is the start codon?

Answer 47

AUG

Question 48

How many stop codons are there?

Answer 48

3 | UGA, UAA, UAG

Question 49

The genetic code is _________

Answer 49

Degenerate

Question 50

How many introns and exons does the Beta globin gene have?

Answer 50

3 exons | 2 introns

Question 51

The Beta globin gene is only expressed in what type cells?

Answer 51

Erythroid

Question 52

Where is the TATA box located?

Answer 52

25-30 bp upstream

Question 53

Where is the CAT box located?

Answer 53

upstream from TATA

Question 54

What do mutation in TATA or CAT lead to?

Answer 54

alters levels of transcription

Question 55

What do housekeeping genes contain?

Answer 55

CpG islands

Question 56

What are enhancers?

Answer 56

Activating sequences several kb from gene

Question 57

What happens in RNA splicing?

Answer 57

Introns are removed

Question 58

What is found at the 5' end of an intron?

Answer 58

GT

Question 59

What is found at a 3' end of an intron?

Answer 59

AG

Question 60

What is alternative splicing?

Answer 60

Multiple splicing patterns | Can create multiple, related mRNAs from a single gene

Question 61

What is polyadenylation?

Answer 61

Mature mRNA contains 130 bp of 3' UTS between stop and polyA tail

Question 62

What sequence controls the cleavage of 3' end and addition of polyA tail

Answer 62

AAUAAA 20 bp upstream of poly A site