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Genetics > Central Dogma 4/1 > Flashcards

Central Dogma 4/1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is mitosis?

A

Production of somatic cells

Growth, differentiation, repair

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2
Q

Does mitosis include cell division?

A

No- that is cytokinesis

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3
Q

What is meiosis

A

Production of gametes

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4
Q

What is the period between mitoses known as?

A

Interphase

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5
Q

What phase are most cellular activities performed?

A

Interphase

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6
Q

What are the three phases of interphase?

A

G1
S
G2

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7
Q

What is M phase?

A

Mitosis and cytokinesis

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8
Q

What happens during G1 phase?

A

First gap phase
Rapid growth and development
Where cell does its job

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9
Q

What happens during S phase?

A

DNA is replicated

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10
Q

What happens during G2?

A

Final growth and prep for M phase

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11
Q

What are the 3 checkpoints of the cell cycle?

A

G1 checkpoint
G2 checkpoint
M checkpoint

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12
Q

What is chromosome segregation?

A

Distributing a copy of each chromosome to each daughter cell

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13
Q

List the order of the phases of mitosis?

A 
Prophase
Prometaphase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis
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14
Q

In which phase do centromeres split and chromosomes migrate?

A

Anaphase

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15
Q

IN which phase do chromosomes undergo congression?

A

Metaphase

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16
Q

IN which phase does the nuclear membrane fall apart?

A

Prometaphase

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17
Q

In which phase is there chromosome condensation, formation of centrosomes?

A

Prophase

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18
Q

In which phase do nuclei reform?

A

Telophase

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19
Q

In a chromosome, which is short arm?

A

p

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20
Q

In a chromosome, which is the long arm?

A

q

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21
Q

What happens during meiosis I?

A

Reduction division and genetic recombination

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22
Q

What is meiosis II similar to?

A

Mitosis

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23
Q

In prophase I, what are points of crossing over known as?

A

Chiasmata

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24
Q

What is a tetrad?

A

Group of four chromatids

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25
Q

How many genes does the human genome have?

A

about 25,000

26
Q

What is the central dogma of biology?

A

DNA –> RNA –> protein

27
Q

How is RNA different from DNA?

A 
Has ribose (not deoxyribose)
Uracil (instead of thymine)
Single stranded (instead of double)
28
Q

What is the process of DNA –> mRNA known as

A

transcription

29
Q

What is the process of mRNA –> protein known as

A

Translation

30
Q

What is a sequence of DNA that is required for the production of a functional product?

A

Gene

31
Q

What is a promoter?

A

At 5’ end, required for initiation of transcription

Help to regulate tissue specificity

32
Q

What does the 3’ end of a gene signal for?

A

Addition of polyA tail

33
Q

What do gene families share?

A

Related DNA sequences and closely related polypeptides

34
Q

What is a gene family clustered on chromosome 11?

A

Beta globin

35
Q

Where is the OR gene family located?

A

Throughout the genome

36
Q

What are non-coding segments due to mutations that are found in gene families?

A

Pseudogenes

37
Q

What is a non-processed pseudogene?

A

Dead genes

38
Q

What is a processed pseudogene?

A

Has no introns

39
Q

Where does transcription begin?

A

5’ UTR (untranslated region)

40
Q

What happens before mRNA is transported to cytoplasm?

A

5’ and 3’ modifications occur
Introns removed
Exons spliced

41
Q

What does translation use?

A

Ribosome and tRNA

42
Q

What way does DNA read?

A

3’ –> 5’

43
Q

Which way is RNA produced?

A

5’ –> 3’

44
Q

What is another name for the untranscribed DNA strand?

A

Coding strand

45
Q

What is the transcribed also known as?

A

Non-coding (anti-sense)

46
Q

Where is the site of protein synthesis?

A

Ribosomes (composed or rRNA and protein)

47
Q

What is the start codon?

A

AUG

48
Q

How many stop codons are there?

A

3

UGA, UAA, UAG

49
Q

The genetic code is _________

A

Degenerate

50
Q

How many introns and exons does the Beta globin gene have?

A

3 exons

2 introns

51
Q

The Beta globin gene is only expressed in what type cells?

A

Erythroid

52
Q

Where is the TATA box located?

A

25-30 bp upstream

53
Q

Where is the CAT box located?

A

upstream from TATA

54
Q

What do mutation in TATA or CAT lead to?

A

alters levels of transcription

55
Q

What do housekeeping genes contain?

A

CpG islands

56
Q

What are enhancers?

A

Activating sequences several kb from gene

57
Q

What happens in RNA splicing?

A

Introns are removed

58
Q

What is found at the 5’ end of an intron?

A

GT

59
Q

What is found at a 3’ end of an intron?

A

AG

60
Q

What is alternative splicing?

A

Multiple splicing patterns

Can create multiple, related mRNAs from a single gene

61
Q

What is polyadenylation?

A

Mature mRNA contains 130 bp of 3’ UTS between stop and polyA tail

62
Q

What sequence controls the cleavage of 3’ end and addition of polyA tail

A

AAUAAA 20 bp upstream of poly A site

Genetics (10 decks)

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