Tongue, hyoid, pharynx and deglutation Flashcards
What are the functions of the tongue?
- For prehension
- for lapping
- for grooming
- for food manipulation
- for speech
- contains taste buds and Salivary glands
Name the extrinsic muscle of the tongue and what they all do?
also where are the origin and insertion points?
- HYOGLOSSUS- contract the tongue. Goes from the tongue to hyoid process
- STYLOGLOSSUS- contracts the tongue. Goes from the tongue to the styloid process
- GENIOGLOSSUS- sticks the tongue out. Goes from the tongue to the genio of the underside of the mandible
- GENIOHYOIDEUS- goes from the genio of the mandible to the hyoid apparatus- (forms the floor of the mouth upon the tongue sits).
- What is the styloid process?
- what is the hyoid process?
- what are the names of all the bones which make up the hyoid process, and where are they?
- what is the hyoid apparatus attached to?
- A bony projection from the underside of the skull
- a chain of bones and cartilage in the neck. It provides attachments for the tongue. Is connected to the styloid process and the larynx
- stylohyoid (bone atatched to the styloid process), epihyoid, basihyoid (forms the base of the tongue. Projects fowards into the tongue like a peg and provides a LSA for muscle attachment. The point where both sides are connected) , keratohyoid, thyrohyroid (both attaches to the cartilages of the larynx).
- the sternum by muscle
What are the 3 intrinsic younger muscle, and what action do they do?
- longitudinal fibres- shortens the tongue on contraction*
- transverse fibres- the tongue narrows on contraction*
- verticle fibres- the tongue flattens on contraction*
PAPPILLAE:
- what are the different types
- whihc type do cats have loads of
- what are their purpose
- what can they be used to identify
- Filiform, foliate and circumvallate
- they have lots of filiform - what makes tongue feel rough as these papillae are spikey
- to give more texture, grip to the tongue. Sometimes they also contain tastebuds.
- the species
NAME THE FOLLOWING SPECIES THESE TONGUES BELONG TO, AND HOW YOU CAN TELL
where about does the cirumvilate papillae mark the tounge
- DOG- you can tell due to the 4 prominent circumilatte papillae
- CAT- they have lots of filiform papillae
- PIG- don’t have so much papillae, but has a raised section
- COW- have a very raised area, and lots of papillae
- HORSE- have a raised area, and 2 very prominent cirucmvilate papillae
the circumvilate papillae mark the tongue about 2/3 the way up.
What is the groove down the middle of the tongue called, and does it contain?
which pharyngeal arches are involved in forming the tongue
Lyssa- contains sensory fibres that help detect stretch in the tongue
just the first and second
What is the innervation of the tongue?
- Rostral 2/3 of the tongue- its sensory inner action is relayed by the lingual branch of the mandibualr nerve (V3), and the chorda tympani relays the special sensation of taste
- caudal 1/3- the sensory inner action is by the glossophyanrgeal nerve and to a small extent by the vagus nerve
What is the pharynx?
what are the parts of the pharynx and where are they?
what is the larynx?
what are the different muscles of the phyarnx?
- One common space that air and food passes through*
- nasopharynx- behind the nasal cavity and above the soft palette*
- orophayrnx- behind the oral cavity*
- layrngophayrnx- caudal part of pharynx, helps blooms of food being swallowed*
- the larynx is the voice box*
- pharyngeal constrictors, pharyngeal dilator and pharyngeal shorterner*
Name the 3 stages of deglutition and whether they are voluntary or involuntary
- buccaneer phase- voluntary
- phayrngeal stage- involuntary
- esophageal stage - involuntary
Explain the different stages of deglutition
- buccaneer stage- tongue moves upwards and backwards against the soft and hard palette. This o pushes the bloods of food inti the orophaynx.
- Pharyngeal phase- pushes blouse throiugh the pharynx and into the oesophagus. This movement stimulates receptors in the orophaynx, which then sends impulses to the deglutition centre of the medulla oblongata, and lower pons of the brain stem. The brain sends signals so that the soft palette and uvula close of the nasophaynx, and the epiglottis closes off the larynx. This prevents bolous from entering the respiratory tract. The upper oesophageal sphincter relaxes to allow the bolous to move into the oesophagus, and contracts to rescue the back flow to the phyarnx.
- Esophageal stage- the bolous Is pushes onwards by peiostalsis. As the bolous approaches the end of the oesophagus, the lower oesophageal sphincter relaxes and bolus moves into the stomach
What happens before swallowing?
Salivary glands secrete lingual liaise and salivary amylase. Amylase begins the chemical breakdown of starch. The water content of the saliva, helps bind the food together to form a bolous, which can then be swallowed.
