TOLD

Question 1

Define Vmc

Answer 1

VMC is the calibrated airspeed at which, when the critical engine is suddenly made inoperative, it is possible to maintain control of the airplane with that engine still inoperative, and thereafter maintain straight flight at the same speed with an angle of bank of not more than 5 degrees.

Question 2

Define Va

Answer 2

VA is the aircraft’s designed maneuvering speed. Flying at or below VA, means that the airplane will stall before the structure is damaged by excessive loads. If you encounter a gust that causes a sudden, significant increase in load factor while flying above VA, the aircraft could experience structural failure.

Question 3

Define Vs

Answer 3

VS is the stalling speed, or the minimum steady flight speed at which the airplane is controllable — in other words, the airplane will stall if you fly any slower than this speed.

Question 4

What factors determine which engine is the critical engine?

Answer 4

Accelerated slipstream
Torque
P-factor
Spiraling slipstream

Question 5

What assumptions are made when determining Vmc?

Answer 5

SCAMM5FF
Standard day
Critical engine windmilling
Aft legal CG
Max power on operating engine
Max takeoff weight
5° bank into good engine
Flaps in takeoff position with gear up
Full rudder into the operating engine

Question 6

What is a critical engine?

Answer 6

The engine whose failure would most adversely affect the performance or handling qualities of the an aircraft.

Question 7

What is screen height?

Answer 7

Departure design criterion begins with the assumption of an initial climb of 200 ft/NM after crossing the DER at a height of at least 35 feet for transport category aircraft. 50 feet for normal category aircraft.

Question 8

What is takeoff distance?

Answer 8

The horizontal distance from the start of the takeoff to the point where the airplane reaches the prescribed screen height above the surface with a critical engine having failed at the designated speed, or 115% of the horizontal distance from the start of takeoff to the point where the airplane reaches the prescribed screen height above the surface with all engines operating.

Question 9

What is accelerate-go distance?

Answer 9

The horizontal distance from the start of the takeoff to the point where the airplane reaches the prescribed screen height above the takeoff surface with the critical engine having failed at the designated speed.

Question 10

What is accelerate-stop distance?

Answer 10

The horizontal distance from the start of the takeoff to the point where the airplane is stopped in the runway or runway and stopway, when the stop is initiated at V1 and completed using the approved procedures and specific conditions.

Question 11

What is critical field length?

Answer 11

The minimum runway length (or runway plus clearway and/or stopway) required for a specific takeoff weight. This distance may be the longer of the balanced field length, 115% of the all engines takeoff distance, or established by other limitations such as maintaining V1 to be less than or equal to Vr.

Question 12

What is balanced field length?

Answer 12

The minimum runway length (or runway plus clearway and/or stopway) where, for the takeoff weight, the engine-out accelerate-go distance equals the accelerate-stop distance.

Question 13

What is a clearway?

Answer 13

The clearway is an area extending beyond the runway end available for completion of the takeoff operation of turbine-powered aircraft. A clearway increases the allowable aircraft operating takeoff weight without increasing runway
length. Often just grass.

Question 14

What is a stopway?

Answer 14

A stopway is an area beyond the takeoff runway located symmetrically about the extended runway centerline and designated by the airport owner for use in decelerating an aircraft during an aborted takeoff. The presence of a blast pad does not mean a stopway exists. Chevrons. Not for taxiing on unless aborting a takeoff.

Question 15

What is density altitude and how do you calculate it?

Answer 15

Density altitude is pressure altitude corrected for nonstandard temperature. As temperature and altitude increase, air density decreases. In a sense, it’s the altitude at which the airplane “feels” its flying.
Density altitude in feet = pressure altitude in feet+ (120 x (OAT - ISA temperature))

Question 16

What is pressure altitude and how do you calculate it?

Answer 16

Pressure altitude is the height above a standard datum plane (SDP), which is a theoretical level where the weight of the atmosphere is 29.92 “Hg (1,013.2 mb) as measured by a barometer.
Calculation of pressure is done by calculating the difference between the current altimeter setting and the standard altimeter setting (29.92” Hg). This difference is then converted into feet, based on the Standard Pressure Lapse Rate: 1” Hg= 1000’.

Question 17

What is P-Factor?

Answer 17

(Yaw) While flying at low airspeeds and high power settings the descending propeller blade creates more thrust than the ascending blade. This thrust imbalance causes a left turning tendency, similar to that of single engine aircraft.
With the shifting of the thrust to the right side of each engine, the left engine’s thrust is close to the center of the airplane where the right engine’s thrust is farther out on the right wing. The failure of the left engine would create a greater yaw to the left than the loss of the right engine as a result of the greater arm (distance) between the two thrust lines.
The loss of the left engine creates a greater yaw to the left than loss of the right engine. This is a result of the greater arm (distance) between the

Question 18

What is Accelerated slipstream?

Answer 18

(Roll) The descending propeller blade creates more thrust than the ascending blade. This causes more airflow from the propellers flowing on the right side of each engine ( due to clockwise rotation on the propeller). In turn, the airflow over wings that is produced by the propellers is farther out on the right wing than the left wing. The greater area on the right side produces a larger roll moment to the left with the left engine out than is produced with the right engine out.

Question 19

What is Spiraling slipstream?

Answer 19

(Yaw) The slipstream from the left engine strikes the vertical stabilizer where the slipstream from the right engine strikes nothing. With the loss of the left engine the right slipstream does not counteract the left yaw. If the right engine were inoperative then the left engine’s slipstream would counteract the right yaw.

Question 20

What is Torque?

Answer 20

(Roll) Propellers spinning to the right cause the airplane want to roll left. When the left engine is out, the right engine torque makes the airplane want to roll to the left, or into the dead engine. When the right engine is out, torque still wants to roll the airplane to the left, but this time it would be into the operating engine and would counteract some of the right rolling moment.

Question 21

What is Vref and when do we slow down to it in the Seneca?

Answer 21

Reference landing speed—an airspeed used for final approach, which is normally 1.3 times VSO, the stall speed in the landing configuration.
When landing is assured.

Question 22

What is TODA?

Answer 22

TODA is the distance to accelerate from brake release, past lift-off, to the start of the takeoff climb to a specified altitude. TODA represents the entire distance that can be utilized for takeoff, including both the paved runway and any clearway beyond the runway.

Question 23

What is ASDA?

Answer 23

ASDA applies to a rejected takeoff. Accelerated-Stop Distance Available is the total length of runway available (which may include a stopway) to accelerate from brake release to V1 plus the distance required to safely abort or decelerate to a stop, plus safety factors.

Question 24

What is TORA?

Answer 24

TORA is the total length of runway available for an aircraft to accelerate from brake release to liftoff and half the horizontal distance to climb to 35 ft. It is effectively, the actual length of prepared surface runway that an aircraft can use for a takeoff roll.

Question 25

What is LDA?

Answer 25

LDA is the distance from the threshold to complete the approach, touchdown, and decelerate to a stop, plus safety factors.

Landing is a bit simpler, as the landing distance required must not be greater than the landing distance available, or LDA (refer to CFR Part 25.125). The landing distance required is based upon crossing the threshold at an altitude of 50 ft to a normal touchdown, maximum braking to a full stop.

Question 26

What are declared distances and how do I know if an airport has them?

Answer 26

The distances declared available for an aircraft’s takeoff run,
takeoff distance, accelerate-stop distance, and landing distance requirements. Watch for the “Dirty D”

Question 27

What is Vy defined as?

Answer 27

Best rate of climb speed—speed at which the airplane gains the most altitude for a given unit of time

Question 28

What is Vx defined as?

Answer 28

Best angle of climb speed—speed at which the airplane gains the greatest altitude for a given distance
of forward travel.

Question 29

What is a displaced threshold?

Answer 29

A threshold that is located at a point on the runway beyond
the beginning of the runway. Arrows. Can taxi on.

Question 30

What is EMAS?

Answer 30

Engineered Materials Arresting Systems
Decelerates an aircraft during an excursion incident without damaging the landing gears, thus providing an equivalent level of safety to a standard runway safety area.

Question 31

What is the Piper Seneca II typical climb rate at sea level with both engines running?

Answer 31

About 1350 FPM

Question 32

What is the Piper Seneca II typical climb rate at sea level with one engine inoperative?

Answer 32

About 190 FPM