Toefl Vocab 5Th Textbook (Cram) Flashcards
by Sun Child
flux
n.
a situation in which things are changing a lot and you cannot be sure what will happen
- Everything is in flux at the moment.
- The education system is still in a state of flux.
- Because our son is sick, our vacation plans are in flux
doctrine
n.
doctrinal (adj.)
a set of beliefs that form an important part of a religion or system of ideas:
- traditional doctrines of divine power
- Marxist doctrine
also. a formal statement by a government about its future plans (maybe between countries)
- the announcement of the Truman Doctrine
- The Monroe doctrine of 1823 says that no foreign power may create a colony on the American continents.
riparian
adj.
(a person) who owns land on the bank of a natural watercourse or body of water. (law); of, relating to, or situated on the banks of a river.
- All the riparian states must sign an agreement.
riverbank
the side of a river, esp. land, holding water back from the area around the river
nehir kıyısı
- When the Mississippi overflowed its riverbanks, many towns were flooded with water.
appreciable
adj.
capable of increasing (in value)
- We bought an appreciable piece of property
also. large enough to be noticed or considered important
significant
- There’s no appreciable change in the patient’s condition.
—appreciably adv.
- The two plans are not appreciably different.
to diminish
to become or make something become smaller or less; to lessen in force
reduce
- The need to take action has diminished.
- These drugs diminish blood flow to the brain.
**+ **to deliberately make someone or something appear less important or valuable than they really are
- Don’t let him diminish your achievements.
_diminishing returns :_ when the profits or advantages you are getting from something stop increasing in relation to the effort you are making
to contaminate
to make unclean, impure, unfit for use or consumption
- The drinking water was contaminated with gasoline.
to confine
to keep within certain limits (sth to sth)
to restrict
- You should stop making jokes and confine your attention to what the teacher is saying.
(to confine yourself to (doing) something)
- Owen did not confine himself to writing only one type of poem.
2. hapsetmek - Any soldier who leaves his post will be confined to barracks
navigable
adj.
sufficiently deep or wide to provide passage for vessels, ships
navigability n.
- navigable waters
- a navigable river.
vessel
n.
1 a tube that carries fluid
- the blood vessels
2 a container, such as a cup
- a vessel used in religious services
3 a ship:
- Cargo vessels sail the Atlantic.
precedence
n.
greater importance
priority
- My family’s health takes precedence over my job.
- Do we want a society where appearance takes precedence over skill or virtue?
- Guests were seated in order of precedence.
- Safety must be given precedence.
implement
n.
a tool, especially one used for outdoor physical work
- With the right implements, I can unlock a door without a key.
modification
n.
a change
- Architects made modifications in the building by taking down walls to make larger rooms.
dispute
n.
1 an argument, quarrel
- The couple had a dispute over money.
2 a lawsuit (dava) , court case
- The two landowners have a dispute over water rights.
prior
adj.
earlier, previous
- A prior engagement prevented me from accepting the invitation.
- No prior knowledge of Spanish is required for this course.
- Vegetarian meals are provided by prior agreement.
- The society must give customers prior notice before changing the cost.
- The bomb exploded without any prior warning
prior to something: (formal) before
- All the arrangements should be completed prior to your departure.
exclusive
adj.
belonging to one person, company, or contract, and not shared
- Our company has the exclusive rights to distribute that product.
- exclusive access/rights/use etc*
- Our figure skating club has exclusive use of the rink on Mondays.
- exclusive report/interview/coverage etc*
- Tune in to our exclusive coverage of Wimbledon.
- exclusive to*
- This offer is exclusive to readers of The Sun.
2. exclusive places, organizations, clothes etc are so expensive that not many people can afford to use or buy them: - Bel Air is an exclusive suburb of Los Angeles.
- an exclusive girls’ school
- mutually exclusive* if two things are mutually exclusive, you cannot have or do both of them:
- Lesbianism and motherhood are not mutually exclusive.
- exclusive of something* not including something [≠ inclusive of something]:
- Our prices are exclusive of sales tax.
5. concerned with only one thing: - The committee’s exclusive focus will be to improve public transportation.
- exclusivity, exclusiveness n.*
- the exclusivity of private education
to prevail
to win, triumph, be successful in the end
- Our team prevailed over our rival in a tough game.
- I was going to have dessert, but good sense prevailed and I didn’t eat it.
- Justice will prevail.
administrator
a person who supervises or manages
- She is an administrator in the Department of Health.
to override
to set aside, ignore
- The Congress overrode the President’s objection and passed the law.
utilitarian
adj.
useful, designed to be useful or practical rather than attractive.
functional
- That old car is of little utilitarian value.
- ugly utilitarian buildings
- Department stores do stock lots of bras in ‘plus’ sizes, but they tend to be ugly, utilitarian and practical bras designed for an older clientele.”
to determine
- to find out the facts about something
belirlemek, establish
- Investigators are still trying to determine the cause of the fire.
- The aim of the inquiry was to determine what had caused the accident.
- to conclude, decide
* The judge determined that the defendant was guilty.
to abandon
terketmek
- We abandoned the project because it was too expensive.
to abut
if one piece of land or a building abuts another, it is next to it or touches one side of it (also+on)
to adjoin
- The bathroom adjoins the bedroom.
- a building abuts another…
- Their house abutted (onto) the police station.
to reflect on
to affect the quality or reputation of sth.
- Students who do well on exams reflect well on their teachers.
2 (reflect on/upon so/sth) to influence people’s opinion of someone or something, especially in a bad way
- If my children are rude, that reflects on me as a parent.
to vary
if several things of the same type vary, they are all different from each other
to differ
- Airfares vary from one airline to another.
- Test scores vary from school to school.
- The heights of the plants vary from 8 cm to 20 cm
controversial
adj.
causing a lot of disagreement, because many people have strong opinions about the subject being discussed
- Religion and politics are very personal and controversial subjects.
- a highly controversial (=very controversial) plan to flood the valley in order to build a dam.
precedent
n.
an example that allows similar future actions, a custom
case study, geçmiş örnek olay
- When the principal wore blue jeans to school on Friday, it set a precedent for others to do that too.
- a legal precedent
- precedents for what courts will accept as ‘fair’
- There’s not much precedent for men taking leave when their baby is born.
- An epidemic on this scale is without precedent.
to break with precedent (=do something in a new way)
hypothesis
n.
an unproved assumption
theory
- His statement is simply a hypothesis.
- One hypothesis is that the victim fell asleep while driving.
+ to prove/test/support etc a hypothesis:
- We hope that further research will confirm our hypothesis.
- The authors reject the hypothesis about unemployment contributing to crime.
to glide
- to fly through the air without power, without moving its wings, without using an engine
süzülmek
- Birds and kites glide in the air.
2. to move smoothly and quietly, as if without effort
(+ across/over/down etc)
- couples gliding over the dancefloor
3. to do or achieve things easily - Kennedy seemed to glide through life.
cursorial
having limbs adapted for running, as certain birds, insects, etc.
/k3rsırayıl/
- Their decline accelerated during the Oligocene and coincided with the rise of another group of large herbivorous and cursorial mammals, the artiodactyls
inference
n.
an educated guess based on some information
çıkarım, sonuç, netice
- I made an inference about the child’s height when I met her tall parents
- What inferences can we draw from this?
analysis
n.
work done to find facts and solutions to problems, a study
- We did an analysis of the problem and proposed solutions to it.
- a detailed analysis
- A sample of soil was sent for analysis.
specimen
n.
fluid or tissue from the body, taken for medical testing; a small amount of a substance, such as blood, that is used for a test
numune
- a sample a blood specimen.
2. an animal, plant, etc used as an example of its type, especially for scientific study - This is one of the museum’s finest specimens
equivalent
adj.
/ɪˈkwɪvələnt/
equal, the same
- The two computers are ________ in speed.
- The UK’s Brit Awards are roughly equivalent to the Oscars.
infer
to guess by having some information I _____ from your smile that you are happy.
intermediate
between or in the middle of two extreme points, such as highest and lowest, or beginning and end She took swimming lessons last year and is now in an ___________ class.
phase
a period of time within a longer process of change, a stage of development The time you spend in high school is an important _____ of your education.
to infer
to guess by having some information
- I infer from your smile that you are happy.
proponent
adj.
/prəʊˈpəʊnənt/
a supporter, s.o. who favors s.t.
- That Senator is a proponent of lowering taxes.
- a proponent of nuclear energy
intermediate
adj.
/ˌɪntərˈmiːdiət/
between or in the middle of two extreme points, such as highest and lowest, or beginning and end
- She took swimming lessons last year and is now in an intermediate class.
to flap
to move up and down, or sideways
- Birds flap their wings.
- The curtains were flapping around in the breeze. (2)
- to become worried or excited about something, telaşlanmak
* Don’t flap! We’ve got plenty of time to get to the airport.
to swat
to strike with a flat object or the hand, especially an insect
- She swatted the flies with an old newspaper.
notorious
adj.
/nəʊˈtɔːriəs/
well–known, famous, esp. for s.t. bad
- The film star was notorious for her wild living.
- a notorious criminal
- She was notorious for her bad temper.
- notoriously adv.*
- Mount Everest is a notoriously difficult mountain to climb.
limb
n.
/lɪm/
an arm, leg, or wing of an animal or a person
- Diabetes limits blood circulation in the limbs.
- a large branch of a tree
