toddlers and preschoolers- 8 Flashcards
Erikson 1-3
autonomy versus shame and doubt.
autonomy versus shame and doubt.
theory of psychosocial development, toddlers in this stage seek to attain autonomy by gaining more self-control in areas such as toileting and food and toy preferences. Success leads to self-confidence and self-control, whereas feelings of shame and doubt in these areas may lead to a sense of inadequacy.
Piaget 1-3
preoperational
preoperational
cognitive developmental theory, 2- to 7-year-olds are in the preoperational stage, which is characterized by magical thinking, the belief that their personal thoughts have a direct impact on the real world, and egocentrism, the inability to see things from another’s perspective.
Freud 1-3
anal stage (age 1 to 3 years)
anal stage (age 1 to 3 years)
In Freud’s psychosexual theory, toddlers are in the anal stage, which focuses on pleasure derived from the toddler’s enjoyment of holding and releasing bowel movements.
Kohlberg 1-3
preconventional
preconventional
Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, 2- to 7-year-olds are in the stage of preconventional moral reasoning, and tend to follow set rules for fear of punishment.
Most children in this age group will be able to:
Walk alone by 15 months
Begin to run
Stand on tiptoes
Climb stairs while holding on to support by 21 months
Kick a ball
Climb stairs while holding on to support by 21 months
Can turn a door knob
Most children in this age group will be able to: 2y
Build towers of four or more blocks by age 2 years
Climb on furniture by age 2 years
Run and jump by age 2 years
Most children in this age group will be able to: 3y
Play on a riding toy (i.e., tricycle) by age 3 years (3 years to three wheels)
Build towers of more than six blocks by age 3 years
Language Skills of a Toddler
Pointing to objects when named by others
Recognizing the names of well-known people and things
Learning own name
Understanding more than they can speak
Repeating words that are overheard
Saying five words by 12 months
Saying 50 words by 18 months
Language Skills of a Toddler 2
Speaking in two- to three-word sentences by age 2 years
Language Skills of a Toddler 3
Converses using two to three sentences by age 3 years
Uses words “I,” “me,” and “you” by age 3 years
Cognitive Skills of a Toddler
Finding objects that are hidden
Beginning to identify and sort colors and shapes
Beginning to play make-believe
Beginning to scribble and show preference for one hand versus the other
Promoting Self-Care
By 2 years of age, a child can follow simple instructions. A child can and should be encouraged to participate in self-care and the education process to some extent. Providing limited, appropriate choices for the child will allow for a sense of control. Routines and rituals are important.
Social and Emotional Milestones of a Toddler
Imitate others
Have awareness of self as separate from others
Begin to enjoy spending time with other children
Engage in parallel play, playing near other toddlers but not consistently interacting or playing together
Show affection openly
Begin to display defiance
Display separation anxiety until approximately the end of the second year
Express jealousy at the arrival of a new sibling
Erikson 3-5
initiative versus guilt
initiative versus guilt
Success in this stage involves initiative, wherein preschoolers begin to assert power and control over their environments; the opposite result is feelings of guilt and dependence on others.
Piaget 3-5
preoperational
preoperational
As described for toddlers, this stage of cognitive development (age 2 to 7 years) is characterized by magical thinking and egocentrism.
Freud 3-5
phallic stage (age 3 to 6 years)
phallic stage (age 3 to 6 years)
The focus of this stage is pleasure derived from the genitals; childhood masturbation is common, and preschoolers may view the opposite-sex parent as a sexual object.
Kohlberg 3-5
preconventional
preconventional
As described for toddlers, this level of moral reasoning (age 2 to 7) involves an obedience/punishment mentality.
Providing Feedback
A child should be given feedback in relationship to his or her behavior. The child should be told “good job” instead of “good boy/good girl.” Preschoolers cannot understand the process of disease transmission. The child may feel that an illness is a punishment for “being bad” (magical thinking).
Motor Development of a Preschooler 3`
Dress and undress self with assistance at age 3 years (later without assistance)
Go up and down the stairs without assistance at age 3 years
Draw squares, circles, and later triangles at age 3 years
Begin learning to use utensils and drinking from a cup at age 3 years
Motor Development of a Preschooler 4
Hop and stand on one foot for 5 to 10 seconds at age 4 years
Throw objects overhand at age 4 years
Catch a bounced ball at age 4 years
Draw stick figures with more than two body parts at age 4 years (later draws people with bodies)
Use scissors at age 4 years
Motor Development of a Preschooler 5
Brush own teeth and go to the toilet without assistance at age 5
Learn to skip, ride a bicycle, and swim at age 5
Language Skills of a Preschooler
Speak clearly enough for strangers to understand (by age 5 years)
Speak in three- to four-word sentences at age 3 years
Speak in four- to five-word sentences at age 4 years
Speak in sentences of five or more words at age 5 years
Tell stories
Use future tense
Comprehend rhyming
State full name and address (later in stage)
Have concrete or literal interpretation of language
Cognitive Skills of a Preschooler
Recall parts of a story Count to 10, but no concept of numbers Correctly identify at least four colors Begin to understand the concept of time Know the meaning of same and different Begin to use imagination and creativity Ask “why” questions
Social and Emotional Milestones of a Preschooler
Be more independent
Be proud of their abilities
Show interest in new things
Want to do things by themselves
Obey rules
Engage in role-play
Play well with others; this is known as associative play
Want to please and be like friends
Try to negotiate problem solving
Have trouble in differentiating between reality and fantasy (later preschoolers can tell the difference)
Believe in monsters or be afraid of the dark
Begin to understand gender and racial differences
Begin to explore their genitalia through masturbation
Can be demanding or eager to help
Can be jealous over the arrival of a new sibling
Place importance on body integrity
Fear of the Dark
Many preschoolers are afraid of the dark and may be afraid to sleep in a dark room. It is helpful to have a night-light that sheds minimal light to reduce fear. Providing a bedtime routine will decrease anxiety and provide a relaxing environment.
Health History
chief complaint family medical history medical history medications allergies review of systems social history
Head-to-Toe Assessment
Conduct head-to-toe assessment from least to most invasive/intrusive, leaving painful areas for last. The child will be more cooperative with the examination when performed in this order.
