Newborns and infants- 7 Flashcards
Vision: least-developed sense
infants are attracted to bright colors and black and white because of limited vision; objects appear two-dimensional with poor peripheral vision until 2 to 3 months of age
Smell:
well-developed sense; especially recognizes smell of own mother
Taste:
well-developed sense; sweet tastes are preferred
Hearing:
can hear beginning in the womb and can identify mother’s voice; differentiates between male and female voices; hearing is critical for language development
Touch:
Touch is extremely important for the newborn; gentle touch or massage is calming and pleasurable. Pain is a protective device; the infant responds by extending and retracting the extremities and crying.
Soothing Odors
Studies have shown that biologically meaningful odors such as amniotic fluid, colostrum, and breast milk are soothing to infants, particularly when obtained from the infant’s own mother.
Hearing Screening at Birth`
Any infant who does not pass the newborn hearing screening has the potential for a developmental emergency (AAP, 2016c). Initial newborn hearing screening occurs in the hospital setting by specially trained nursing staff with any necessary follow-up testing recommended in the pediatric medical home
Language Acquisition
partly innate and partly learned process
language is learned through socialization within the family context.
favorable responses to speech encourage the infant to communicate.
Discipline
discipline at this age should focus on setting limits for the child’s safety and well-being.
discipline what to do
At 6 months of age, when the child is more mobile, use distraction to keep the child away from dangerous areas.
Temper tantrums are the infant’s way of expressing frustration, hunger, anger, illness, or fatigue.
Reward good behavior.
Remain calm, firm, and consistent.
Maintain a set routine.
Corporal Punishment
such as spanking or hitting, has been found to have negative consequences and is less effective than other forms of discipline, such as the withdrawal of positive reinforcement
Colic ( disappears by about 12 to 16 weeks of age)
great deal of intestinal gas, resulting in frequent crying
Paroxysms of irritability, fussing, or crying that start or stop without obvious cause
Crying is turbulent and dysphonic, with a higher pitch
Episodes last 3 hours or longer and occur 3 days a week for at least 2 weeks, peaking at 6 weeks of age
Infant thriving
Diagnosis of exclusion
Care of the Infant With Colic
Swaddle infant.
Place in a safe area.
Remove yourself from the infant for a 10-minute break once the child is secured in a safe place.
Educate caregivers that colic is not a reflection of their caregiving skills.
Realize that it is a heightened time of stress for caregivers.
Simethicone drops have been prescribed to ease intestinal gas, but never give an infant an over-the-counter medication without consulting the child’s pediatrician.
play
how infants learn about the world and themselves. Infants are primarily sensorimotor focused, so play should involve sensory stimulation. Infants explore the world with their mouths and imitate those around them.
Breastfeeding and Zika
No cases of Zika virus transmission have been associated with breastfeeding.
The CDC and WHO recommend that the benefits of breastfeeding outweigh the risks of Zika virus transmission through breast milk
breastfeeding
until the age of 6 months and to continue until the age of 2 years, with no supplementation of water, formula, or solids prior to this point
Nutrition infants between 6 months and 1 year of age:
Sufficient protein is needed to support growth and development.
Fats are needed to provide calories and support brain development.
Carbohydrates are needed to provide energy.
Infants need 100 to 116 kcal/kg/day for basic growth and development.
Adequate fluid and electrolyte intake is necessary.
Fluids, mainly water, should total 120 to 150 mL/kg/day for infants.
Supplemental iron is not necessary for breastfed infants before 6 months of age.
All infants 6 months or older require iron supplementation. Iron can be supplied through lean red meats, fortified infant cereals, spinach, broccoli, green peas, or beans.
Do not feed cow’s milk until after 1 year of age.
Nonnutritive Sucking
Nonnutritive sucking is a self-soothing or comforting measure used by infants.
imit the use of the pacifier as the infant gets older to prevent creating a habit
Breastfeeding
Should begin within the first hour after birth during the initial period of reactivity
Infant should be fed on demand throughout the day and night
Reduces costs and preparation time
Promotes positive bonding between infant and mother
Decreases risk for obesity
Stage one:
Colostrum, a yellowish fluid, is present in the first 2 to 3 days after birth and has higher concentrations of protein and lower levels of fat, carbohydrates, and calories than mature milk.
It contains large amounts of IgA and IgG, and assists in the passage of the infant’s first stool, known as meconium
Stage two:
The milk transitions from colostrum to more mature milk at about 3 to 10 days after birth. It consists of increasing fat, carbohydrates, and calories
Stage three
Mature milk begins 10 days after birth. This mature milk has approximately 23 calories per ounce and is composed of foremilk and hind milk.
Foremilk
is produced and released at the beginning of the feeding; it has a higher water and lactose content and a lower fat content.
The hind milk
released at the end of the feeding and has a higher fat content.
