Toddlerhood + Pre-school Flashcards

Question

Animism

Answer 1

“The sun is unhappy” on a cloudy day “The car was hurt in that accident”

Answer 2

Young kids start developing skills – become more independent and self-reliant Success leads them to feel autonomous Failures lead them to feel ashamed and doubtful inhibiting their genuine selves Correlates with Freud’s Anal stage

Answer 3

``` Asocial phase (0 to ~2 mos.) Phase of indiscriminate attachment (2-7 mos.) Phase of specific attachment (7-9 mos.) Phase of multiple attachment (9-18 mos.) ```

Answer 4

Freud – “I love you because you feed me” (but also thought this was not well-studied) Learning Theory – “I love you because you reward me” [food, comfort, + responses, makes parent the secondary reinforce]

Answer 5

By Harry Harlow (1905-1981) Compared importance of feeding versus tactile stimulation in the development of attachments in infant monkeys

Answer 6

Monkeys were separated from mothers on the first day of life,. Reared for the next 165 days by one of two surrogate mothers. Wire-mom: Well-proportioned body made of wire with a face Cloth-mom: Wrapped in foam rubber and covered in terry cloth ½ of infants were fed by wire mom and ½ with cloth mom. Question: Would infants become attached to wire mom who fed them or to cuddly cloth mom? Clear answer – even when infants were fed by wire mom, they ran directly to cloth mom whenever they were upset or afraid. Implies that contact comfort is a more powerful contributer to attachment in infant monkeys than feeding or reduction of hunger.

Answer 7

“To love you, I must know you will always be there” Postulated that infants needed to 1) differentiate strangers from caregivers and 2) develop object permanence (correlates with when attachments are formed at 7-9 mos)

Answer 8

All species (including humans) are born with innate behavioral tendencies that contributed to the survival of the species.

Answer 9

``` Konrad Lorenz (1903-1989) Very young goslings followed almost any moving object. Automatic Occur within a critical period Irreversible ```

Answer 10

Relates to overall appearance – large heads, chubby cheeks, soft/rounded features – makes them cute!!! Cute means that caregivers respond more favorably to them (Barden, 1989, Langlois 1995) Many inborn reflexes are endearing – rooting, sucking, grasping (may show parents their infant likes to be close to them) Smiling is pleasing and potent stimulus for parents – helps parents interpret that their child is content, and that they are effective caregivers.

Answer 11

Stressed that parent-infant attachments are reciprocal relationships Postulated that attachment behaviors were adaptive responses to separation from caregivers to facilitate survival.

Answer 12

such as crying and searching, are adaptive responses to separation from a primary attachment figure

Answer 13

--someone who provides support, protection, and care. Because human infants, like other mammalian infants, cannot feed or protect themselves, they are dependent upon the care and protection of "older and wiser" adults. Bowlby argued that, over the course of evolutionary history, infants who were able to maintain proximity to an attachment figure via attachment behaviors would be more likely to survive to a reproductive age.

Answer 14

A motivational system gradually "designed" by natural selection to regulate proximity to an attachment figure

Answer 15

adults are just as biologically predisposed to respond favorably to a baby’s signals as their baby is to emit them.

Answer 16

Bowlby says that secure attachments gradually develop as a caregiver becomes more proficient at reading and reacting appropriately to baby’s signals and as parents become more predictable to baby

Answer 17

Stranger Anxiety | Separation Anxiety

Answer 18

The wary reaction to a stranger (in sharp contrast to attachment behaviors with caregiver) Peak at 8-10 months, wanes in intensity over 2nd year

Answer 19

The signs of discomfort when separated from primary caregivers Starts at 6-8 months, peaks at 14-18 months, gradually becomes less frequent.

Answer 20

In cultures (particularly non-industrialized) where mothers are always in close contact with infants, they may protest separations at 2-3 months (earlier than Western infants) as the separation is strange for them. As co-sleeping becomes more common in the US and other industrialized, we may see shifts in separation anxiety Once infants begin to walk they can use their attachment figure as a “secure” base for exploration – this may be an ethological explanation for why these anxieties fade during the 2nd year.

Answer 21

Children develop stable schemes for the faces of familiar caregivers, and the face that absent caregivers do return. When there are discrepancies, that elicits more protest. Otherwise, 7-10 month olds won’t protest most separations because they have a pretty good idea where a caregiver has gone. Research shows that infants at home were more like to protest when a caregiver departed through an unfamiliar doorway (like the back door versus the front door) or if they look for their mother and discover she is not where they thought she was.

Answer 22

``` Depressing AF Rene Spitz (1887-1974) Studied babies left in orphanages around the time of the World War II ```

Answer 23

Mary Ainsworth – “The Strange Situation” 1. Introduce parent & baby to playroom 2. Parent sits while baby plays 3. Parent sits while baby plays Stranger enters, sits, and talks to parent 4. Parent leaves, stranger offers comfort if baby upset 5. Parent returns greets baby, offers comfort if upset. Stranger leaves. 6. Parent leaves room 7. Stranger enters and offers comfort 8. Parent returns greets baby, offers comfort if upset, tries to interest baby in toys

Answer 24

65% Child actively explores while alone with mom May be visibly upset by separations Greets mom warmly when she returns If highly distressed, seeks physical contact with her alleviates distress Outgoing with strangers with mom present

Answer 25

Resistant / Ambivalent Avoidant Disorganized/Disoriented

Answer 26

10% Tries to stay close to mom but explores very little when she is present Becomes distressed when mom leaves When she returns, child is ambivalent Remain near, but angry at her for leaving Resists physical contact initiated by mom Wary of strangers even with mom present

Answer 27

20% Show little distress when separated from mom Will turn away and continue to ignore moms, even when they are trying to get their attention Possibly sociable with strangers but may avoid or ignore them

Answer 28

5-10% Curious combination of resistant and avoidant patterns Confused about whether to approach or avoid the caregiver Upon reunion, child may act dazed or freeze, or move closer but then abruptly move away as mom draws near (or may show both patterns in the different reunion episodes)