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Term 5 Psych > Infancy > Flashcards

Infancy Flashcards

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1
Q

What is development?

A

Systematic continuities and changes that individuals display over the course of their lives that reflect the influence of biological maturation and learning.

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2
Q

What do “developmentalists” do?

A

Describe, explain and optimize development

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3
Q

Who are “developmentalists”?

A 
Neuroscientists 
Pediatricians
Psychiatrists
Psychologists
Speech and Language Pathologists
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4
Q

Developmental Themes

A

Nature v. Nurture
Passive v. Active
Continuity v. Discontinuity
Universal v. Context-Dependent

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5
Q

Five Stages of Infancy and Toddlerhood

A 
Prenatal
0-2 months
2-7 months
7-18 months
18-36 months
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6
Q

Prenatal

A

Parental expectations for fetus
In-utero exposures to toxins and or maternal emotional well-being, and health complications can impact the growth and development of fetus, pregnancy duration, delivery complications or ease

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7
Q

0-2 months

A 
Maintaining Homeostasis:  maintaining physiological equilibrium in the 
face of internal and external 
stimuli
Hunger / Thirst
Stimulation
Sleep
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8
Q

2-7 months

A

Increased social reciprocity between the infant and caregiver(s)

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9
Q

7-18 months

A

Reciprocal communication and social preference or belonging
Development of inter-subjectivity or the understanding that their thought, feelings, gestures and sounds can be heard by others.

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10
Q

18-36 months

A

Increased ability to use symbolic representation

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11
Q

4th trimester

A

First 3 months after birth are part of a “fourth trimester” – that humans rely on their large brains and are thus unable to stay in the womb as long as they need for gestation.
Really an effort at recreating a womb-like environment.
Human infants are born very vulnerable. Given this vulnerability, there is one thing that they can do that is quite powerful – cry! This is the beginning of a signaling that powerfully elicits a response from caregivers.

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12
Q

Rooting

A

Significance: Helps baby find nipple
Age when reflex disappears: 3-4 weeks (replaced by voluntary head turning)
(FA=4mos)
Action: Turns head in the direction of the tactile stimulus to the cheek

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13
Q

Sucking

A

Significance: Permits feeding
Age when reflex disappears: 4 mos. (replaced by voluntary sucking
Action: Sucks on objects placed (or taken) into the mouth

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14
Q

Moro

A

Significance: May help baby cling to mom
Age when reflex disappears: 6 mos. (FA = 3 mos)
Action: A loud noise or sudden change in position of the baby’s head will cause the baby to throw out his or her arms outward, arch the back, and bring the arms together as if to hold on to something.

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15
Q

Blink

A

Significance: Protects eyes
Age when reflex disappears: Permanent
Action: Closing or blinking the eyes

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16
Q

Babinski

A

Significance: Remnant of evolution
Age when reflex disappears: 8-12 mos. (FA=12 mos)
Action: Fanning and then curling the toes when the bottom of the foot is stroked

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17
Q

Palmar

A

Significance: Precursor to voluntary walking
Age when reflex disappears: 3-4 mos. (FA=6mos)
Action: Curling of the fingers around objects such as a finger that touch the baby’s palm

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18
Q

Stepping

A

Significance: Precursor to voluntary walking
Age when reflex disappears: 2-3 mos.
Action: Infant held upright so that their feet touch a flat surface will step as if to walk

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19
Q

Crying

A

Most early cries are provoked by physical discomfort (hunger, pain, wet diaper, loud noises, sudden light, etc.)
Infants cry the most often in their first 3 months of life, then start to decrease (brain maturation?)
May be differences based on biology (more shrill cry in babies who are preterm, malnourished, brain-damaged, addicted, etc.)

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20
Q

Sleep

A

Around 2-6 weeks, babies sleep about14-16 hours a day​
Between 3 and 7 months, may reach a milestone ofsleeping through the nightwith naps during the day​
REM sleep accounts for at least half initially, but this steadily declines after birth, ~25-30% of sleep is REM in 6-month olds.

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21
Q

0-2 months: Motor Milestones

A

At birth, turns head side to side at birth
1-2 months – Lifts head up when prone (FA)(remember tummy time helps),
1-2 months—visually tracks

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22
Q

Vision and the Infant

A

At birth ~20/600
6 month ~20/100
Equal to adults around 6 years old!

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23
Q

Why are infants much more likely to track faces or face-like stimuli?

A

A possibility is that this is an adaptive remnant of our evolution, a reflex controlled by subcortical parts of our brains to help orient to caregivers and promote social interactions

24
Q

0-2 months: Social - Emotional Milestones

A 
The Asocial Phase (0-6 weeks)
Indiscriminate attachment (6 weeks–6 mos)
25
Q

The Asocial Phase

A

(0-6 weeks) – many kinds of social or nonsocial stimuli produce favorable reactions, few produce any protest.

26
Q

Indiscriminate attachment

A

(6 weeks–6 mos) – At 2 months, displays social smile (FA) & can respond to facial expression

27
Q

2-7 months: Motor Milestones

A 
Reaches for objects at 3-5 mos (starts by swiping)
Transfers objects from one hand to other at 6-7 mos (FA)
Rolls 
Front to back ~ 4 mos
Both directions ~6 mos
Sits 
With support ~ 6 mos (FA)
Without support ~ 9 mos
28
Q

2-7 months: Social & Language Milestones

A 
Increased social reciprocity between the infant and caregiver (smiling, playing, copying facial expression, starting to tell when someone is familiar or a stranger)
Cooing and babbling (~2 mos)
Responds to own name
(~6 mos)
Early object 
permanence
~5 mos (peek-a-boo)
29
Q

7-18 months: Motor Milestones

A

Crawls at 6-9 mos.
Pulls to stand at 9 mos.
Cruises, walks at 12 mos.
Climbs stairs by 18mos.

30
Q

7-9 months: Specific Attachments

A

Reciprocal communication and social preference or belonging
Development of intersubjectivity
Starts to socially reference
Specific Attachment phase

31
Q

Specific Attachment phase

A

(7-9 mos): Shows a preference and increased attachment to a particular caregiver

32
Q

Intersubjectivity

A

The understanding that their thoughts, feelings, gestures and sounds can be heard by others.

33
Q

9-18 months: Multiple Attachments

A

Within weeks of forming their first attachments, about half of infants are starting to become attached to other figures (fathers, siblings, grandparents, regular babysitters, etc.)
By 18 mos, very few infants are attached to only one person, some were attached to 5+ people.

34
Q

Stranger anxiety

A

anxiety when a stranger approaches

Peak at 8-10 months, wanes in intensity over 2nd year

35
Q

Separation anxiety

A

anxiety when separated from primary caregiver

begins at 6-8 mos., peaks ~ 14-18 mos.

36
Q

Erik Erickson

A

Developmental psychologist & psychoanalyst

Came up with 8 psychosocial stages (or general conflicts) from birth to death

37
Q

Erikson

Infancy

A

Infancy
(Birth to 1 year)
Basic Conflict: Trust vs. Mistrust

Need attentive, reliable, caring, and affectionate caregivers.
When these are absent infants mistrust that the world is a safe place.
“Once bitten, twice shy.”

38
Q

Jean Piaget

A

Swiss developmental psychologist, philosopher, scientist of nature
Influenced by psychoanalyst Carl Jung; became interested in how children develop their minds
Best known for 4 stages of cognitive development

39
Q

Sensorimotor Stage

A 
Infancy
(birth to 2 year)
Sensory input + motor capabilities = behavioral schemes (“act on” and “get to know” their environments)
Young infants have little sense of 
object permanence early on
40
Q

Temperament

A

A biological foundation for
individual variations in behavior
that are genetically influenced and persistent over time

41
Q

9 dimensions of temperament

A

Activity level
Rhythmicity (regularity): in relation to sleep cycles, feeding patterns, etc.
Approach or withdrawal: the nature (positive, withdrawing, negative) of response to a new stimulus
Adaptability
Threshold of responsiveness: the level of stimulation necessary to elicit a noticeable response
Intensity of reaction
Quality of mood
Distractibility
Attention span and persistence

42
Q

Thomas and Chess Studies

A

1977
129 kids, 80 families, over 25-30 ys, 97% retention rate
Aspects of temperament tended to cluster and continue over time

43
Q

Easy Temperament

A

40%
positive mood, easy-going, predictable
(AKA Lucia)

44
Q

Difficult Temperament

A

10%
active, irritable, irregular, slow to adapt,
resistant / reactive to change,

45
Q

Slow-to-warm up Temperament

A

15%
inactive, moody, respond to novelty poorly
(AKA Alejandro)

46
Q

Biological Contributions to Temperament

A

Identical twins > fraternal twins

Variability in temperament even when parenting practices are accounted for

47
Q

Neurological Differences in Temperament

A

INCREASED R cerebral hemisphere activity in infants distressed by novelty

INCREASED R frontal lobe activation (compared to L) in kids with inhibited style

4-month olds who responded to stimuli with robust motor activity, muscle tension, and frequent crying (also had low threshold of excitability in amygdala) were more likely to be inhibited at age 2

High-reactive (i.e. inhibited) 5 and 7-year olds had INCREASED sympathetic reactivity than low-reactive when stressed

48
Q

Cultural Differences in Temperament

A

Culture sets different contexts by which particular temperaments are tolerated

Ex. In China, kids who are more reserved are perceived as more socially mature by teachers and more popular with peers – opposite of the U.S.

49
Q

INCREASED Anxiety in what temperament?

A

The “Slow-To-Warm-Up” Temperament

50
Q

The “Difficult” Temperament

Results

A

By age nine, 70% had developed a behavior disorder

30% who functioned well were provided with opportunities to settle and adapt in their own time, were not put down for negative mood (even when intensely expressed)

51
Q

“Goodness of Fit”

A

Thomas and Chess

Development is optimized when parents’ parenting practices are sensitively adapted to the child’s characteristics

52
Q

Temperament vs. Personality

A

Temperament: Biological in nature, appears early in life

Personality: Broader realm of individual characteristics that develop over time with experience.

53
Q

Application of Lecture?

A

Hospital Practices
Guidance for foster care/adoption policies
Guidance in judicial decisions for children
Treatment of postpartum depression
Establishment of daycare standards

54
Q

Infancy is a time of…

A

of maintaining homeostasis and acquiring significant amounts of knowledge about the world around you by acting on your environment (sensori-motor stage)

55
Q

Early childhood is a crucial time in…

A

developing a sense of trust and safety while in the hands of your caregiver (Erickson’s Trust vs. Mistrust)

56
Q

Kids do biologically come out differently as evidenced by

A

Temperament

57
Q

With kids, “goodness of fit” is…

A

Important in helping to predict outcomes

Term 5 Psych (20 decks)

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