Familial & Extra-familial Influences on Development Flashcards

Question

SES and Parenting

Answer 1

Poverty living and its stresses contribute to authoritarian styles being over-represented Relation between social class and parenting styles may be related to people focusing on the skills needed by workers in their respective fields

Answer 2

Native-American & Hispanic: stress communal rather than individual goals, maintain close ties to relatives, and demand proper and polite behaviors instead of competitiveness and pursuit of individual goals Asian-Americans stress self-discipline, interpersonal cooperation (may appear more authoritarian) African-American: “no-nonsense parenting” (falls somewhere between authoritarian and authoritative) may be adaptive in situations where supervision cannot be provided or the environment is threatening

Answer 3

The link between authoritative parenting and positive developmental outcomes exists for many racial and ethnic groups studied both in the U.S. and elsewhere

Answer 4

“guinea pigs” (parents have lots of enthusiasm and little practical experience); parents have high expectations and are both more affectionate and more punitive towards them Tend to have higher IQ, more likely to go to college, more likely to conform to parents’ and adults’ requests

Answer 5

Later children – parents have more realistic expectations, and are more relaxed in discipline Tend to be less concerned about pleasing parents and adults, more popular with peers, and more innovative

Answer 6

Only Children: a comprehensive analysis of 100+ studies show little difference in terms of being “spoiled brats” Tend to succeed more in school, and higher levels of intelligence, leadership, autonomy, and maturity

Answer 7

Minimized when parents continue to provide love and attention to older children and encourage them to form a care-taking role with the new baby

Answer 8

With same-sex sibs When neither sib is too emotional As the younger child approaches adolescence

Answer 9

Sibs tend to get along better when parents don’t play favorites and treat all sibs fairly. Marital conflict is a good predictor of antagonistic sibling interactions

Answer 10

Sibs aid in emotional understanding, promote negotiation and compromise, and more mature forms of moral reasoning

Answer 11

50-60% of newly married couples can expect to divorce About 40% of U.S. kids have divorced parents

Answer 12

Psychological risk for kids of divorce is 2 times that of kids of intact families ~20-25% of children of divorce ~10% of children of intact families 75-80% of children from divorce exhibit resiliency

Answer 13

Regression, separation anxiety, generalized anxiety, sleep problems, aggression

Answer 14

Unconscious feelings about causality, decreased self-worth, depression, conduct disorders, developmental delays

Answer 15

Loneliness, helplessness, feelings of responsibility, conflicts of loyalty, decreased school performance, conflictual peer relationships

Answer 16

Unrealistic longings for reconciliation, antisocial behaviors, antisocial behaviors, academic problems, depression, anxiety

Answer 17

Acute depression, anger, accelerated and/or conflicted separation / individuation process

Answer 18

Substance abuse, depression, suicidal ideation, anxiety, relationship problems

Answer 19

Long-term: | unwanted pregnancies, weaker marital relationships, lower SES attainment

Answer 20

``` High level of inter-parental conflict Extended family conflict Reduced economic circumstances Complex step-parent homes Ongoing legal battles ```

Answer 21

Good relationships with at least one parent who remains involved Support of sibs Support of peers Continued contact with opposite sex parent if that parent is reasonably healthy Supportive grandparents or other extended family

Answer 22

Do not keep it a secret or wait until the last minute. Tell your child together with your spouse. Keep things simple and straight-forward. Tell them the divorce is not their fault. Admit that this will be sad and upsetting for everyone. Reassure your child that you both still love them and will always be their parents. Do not discuss each other’s faults or problems with the child.

Answer 23

kids with strong self esteem recognize their strengths and weaknesses but are positive about themselves overall ``` Scholastic competence Social acceptance Physical appearance Athletic competence Behavioral conduct ```

Answer 24

Self ratings are modestly correlated with teacher ratings Researchers think higher ratings are related to a desire to be liked or good at activities rather than solid sense of self worth

Answer 25

Self ratings are similar to teachers in all categories except behavioral conduct

Answer 26

By adolescence, girls with higher self-esteem are those with more supportive relationships with friends Boys with higher self esteem feel able to influence friends Girls (more than boys) experience a dip in self-esteem in junior high (multiple stressors)

Answer 27

4-5 years: start of self comparison, which increases with age Less in communally reared children (Kibbutz) – more about cooperation and teamwork

Answer 28

Raised monkeys with mothers alone with peer deprivation Peer-only monkeys

Answer 29

Showed abnormal patterns of sociability When exposed to age-mates became avoidant or aggressive

Answer 30

Formed strong reciprocal attachments Excessively clingy Highly distressed over minor things As adults aggressive towards non-peer monkeys

Answer 31

Six 3-year olds were found living alone in a Nazi concentration camp (parents killed at 12 mos old, received minimal caregiving from inmates, raised themselves)

Answer 32

When discovered treatment center --> (indifferent / hostile towards staff, aggressive / upset when separated) Eventually had + relationships with adult caregivers --> eventually did ok 35 years later

Answer 33

Any positive interaction = “friend”

Answer 34

Basis for friendship is shared activities | usually one’s own interests

Answer 35

Friends are psychologically similar based on reciprocal relationships; mutual liking

Answer 36

Reciprocal emotional commitments; trust is a higher priority

Answer 37

Friends provide security and support At least one friend can reduce loneliness of unpopular children Friends contribute to social problem-solving skills

Answer 38

liked by many, disliked by few

Answer 39

seem invisible to peers Neglected kids are more likely to attain improved status if they enter a new setting

Answer 40

disliked by many, liked by few ** Rejected kids feel the most left-out and run the greatest risk of displaying deviant, antisocial behavior and other serious mental health problems later in life

Answer 41

liked by many, disliked by many

Answer 42

liked (or disliked) by moderate number

Answer 43

outgoing, friendly, cooperative, good social-cognitive skills

Answer 44

more shy and quiet, fewer attempts to enter social group, behavior seems to originate from their own anxiety rather than active ostracism

Answer 45

Aggressive | Withdrawn

Answer 46

more aggressive, disruptive, critical, low levels of pro-social behavior, overestimate their social standing

Answer 47

behaviorally awkward, immature, insensitive to peer group expectations, feel lonely

Answer 48

Having 1+ supportive friend reduces loneliness and victimization of unpopular children Children who enter KG with friends have fewer adjustment problems Measure of saliva cortisol (indicative of stress) after conversations with acquaintances > than with friends

Answer 49

Preschool children who are criticized for cross-sex play stop the activity in < 1 minute (Lamb, 1980) Peers are influential on things like clothes, social events and recreational activities (Sebald, 1986)

Answer 50

Sesame street, Dora, Clifford (+) Pro-social behaviors Action video games: + motor control, visual memory, attention, cognition

Answer 51

Fantasy-Reality ~7 years old Violence/aggression Sedentary lifestyle/obesity Sleep disturbance School decline

Answer 52

TV viewing begins in infancy, increases until about age 11, then declines somewhat in adolescence – a trend that holds in Australia, Canada, Japan, Korea, several European countries, and the U.S. Boys watch more TV than girls and ethnic minority children living in poverty are especially likely to be heavy viewers

Answer 53

some show biggest impact is when TV becomes a substitute for other leisure activities (Huston, 1998); some show moderate exposure show no significant cognitive or academic deficiencies (Huston, 1999), some show exposure at an early age was predictive of increased risk for ADHD at school age (Christakis, 2004) as well as sleep, weight and school issues Children may learn useful information from TV, particularly educational programming

Answer 54

For males associated with increased weight For girls associated with sleep deprivation May lead away from other activities that are more physical and social Amount of violence and different developmental levels of understanding

Answer 55

Have screen-free zones in the household No media < age 2 Monitor media diet Limit media time (avg kid > 7 hours / day) to one-two hours a day Encourage appropriate viewing and high-quality content Explain televised information to children Model good viewing habits Parent authoritatively

Answer 56

Distraction and increased coping during procedures and post-op Maintain social connections during lengthy hospitalizations Facilitate learning opportunities in hospital

Answer 57

58% of programs televised 6am-11pm had violent acts Watching violent program and behaving violent reciprocal Mean world beliefs Can desensitize to violence

Answer 58

view the world as a violent place where people rely on aggression to solve problems

Answer 59

Pre-schoolers show increased vocabulary, pre-reading and numeracy skills Unlike other shows kids benefit even watched alone Clifford and Dora increase expressive language skills

Answer 60

Can be a tool to teach children about social relationships Can encourage pro-social behaviors if parents reinforce lessons Conflict resolution Exposure to people, cultures, and ideas not necessarily typical of the community the child lives in

Answer 61

Action oriented videogames associated with improved motor control, attention, vision, cognition, visual memory, and set shifting

Answer 62

94% of videogames marketed for teens had violence Violent videogames have been found to be associated with short and long term aggression particularly in males

Answer 63

All forms of media have positive and negative aspects Families need to have on going conversations about time limits, content, and what they are seeing and doing and how that fits into their lives and family culture Parents need to be actively involved in monitoring and educating Media can be a great tool to start conversations for the family to discuss their values and expectations