Toddlerhood

Question 1

what is the protein deficiency in childhood, leading to symptoms such as lethargy, irritability, thinning hair and swollen body, which may be fatal if not treated

Answer 1

Kwashiorkor

Question 2

dietary ingredients essential to optimal
physical growth, including iodine, iron, zinc
and vitamins A, B12, C and D

Answer 2

micronutrients

Question 3

density of synapses among neurons in the
brain; peaks around age 3

Answer 3

synaptic density

Question 4

process of reducing number of connections
between neurons so that they become moreefficient

Answer 4

synaptic pruning

Question 5

a device that measures the electrical activity of the cerebral cortex, allowing researchers to measure overall activity of the cerebral cortex as well as activation of specific parts

Answer 5

EEG (electroencephalogram)

Question 6

method of monitoring brain activity in which a person lies inside a machine that uses a magnetic field to record changes in blood flow and oxygen use in the brain in response to different kinds of stimulation

Answer 6

fMRI (functional magnetic resonance
imaging)

Question 7

Piaget’s final stage of sensorimotor
development in which toddlers first think
about the range of possibilities and then
select the action most likely to achieve the
desired outcome

Answer 7

mental representations

Question 8

ability to repeat actions observed at an
earlier time

Answer 8

deferred imitation

Question 9

difference between skills or tasks that
children can accomplish alone and those they are capable of performing if guided by an adult or a more competent peer

Answer 9

zone of proximal development

Question 10

in Vygotsky’s theory, self-guiding and selfdirecting comments children make to
themselves as they learn in the zone of
proximal development

Answer 10

private speech

Question 11

degree of assistance provided to the learner in the zone of proximal development, gradually decreasing as the learner’s skills develop

Answer 11

scaffolding

Question 12

teaching interaction between two people
(often an adult and a child) as they
participate in a culturally valued activity

Answer 12

guided participation

Question 13

ability to take the word symbols of a
language and combine them in a virtually
infinite number of new ways

Answer 13

infinite generativity

Question 14

portion of the left frontal lobe of the human brain that is specialised for language production

Answer 14

Broca’s area

Question 15

portion of the left temporal lobe of the human brain that is specialised for language comprehension

Answer 15

Wernicke’s area

Question 16

according to Chomsky, innate feature of the brain that enables children to perceive and grasp quickly the grammatical rules in the language around them

Answer 16

language acquisition device (LAD)

Question 17

single word that is used to represent a whole sentence

Answer 17

holophrase

Question 18

use of a single word to represent a variety of related objects

Answer 18

overextension

Question 19

applying a general word to a specific object

Answer 19

underextension

Question 20

learning and remembering a word for an
object after just one time of being told what the object is called

Answer 20

fast mapping

Question 21

two-word phrases that strip away connecting
words, such as the and and

Answer 21

telegraphic speech

Question 22

applying grammatical rules even to words
that are exceptions to the rule

Answer 22

overregularisation

Question 23

Toddlerhood emotional self-regulation - 4 types

Answer 23

behaviours, language, external requirements, sociomoral emotions

Question 24

emotions evoked based on learned, culturally based standards of right and wrong; also called secondary emotions

Answer 24

sociomoral emotions

Question 25

ability to understand and respond helpfully to another person’s distress

Answer 25

empathy

Question 26

behaviour intended to help or benefit others, including kindness, friendliness and sharing

Answer 26

prosocial behaviour

Question 27

capacity to think about one’s self as one would think about other people and objects

Answer 27

self-reflection

Question 28

awareness of one’s self as male or female

Answer 28

gender identity

Question 29

biological status of being male or female

Answer 29

sex

Question 30

cultural categories of ‘male’ and ‘female’

Answer 30

gender

Question 31

study of animal behaviour

Answer 31

ethology

Question 32

person who is sought out when a child experiences some kind of distress or threat in the environment

Answer 32

primary attachment figure

Question 33

role of primary attachment figure, allows child to explore world while seeking comfort when threats arise

Answer 33

secure base

Question 34

fear in response to unfamiliar people, usually evident in infants by age 6 months

Answer 34

stranger anxiety

Question 35

laboratory assessment of attachment entailing a series of introductions, separations and reunions involving the child, the mother and an unfamiliar person

Answer 35

Strange Situation (Ainsworth study)

Question 36

healthiest classification of parent–child attachment, in which the child uses the parent as a secure base from which to explore, protests when separated from parent and is happy when the parent returns

Answer 36

Secure attachment

Question 37

classification of parent–child attachment in which there is relatively little interaction between them, and the child shows little response to the parent’s absence and may resist being picked up when the parent returns

Answer 37

Insecure-avoidant attachment

Question 38

classification of parent–child attachment in which the child shows little exploratory behaviour when the parent is present, great distress when the parent leaves the room and ambivalence upon the parent’s return

Answer 38

Insecure-resistant attachment

Question 39

classification of parent–child attachment in which the child seems dazed and detached, with possible outbursts of anger, when the parent leaves the room, and exhibits fear upon the parent’s return

Answer 39

Disorganised-disoriented attachment

Question 40

Which of the following best describes Nellie, a toddler who is considered disorganised–disoriented attachment based on the Strange Situation test?

Answer 40

She seems dazed and detached when the mother leaves the room and remains fearful upon her return.

Question 41

At school Brice showed problems, such as hostility and cognitive deficits. Later on, at university, he was diagnosed with various types of psychopathology.

Answer 41

disorganised–disoriented

Question 42

developmental disorder marked by a lack of interest in social relations, abnormal language development and repetitive behaviour

Answer 42

autism sprectrum disorder (ASD)

Question 43

in media research, term for how media use occupies time that may have been spent on other activities

Answer 43

displacement effect

Question 44

What sensorimotor substage is Newborn reflexes

Answer 44

Reflexive schemes birth - 1 month

Question 45

Sensorimotor substage: motor habts centred around the infants own body; limited anticipation of events

Answer 45

Primary circular reactions 1-4months

Question 46

Sensorimotor substage: Actions aimed at repeating interesting effects in the surrounding world; imitation of familiar behaviours

Answer 46

Secondary circular reactions 4-8 months

Question 47

Sensorimotor substage; Intentional action sequences; improved anticipation of events; imitation of behaviours slightly different to the usual; object permanence

Answer 47

Coordination of secondary circular reactions 8-12 months

Question 48

Sensorimotor substage; Exploration of object properties; imitation of unfamiliar behaviours; ability to search several locations

Answer 48

Tertiary circular reactions 12-18 months