Infancy

Question 1

What is the principle of biological development that growth tends to begin at the top, with the head, and then proceeds downwards to the rest of the body

Answer 1

cephalocaudal principle (Latin for head to tail)

Question 2

What is the principle of biological development that growth proceeds from the middle of the body outwards

Answer 2

proximodistal principle (Latin for near to far)

Question 3

What is the chemical that enables neurons to communicate across synapses

Answer 3

neurotransmitter

Question 4

What is the part of a neuron that transmits electrical impulses and releases neurotransmitters

Answer 4

Axon

Question 5

What is part of the neuron that receives
neurotransmitters

Answer 5

Dendrite

Question 6

What is the process of the growth of the myelin sheath around the axon of a neuron

Answer 6

Myelination

Question 7

What is the process in brain development in which dendritic connections that are used become stronger and faster and those that are unused whither away

Answer 7

Synaptic pruning

Question 8

What is specialisation of functions in the two hemispheres of the brain

Answer 8

Lateralisation

Question 9

What is the degree in which development can be influenced by environmental circumstances

Answer 9

Plasticity

Question 10

What is the disease in which the body wastes away from lack of nutrients

Answer 10

Marasmus

Question 11

What is the number 1 cause of infant mortality after 1 month before 1 year?

Answer 11

Diarrhoea

Question 12

integration and coordination of information from the various senses

Answer 12

intermodal perception

Question 13

in Piaget’s theory of cognitive development,
the cognitive systems that organise thinking into coherent patterns so that all thinking takes place on the same level of cognitive functioning

Answer 13

mental structure

Question 14

focus on how cognitive abilities change with age in stage sequence of development, pioneered by Piaget and since taken up by other researchers

Answer 14

cognitive-developmental approach

Question 15

What is the concept that an innate, biologically based program is the driving force behind development

Answer 15

maturation

Question 16

What are cognitive structures for processing, organising and interpreting information.

Answer 16

Schemes

Question 17

What is the cognitive process of altering new information to fit an existing scheme

Answer 17

assimilation

Question 18

What is the cognitive process of changing a scheme to adapt to new information

Answer 18

accommodation

Question 19

The name of in Piaget’s theory, the first 2 years of cognitive development, which involves learning how to coordinate the activities of the senses with motor activities

Answer 19

sensorimotor stage

Question 20

What is awareness that objects (including people) continue to exist even when we are not in direct sensory or motor contact with them

Answer 20

object permanence

Question 21

What is approach to understanding cognitive functioning that focuses on cognitive processes that exist at all ages, rather than on viewing cognitive development in terms of discontinuous stages

Answer 21

information-processing approach

Question 22

What is gradual decrease in attention to a stimulus after repeated presentations

Answer 22

habituation

Question 23

following habituation, the revival of attention when a new stimulus is presented

Answer 23

dishabituation

Question 24

What is widely used assessment of infant
development from 16 days to 3½ years

Answer 24

Bayley Scales of Infant Development

Question 25

What is sensorimotor substage 1?

Answer 25

Based on neonatal reflexes

Question 26

Describe sensorimotor substage 2

Answer 26

based more on purposeful behaviour

Question 27

describe sensorimotor substage 3

Answer 27

repetition of movements that first occur by chance

Question 28

describe sensorimotor substage stage 4

Answer 28

based on intentional, goal directed behaviour

Question 29

What is the innate responses to the physical and social environment, including qualities of activity level, irritability, soothability, emotional reactivity and sociability

Answer 29

temperament

Question 30

What is the theoretical principle that children develop best if there is a good fit between the temperament of the child and environmental demands

Answer 30

Goodness-of-fit

Question 31

What are most basic emotions, such as anger, sadness, fear, disgust, surprise and happiness

Answer 31

primary emotions

Question 32

What are emotions that require social learning, such as embarrassment, shame and guilt; also called sociomoral or self-conscious emotions

Answer 32

secondary emotions

Question 33

in infants, crying in response to hearing another infant cry, evident beginning at just a few days old is called?

Answer 33

emotional contagion

Question 34

What is the term for process of becoming more adept at observing others’ emotional responses to ambiguous and uncertain situations, and using that information to shape one’s own emotional responses

Answer 34

social referencing

Question 34

What is the first stage of Erickson's psychosocial theory

Answer 34

trust versus mistrust

Question 35

Bowlby’s theory of emotional and social development, focusing on the crucial importance of the infant’s relationship with the primary caregiver is called?

Answer 35

Attachment theory

Question 36

Marasmus is _________ .

Answer 36

an infant disease characterised by muscle atrophy and abnormal drowsiness