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Toddlerhood Flashcards

0
Q

Private speech

A

In viygotsky’s theory, self- guiding and self- directing comments children make to themselves as they learn in the the zone of proximal development and have conversations with those guiding them; first spoken out loud, then internally.

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1
Q

Zone of proximal development

A

Difference between skills or task that children can accomplish alone and those are capable of performing if guided by an adult or more competent peer

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2
Q

Scaffolding

A

Degree of assistance provided to learner in this zone of proximal development, gradually decreasing as the learner’s skills develop

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3
Q

Guided participation

A

Teaching interaction between two people often An adult and child as they participate in a culturally valued activity

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4
Q

Infinite generative

A

Ability to take the word symbols of a language and combine them in a virtually infinite number of ways

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5
Q

Broca’s area

A

Portion of the left frontal lobe of the human brain that is specialized for language production

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6
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

Portion of the left temporal of the human brain that is specialized language comprehension

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7
Q

Holophrase

A

single word that is used to represent our whole sentence

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8
Q

Over extension

A

Use of a single word to represent a variety of related objects

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9
Q

Under extension

A

Applying a general word to a specific object

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10
Q

Fast mapping

A

Learning remembering a word for an object, after just one time of being told what the object is called

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11
Q

Language Acquisition device

A

According to Chomky, inmate feature of the brain that enables children to perceive and grasp quickly the grammatical rules into language around

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12
Q

Over regularization

A

Applying grammatical rules even to words that are exception to the rule

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13
Q

Social-moral emotions

A

Emotions evoked based on learned culturally based standards of right and wrong, secondary emotions

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14
Q

Empathy

A

Ability to understand and respond helpfully to another person’s distress

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15
Q

Prosocial behavior

A

Positive behavior toward others including kindness friendliness and sharing

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16
Q

Anatomy versus shame and doubt

A

Ericksons life span theory, The main crisis of the toddlerhood stage, When toddlers gain a healthy confidence in their ability to make choices and express them to others or parents are harsh and impatient and toddlers experience shame and doubt that undermines their Trust in themselves.

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17
Q

Self-recognition

A

Ability to recognize one’s image in the mirror as one’s self

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18
Q

Self reflection

A

Capacity to think about one’s self as one would think about other persons and objects

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19
Q

Gender identity

A

Awareness of one’s self as male or female

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20
Q

Sex

A

Biological status of the male or female

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21
Q

Gender

A

Cultural categories of male and female

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22
Q

Ethology

A

study of human behavior from a biological point of view

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23
Q

Primary attachment figure

A

Person who is sought out when A child experiences some kind of distress or threat in the environment

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24
Stranger anxiety
Fear and respond to an unfamiliar person usually evident in infants by the age of six months
25
Secure base
Role of primary attachment figure, allows child to explore world while seeking comfort when threats arise
26
Separation anxiety
Discomfort experienced by infants and young children when apart from the attachment figures, especially when a stranger is present
27
strange situation
Laboratory assessment of attachment entailing A series of introductions separations And reunions involving the child, The mother and an unfamiliar person
28
Secure attachment
Healthiest calcification of parent child attachment, in which the child uses parent secure base from which to explore, protest when separated from the parent and is happy Parent returns
29
Insecure avoidant attachment
Classification of parent child attachment in which there is relatively little interaction between them and the child shows little response to the parent's absence and may resist being picked up when the parent returns
30
Disorganize disoriented attachment
Classification of parting child attachment in which the child seems dazed and detached, with possible outburst of anger, when the parent leaves the room, and exhibits fear upon parents return.
31
Insecure resistant attachment
Justification of parent child attachment in which the child shows little exploratory behavior when the parent is present, great distress when Parent leaves the room and ambivalence upon parent return
32
Amae
Japanese word for very close physical, indulgent relationship between the mother and young child
33
Polygyny
Cultural tradition in which men have more than one wife
34
Autism
Developmental disorder marked by lack of interest in social relationships, abnormal language development, and repetitive behavior
35
Displacement effect
The media search, term for how media use occupies time that may have been spent on other activities
36
Gross motor development
Balance and posture as well whole-body movement such as crawling
37
Fine motor development
Finely tune movements of hands such as grasping and manipulating object
38
Finely tune movements of hands such as grasping and manipulating object
Fine motor development
39
Balance and posture as well whole-body movement such as crawling
Gross motor development
40
Transient exuberance
Increase in synaptic density the number of synaptic connections increase until the age of 3 but it is the most intense during the age of 2
41
Increase in synaptic density, the number of synaptic connections increase until the age of 3 but it is the most intense during the age of 2
Transient exuberance
42
Synaptic pruning
•Increases efficiency by allowing unused synapses to wither away •occurs during after transient exuberance •neurons are also pruned
43
•Increases efficiency by allowing unused synapses to wither away •occurs during after transient exuberance •neurons are also pruned
Synaptic Pruning
44
Electroencephalogram
Measures electrical activity of the cerebral cortex
45
FMRI
Functional magnetic resonance imaging, uses a magnetic field to record changes in blood flow and oxygen.
46
Sensorimotor stage.
•general movements from reflexes to intentional, organized behavior •by the end of first year reflexes are gone • 12 to 18 months being repeatedly trying behaviors to see what happened " little scientist"
47
Object permanence
A- not- B error at 1 year, look for objects where found it before not where they saw it hidden
48
A- not- B error at 1 year, look for objects where found it before not where they saw it hidden
Object permanence
49
Deferred imitation
•Will imitate a behavior after a delay •Piaget suggested 18 months, but could be sooner.
50
Categorization
Becomes standard skill based on appearance and then function
51
•Will imitate a behavior after a delay •Piaget suggested 18 months, but could be sooner.
Deferred imitation
52
Becomes standard skill based on appearance and then function
Categorization
53
Language development
•Better social coordination •better mental representation
54
Naming explosion
Pace of learning new words doubles (18-24 months)
55
Telegraphic speech
Combine to words in novel ways to express self
56
Self awareness and self concept
Develop significantly from 12 to 36 months( the schema of one's self )
57
Proximity seeking
Approaching care giver
58
Contact-maintaining
Touching holding
59
Internal working models
Self-concept and self awareness develop in the context of the early attachment relationship
60
Autistic disorder
Most severe form of ASD. Marked by inability to relate to other people normally, extreme, self-absorption, an inability to acquire language
61
Asper's syndrome
Milder form of autism. Disorder characterized by extreme attention to details and deficient social understanding. Language development is usually no disrupted
62
Difference between skills or task that children can accomplish alone and those are capable of performing if guided by an adult or more competent peer
Zone of proximal development
63
In viygotsky's theory, self- guiding and self- directing comments children make to themselves as they learn in the the zone of proximal development and have conversations with those guiding them; first spoken out loud, then internally.
Private speech
64
Degree of assistance provided to learner in this zone of proximal development, gradually decreasing as the learner's skills develop
Scaffolding
65
Teaching interaction between two people often An adult and child as they participate in a culturally valued activity
Guided participation
66
Ability to take the word symbols of a language and combine them in a virtually infinite number of ways
Infinite generative
67
Portion of the left frontal lobe of the human brain that is specialized for language production
Broca's area
68
Portion of the left temporal of the human brain that is specialized language comprehension
Wernicke's area
69
single word that is used to represent our whole sentence
Holophrase
70
Use of a single word to represent a variety of related objects
Over extension
71
Applying a general word to a specific object
Under extension
72
Learning remembering a word for an object, after just one time of being told what the object is called
Fast mapping
73
According to Chomky, inmate feature of the brain that enables children to perceive and grasp quickly the grammatical rules into language around
Language Acquisition device
74
Applying grammatical rules even to words that are exception to the rule
Over regularization
75
Emotions evoked based on learned culturally based standards of right and wrong, secondary emotions
Social-moral emotions
76
Ability to understand and respond helpfully to another person's distress
Empathy
77
Positive behavior toward others including kindness friendliness and sharing
Prosocial behavior
78
Ericksons life span theory, The main crisis of the toddlerhood stage, When toddlers gain a healthy confidence in their ability to make choices and express them to others or parents are harsh and impatient and toddlers experience shame and doubt that undermines their Trust in themselves.
Anatomy versus shame and doubt
79
Ability to recognize one's image in the mirror as one's self
Self-recognition
80
Capacity to think about one's self as one would think about other persons and objects
Self reflection
81
Awareness of one's self as male or female
Gender identity
82
Biological status of the male or female
Sex
83
Cultural categories of male and female
Gender
84
study of human behavior from a biological point of view
Ethology
85
Person who is sought out when A child experiences some kind of distress or threat in the environment
Primary attachment figure
86
Fear and respond to an unfamiliar person usually evident in infants by the age of six months
Stranger anxiety
87
Role of primary attachment figure, allows child to explore world while seeking comfort when threats arise
Secure base
88
Discomfort experienced by infants and young children when apart from the attachment figures, especially when a stranger is present
Separation anxiety
89
Laboratory assessment of attachment entailing A series of introductions separations And reunions involving the child, The mother and an unfamiliar person
strange situation
90
Healthiest calcification of parent child attachment, in which the child uses parent secure base from which to explore, protest when separated from the parent and is happy Parent returns
Secure attachment
91
Classification of parent child attachment in which there is relatively little interaction between them and the child shows little response to the parent's absence and may resist being picked up when the parent returns
Insecure avoidant attachment
92
Classification of parting child attachment in which the child seems dazed and detached, with possible outburst of anger, when the parent leaves the room, and exhibits fear upon parents return.
Disorganize disoriented attachment
93
Justification of parent child attachment in which the child shows little exploratory behavior when the parent is present, great distress when Parent leaves the room and ambivalence upon parent return
Insecure resistant attachment
94
Japanese word for very close physical, indulgent relationship between the mother and young child
Amae
95
Cultural tradition in which men have more than one wife
Polygyny
96
Developmental disorder marked by lack of interest in social relationships, abnormal language development, and repetitive behavior
Autism
97
The media search, term for how media use occupies time that may have been spent on other activities
Displacement effect

Psychology (7 decks)

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