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Toddlerhood Flashcards

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0
Q

Private speech

A

In viygotsky’s theory, self- guiding and self- directing comments children make to themselves as they learn in the the zone of proximal development and have conversations with those guiding them; first spoken out loud, then internally.

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1
Q

Zone of proximal development

A

Difference between skills or task that children can accomplish alone and those are capable of performing if guided by an adult or more competent peer

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2
Q

Scaffolding

A

Degree of assistance provided to learner in this zone of proximal development, gradually decreasing as the learner’s skills develop

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3
Q

Guided participation

A

Teaching interaction between two people often An adult and child as they participate in a culturally valued activity

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4
Q

Infinite generative

A

Ability to take the word symbols of a language and combine them in a virtually infinite number of ways

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5
Q

Broca’s area

A

Portion of the left frontal lobe of the human brain that is specialized for language production

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6
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

Portion of the left temporal of the human brain that is specialized language comprehension

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7
Q

Holophrase

A

single word that is used to represent our whole sentence

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8
Q

Over extension

A

Use of a single word to represent a variety of related objects

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9
Q

Under extension

A

Applying a general word to a specific object

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10
Q

Fast mapping

A

Learning remembering a word for an object, after just one time of being told what the object is called

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11
Q

Language Acquisition device

A

According to Chomky, inmate feature of the brain that enables children to perceive and grasp quickly the grammatical rules into language around

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12
Q

Over regularization

A

Applying grammatical rules even to words that are exception to the rule

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13
Q

Social-moral emotions

A

Emotions evoked based on learned culturally based standards of right and wrong, secondary emotions

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14
Q

Empathy

A

Ability to understand and respond helpfully to another person’s distress

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15
Q

Prosocial behavior

A

Positive behavior toward others including kindness friendliness and sharing

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16
Q

Anatomy versus shame and doubt

A

Ericksons life span theory, The main crisis of the toddlerhood stage, When toddlers gain a healthy confidence in their ability to make choices and express them to others or parents are harsh and impatient and toddlers experience shame and doubt that undermines their Trust in themselves.

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17
Q

Self-recognition

A

Ability to recognize one’s image in the mirror as one’s self

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18
Q

Self reflection

A

Capacity to think about one’s self as one would think about other persons and objects

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19
Q

Gender identity

A

Awareness of one’s self as male or female

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20
Q

Sex

A

Biological status of the male or female

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21
Q

Gender

A

Cultural categories of male and female

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22
Q

Ethology

A

study of human behavior from a biological point of view

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23
Q

Primary attachment figure

A

Person who is sought out when A child experiences some kind of distress or threat in the environment

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24
Q

Stranger anxiety

A

Fear and respond to an unfamiliar person usually evident in infants by the age of six months

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25
Q

Secure base

A

Role of primary attachment figure, allows child to explore world while seeking comfort when threats arise

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26
Q

Separation anxiety

A

Discomfort experienced by infants and young children when apart from the attachment figures, especially when a stranger is present

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27
Q

strange situation

A

Laboratory assessment of attachment entailing A series of introductions separations And reunions involving the child, The mother and an unfamiliar person

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28
Q

Secure attachment

A

Healthiest calcification of parent child attachment, in which the child uses parent secure base from which to explore, protest when separated from the parent and is happy Parent returns

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29
Q

Insecure avoidant attachment

A

Classification of parent child attachment in which there is relatively little interaction between them and the child shows little response to the parent’s absence and may resist being picked up when the parent returns

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30
Q

Disorganize disoriented attachment

A

Classification of parting child attachment in which the child seems dazed and detached, with possible outburst of anger, when the parent leaves the room, and exhibits fear upon parents return.

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31
Q

Insecure resistant attachment

A

Justification of parent child attachment in which the child shows little exploratory behavior when the parent is present, great distress when Parent leaves the room and ambivalence upon parent return

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32
Q

Amae

A

Japanese word for very close physical, indulgent relationship between the mother and young child

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33
Q

Polygyny

A

Cultural tradition in which men have more than one wife

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34
Q

Autism

A

Developmental disorder marked by lack of interest in social relationships, abnormal language development, and repetitive behavior

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35
Q

Displacement effect

A

The media search, term for how media use occupies time that may have been spent on other activities

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36
Q

Gross motor development

A

Balance and posture as well whole-body movement such as crawling

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37
Q

Fine motor development

A

Finely tune movements of hands such as grasping and manipulating object

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38
Q

Finely tune movements of hands such as grasping and manipulating object

A

Fine motor development

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39
Q

Balance and posture as well whole-body movement such as crawling

A

Gross motor development

40
Q

Transient exuberance

A

Increase in synaptic density the number of synaptic connections increase until the age of 3 but it is the most intense during the age of 2

41
Q

Increase in synaptic density, the number of synaptic connections increase until the age of 3 but it is the most intense during the age of 2

A

Transient exuberance

42
Q

Synaptic pruning

A

•Increases efficiency by allowing unused synapses to wither away •occurs during after transient exuberance •neurons are also pruned

43
Q

•Increases efficiency by allowing unused synapses to wither away •occurs during after transient exuberance •neurons are also pruned

A

Synaptic Pruning

44
Q

Electroencephalogram

A

Measures electrical activity of the cerebral cortex

45
Q

FMRI

A

Functional magnetic resonance imaging, uses a magnetic field to record changes in blood flow and oxygen.

46
Q

Sensorimotor stage.

A

•general movements from reflexes to intentional, organized behavior •by the end of first year reflexes are gone • 12 to 18 months being repeatedly trying behaviors to see what happened “ little scientist”

47
Q

Object permanence

A

A- not- B error at 1 year, look for objects where found it before not where they saw it hidden

48
Q

A- not- B error at 1 year, look for objects where found it before not where they saw it hidden

A

Object permanence

49
Q

Deferred imitation

A

•Will imitate a behavior after a delay •Piaget suggested 18 months, but could be sooner.

50
Q

Categorization

A

Becomes standard skill based on appearance and then function

51
Q

•Will imitate a behavior after a delay •Piaget suggested 18 months, but could be sooner.

A

Deferred imitation

52
Q

Becomes standard skill based on appearance and then function

A

Categorization

53
Q

Language development

A

•Better social coordination •better mental representation

54
Q

Naming explosion

A

Pace of learning new words doubles (18-24 months)

55
Q

Telegraphic speech

A

Combine to words in novel ways to express self

56
Q

Self awareness and self concept

A

Develop significantly from 12 to 36 months( the schema of one’s self )

57
Q

Proximity seeking

A

Approaching care giver

58
Q

Contact-maintaining

A

Touching holding

59
Q

Internal working models

A

Self-concept and self awareness develop in the context of the early attachment relationship

60
Q

Autistic disorder

A

Most severe form of ASD. Marked by inability to relate to other people normally, extreme, self-absorption, an inability to acquire language

61
Q

Asper’s syndrome

A

Milder form of autism. Disorder characterized by extreme attention to details and deficient social understanding. Language development is usually no disrupted

62
Q

Difference between skills or task that children can accomplish alone and those are capable of performing if guided by an adult or more competent peer

A

Zone of proximal development

63
Q

In viygotsky’s theory, self- guiding and self- directing comments children make to themselves as they learn in the the zone of proximal development and have conversations with those guiding them; first spoken out loud, then internally.

A

Private speech

64
Q

Degree of assistance provided to learner in this zone of proximal development, gradually decreasing as the learner’s skills develop

A

Scaffolding

65
Q

Teaching interaction between two people often An adult and child as they participate in a culturally valued activity

A

Guided participation

66
Q

Ability to take the word symbols of a language and combine them in a virtually infinite number of ways

A

Infinite generative

67
Q

Portion of the left frontal lobe of the human brain that is specialized for language production

A

Broca’s area

68
Q

Portion of the left temporal of the human brain that is specialized language comprehension

A

Wernicke’s area

69
Q

single word that is used to represent our whole sentence

A

Holophrase

70
Q

Use of a single word to represent a variety of related objects

A

Over extension

71
Q

Applying a general word to a specific object

A

Under extension

72
Q

Learning remembering a word for an object, after just one time of being told what the object is called

A

Fast mapping

73
Q

According to Chomky, inmate feature of the brain that enables children to perceive and grasp quickly the grammatical rules into language around

A

Language Acquisition device

74
Q

Applying grammatical rules even to words that are exception to the rule

A

Over regularization

75
Q

Emotions evoked based on learned culturally based standards of right and wrong, secondary emotions

A

Social-moral emotions

76
Q

Ability to understand and respond helpfully to another person’s distress

A

Empathy

77
Q

Positive behavior toward others including kindness friendliness and sharing

A

Prosocial behavior

78
Q

Ericksons life span theory, The main crisis of the toddlerhood stage, When toddlers gain a healthy confidence in their ability to make choices and express them to others or parents are harsh and impatient and toddlers experience shame and doubt that undermines their Trust in themselves.

A

Anatomy versus shame and doubt

79
Q

Ability to recognize one’s image in the mirror as one’s self

A

Self-recognition

80
Q

Capacity to think about one’s self as one would think about other persons and objects

A

Self reflection

81
Q

Awareness of one’s self as male or female

A

Gender identity

82
Q

Biological status of the male or female

A

Sex

83
Q

Cultural categories of male and female

A

Gender

84
Q

study of human behavior from a biological point of view

A

Ethology

85
Q

Person who is sought out when A child experiences some kind of distress or threat in the environment

A

Primary attachment figure

86
Q

Fear and respond to an unfamiliar person usually evident in infants by the age of six months

A

Stranger anxiety

87
Q

Role of primary attachment figure, allows child to explore world while seeking comfort when threats arise

A

Secure base

88
Q

Discomfort experienced by infants and young children when apart from the attachment figures, especially when a stranger is present

A

Separation anxiety

89
Q

Laboratory assessment of attachment entailing A series of introductions separations And reunions involving the child, The mother and an unfamiliar person

A

strange situation

90
Q

Healthiest calcification of parent child attachment, in which the child uses parent secure base from which to explore, protest when separated from the parent and is happy Parent returns

A

Secure attachment

91
Q

Classification of parent child attachment in which there is relatively little interaction between them and the child shows little response to the parent’s absence and may resist being picked up when the parent returns

A

Insecure avoidant attachment

92
Q

Classification of parting child attachment in which the child seems dazed and detached, with possible outburst of anger, when the parent leaves the room, and exhibits fear upon parents return.

A

Disorganize disoriented attachment

93
Q

Justification of parent child attachment in which the child shows little exploratory behavior when the parent is present, great distress when Parent leaves the room and ambivalence upon parent return

A

Insecure resistant attachment

94
Q

Japanese word for very close physical, indulgent relationship between the mother and young child

A

Amae

95
Q

Cultural tradition in which men have more than one wife

A

Polygyny

96
Q

Developmental disorder marked by lack of interest in social relationships, abnormal language development, and repetitive behavior

A

Autism

97
Q

The media search, term for how media use occupies time that may have been spent on other activities

A

Displacement effect

Psychology (7 decks)

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