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Early Childhood Flashcards

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0
Q

Cerebellum

A

Structure at the base of the brain involved in balance and motor movement.

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1
Q

Corpus callousness

A

Band of neural fibers connecting the two hemispheres of the brain

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2
Q

Reticular formation

A

Part of the lower brain, involved in attention

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3
Q

Hippocampus

A

Structure involve in transfer of information from short-term to long-term memory

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4
Q

Infantile amnesia

A

In ability to remember what happened prior the age of 2

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5
Q

Anemia

A

Dietary deficiency of iron that causes problems such as fatigue, irritability, and attention.

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6
Q

Handedness

A

Preference for using either the right or the left hand in gross and fine motor activities

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7
Q

Preoperational stage

A

Cognitive stage from the age 2 to7 During which the child became capable of representing the world symbolically- for example, through the use of language- but is still very limited in ability to use mental operations

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8
Q

Conservation

A

Mental ability to understand that the quantity of a substance or material remains the the same even ifs appearance changes

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9
Q

Centration

A

Piaget’s tema for young children’s thinking as being centered or focused on one noticeable aspect of a cognitive problem to the exclusion of other important aspects

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10
Q

Reversibility

A

Ability to reverse an action mentally

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11
Q

Egocentric

A

Cognitive inability to distinguish between one’s own perspective and another person’s perspective

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12
Q

Animism

A

Tendency to attribute human thoughts and feelings to inanimate object and forces

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13
Q

Classification

A

Ability to understand that objects can be part of more than one cognitive group, for example an object can be classified with red objects as well around objects

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14
Q

Symbolic function substage

A

First substage of the preoperational stage, lasting from about age of 2 to age of 4, when the child first become capable of representational thought and using symbols to represent the world

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15
Q

Intuitive thought substage

A

Second substage of the preoperational stage, lasting from age of 4 to 7, during children begin to understand how one event leads to another event but cannot say why they know what they know

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16
Q

Theory of mind

A

Ability to understand thinking processes in one’s and others

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17
Q

Early intervention program

A

Program directed at young children who are at risk for later problems, intended to prevent problems from developing

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18
Q

Sensitive period

A

In the course of development, a period when the capacity for learning in a specific area is specially pronounced

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19
Q

Grammar

A

Language distinctive system of rules

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20
Q

Pragmatics

A

Social and cultural context of language that guides people as to what is appropriate to say and not to say in given social situation

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21
Q

Emotional self-regulation

A

Ability to exercise control over one’s emotions

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22
Q

Undercontrol

A

Trait of having inadequate emotional control or self-regulation

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23
Q

Externalizing problems

A

Problems that involve others, such as aggression

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24
Q

Over-control

A

Trait of having excessive emotional self regulation

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25
Q

Internalizing problems

A

Problems that entail turning stress inward , toward the self, such as depression and anxiety

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26
Q

Initiative vs guilty

A

Erikson’s lifespan theory, in which the alternative are learning to plan activities in a purposeful way, or being afflicted with excess guilt that undermines initiative

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27
Q

Gender constancy

A

Understanding that maleness and femaleness are biological and cannot be change

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28
Q

Gender roles

A

Cultural expectations for appearance and behavior specific to males or females

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29
Q

Gender schema

A

gender-based cognitive structure for organizing structure for organizing and processing information, comprising expectation for male’ and females’ appearance and behavior

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30
Q

Self-socialization

A

Process by which people seek to maintain constancy between their gender schemas and their behavior

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31
Q

parenting styles

A

Practices that parents exhibit in relation to their children and their beliefs about those practices

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32
Q

Demandingness

A

Degree to which parents set down rules and expectations for behavior and require their children to comply with them

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33
Q

Responsiveness

A

Degree to which parents are sensitive to their children’s needs and express love, warmth, and concern for them

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34
Q

Authorities parents

A

In classification for parenting styles, parents who are high in demandingness and responsiveness

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35
Q

Authoritarian parents

A

In classification of parenting styles, parents who are high in demandingness but low in responsiveness

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36
Q

Permissive parents

A

in classification of parenting styles, parents who are low in demandingness and high in responsiveness

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37
Q

Disengage parents

A

In classification of parenting styles, parents who are low in both demandingness and responsiveness

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38
Q

Reciprocal or bidirectional effects

A

In relations between two persons, the principle that each of them affects the other

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39
Q

Filial piety

A

Belief that children should respect, obey, and revere their parents throughout life; common in asian cultures

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40
Q

Familismo

A

Cultural belief amount Latinos that emphasize the love, closeness, and mutual obligations among family members

41
Q

Time-out

A

Disciplinary strategy in which the child is required to sit still in a designated place for a brief period

42
Q

Psychological control

A

Parenting strategy that uses shame and withdraw of love to influence children’s behavior

43
Q

Corporal punishment

A

Physical punishment of children

44
Q

Child maltreatment

A

Abuse or neglected of children, including physical, emotional, or sexual abuse.

45
Q

Foster care

A

For maltreatment children, approach in which adults approved by the stage agency take over the care of the child.

46
Q

Peers

A

Person who shares some aspect of their status in common, such as age

47
Q

Instrumental aggression

A

when a child wants something and uses aggressive behavior or words to get it

48
Q

Hostile aggression

A

Type of aggression that entails signs of anger and intent to inflict pain or harm on others

49
Q

Relational aggression

A

Type of aggression that involves damaging another person’s reputation among peers through social exclusion and malicious gossip

50
Q

Band of neural fibers connecting the two hemispheres of the brain

A

Corpus callousness

51
Q

Structure at the base of the brain involved in balance and motor movement.

A

Cerebellum

52
Q

Part of the lower brain, involved in attention

A

Reticular formation

53
Q

Structure involve in transfer of information from short-term to long-term memory

A

Hippocampus

54
Q

In ability to remember what happened prior the age of 2

A

Infantile amnesia

55
Q

Dietary deficiency of iron that causes problems such as fatigue, irritability, and attention.

A

Anemia

56
Q

Preference for using either the right or the left hand in gross and fine motor activities

A

Handedness

57
Q

Cognitive stage from the age 2 to7 During which the child became capable of representing the world symbolically- for example, through the use of language- but is still very limited in ability to use mental operations

A

Preoperational stage

58
Q

Mental ability to understand that the quantity of a substance or material remains the the same even ifs appearance changes

A

Conservation

59
Q

Piaget’s tema for young children’s thinking as being centered or focused on one noticeable aspect of a cognitive problem to the exclusion of other important aspects

A

Centration

60
Q

Ability to reverse an action mentally

A

Reversibility

61
Q

Cognitive inability to distinguish between one’s own perspective and another person’s perspective

A

Egocentric

62
Q

Tendency to attribute human thoughts and feelings to inanimate object and forces

A

Animism

63
Q

Ability to understand that objects can be part of more than one cognitive group, for example an object can be classified with red objects as well around objects

A

Classification

64
Q

First substage of the preoperational stage, lasting from about age of 2 to age of 4, when the child first become capable of representational thought and using symbols to represent the world

A

Symbolic function substage

65
Q

Second substage of the preoperational stage, lasting from age of 4 to 7, during children begin to understand how one event leads to another event but cannot say why they know what they know

A

Intuitive thought substage

66
Q

Ability to understand thinking processes in one’s and others

A

Theory of mind

67
Q

Program directed at young children who are at risk for later problems, intended to prevent problems from developing

A

Early intervention program

68
Q

In the course of development, a period when the capacity for learning in a specific area is specially pronounced

A

Sensitive period

69
Q

Language distinctive system of rules

A

Grammar

70
Q

Social and cultural context of language that guides people as to what is appropriate to say and not to say in given social situation

A

Pragmatics

71
Q

Ability to exercise control over one’s emotions

A

Emotional self-regulation

72
Q

Trait of having inadequate emotional control or self-regulation

A

Undercontrol

73
Q

Problems that involve others, such as aggression

A

Externalizing problems

74
Q

Trait of having excessive emotional self regulation

A

Over-control

75
Q

Problems that entail turning stress inward , toward the self, such as depression and anxiety

A

Internalizing problems

76
Q

Erikson’s lifespan theory, in which the alternative are learning to plan activities in a purposeful way, or being afflicted with excess guilt that undermines initiative

A

Initiative vs guilty

77
Q

Understanding that maleness and femaleness are biological and cannot be change

A

Gender constancy

78
Q

Cultural expectations for appearance and behavior specific to males or females

A

Gender roles

79
Q

gender-based cognitive structure for organizing structure for organizing and processing information, comprising expectation for male’ and females’ appearance and behavior

A

Gender schema

80
Q

Process by which people seek to maintain constancy between their gender schemas and their behavior

A

Self-socialization

81
Q

Practices that parents exhibit in relation to their children and their beliefs about those practices

A

parenting styles

82
Q

Degree to which parents set down rules and expectations for behavior and require their children to comply with them

A

Demandingness

83
Q

Degree to which parents are sensitive to their children’s needs and express love, warmth, and concern for them

A

Responsiveness

84
Q

In classification for parenting styles, parents who are high in demandingness and responsiveness

A

Authorities parents

85
Q

In classification of parenting styles, parents who are high in demandingness but low in responsiveness

A

Authoritarian parents

86
Q

in classification of parenting styles, parents who are low in demandingness and high in responsiveness

A

Permissive parents

87
Q

In classification of parenting styles, parents who are low in both demandingness and responsiveness

A

Disengage parents

88
Q

In relations between two persons, the principle that each of them affects the other

A

Reciprocal or bidirectional effects

89
Q

Belief that children should respect, obey, and revere their parents throughout life; common in asian cultures

A

Filial piety

90
Q

Cultural belief amount Latinos that emphasize the love, closeness, and mutual obligations among family members

A

Familismo

91
Q

Disciplinary strategy in which the child is required to sit still in a designated place for a brief period

A

Time-out

92
Q

Parenting strategy that uses shame and withdraw of love to influence children’s behavior

A

Psychological control

93
Q

Physical punishment of children

A

Corporal punishment

94
Q

Abuse or neglected of children, including physical, emotional, or sexual abuse.

A

Child maltreatment

95
Q

For maltreatment children, approach in which adults approved by the stage agency take over the care of the child.

A

Foster care

96
Q

Person who shares some aspect of their status in common, such as age

A

Peers

97
Q

when a child wants something and uses aggressive behavior or words to get it

A

Instrumental aggression

98
Q

Type of aggression that entails signs of anger and intent to inflict pain or harm on others

A

Hostile aggression

99
Q

Type of aggression that involves damaging another person’s reputation among peers through social exclusion and malicious gossip

A

Relational aggression

Psychology (7 decks)

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