Toddler and preschool health Flashcards
Toddler and preschooler definitions
Toddler: 1 to 3 yo
Preschooler: 4 to 5 yo
Toddler and preschooler frequency of exams
12-18 months: q 3 months
19-36: q 6 months
3 - 5 annually
Focus of development
Physical: anthropometric enhancements Cognitive: - Preoperational: 2 - 4yo - preconceptual; 4 - 7 yo: intuitive Psychosocial: - Toddler: autonomy - Preschool: initiative
Toddler: chest & head
Chest and head are equal to age 1; chest eventually grows 5 cm > head by end of preschool period
Phimosis
A condition in which the foreskin is tightly stretched around the head of the penis and cannot be pulled back freely
Genu varum vs genu valgum
Genu varum: bowed legs, think rum - wide stance, normal variant in toddlerhood
Genum valgum: knock-knees; think gum - sticks together, normal variant in preschooler
Rum before gum
Turned in foot
Femoral anteversion or tibial torsion - will outgrow
Visual acuity: 5 yo
20/30
Language development: age 2
- Up to a 50-word vocabulary
- Can follow two-step command
- Talks constantly
Language development: age 3
Up to a 900-word vocabulary
Language development: age 4
Can understand phrases and simple analogies
Language development: age 5
- Vocabulary > 2000 words
- Uses sentences regularly
- Knows at least 4 colors
Language development: Meaningful word usage in sentences (toddler & preschooler)
- Two words together by 2 years of age
- Three words together by 3 years of age
- Four words together by 4 years of age
- Five words together by 5 years of age
Play: toddler & preschooler
Toddler: Onlooker and parallel play
Preschoolders: Associative, cooperative, dramatic, physical play
Nutrition/ feeding guidance for toddlers & preschoolers
- Off the bottle and drinking from cup
- Encourage use of utensils (introduce spoon btw 15 - 17 months of age
- Avoid simple sugar snacks and drinks
- Don’t force eating (physiological food “jags” are common)
Toilet training
- Physiologic and psychological readiness begins btw 1.5 - 2.5 years
- Average daytime control is typically achieved by 2 years
- Nighttime control lags behind by 1 year compared to daytime control
- Don’t start in time of stress
- Don’t punish, reward all good efforts
Stuttering: when to refer
- Stuttering lasts > 6 months
- Child > 6 years
- Child avoids speaking
Autistic disorder
- Marked abnormal or impaired development in social interaction usually noted within the first year of life
- A greatly restrictive repertoire of activity and interests
- May exhibit language delay
Asperger’s syndrome
- Severe and sustained impairment in social interaction
- Development of restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, and activities
- May exhibit obsessive compulsive tendencies
- No language delay or clinically significant delays in language acquisition
Rett’s disorder
- A specific and highly distinctive pattern of neurodegenerative developmental regression following a period of normal functioning through the first 5 months of age
- Has been diagnosed only in females
- Etiology unknown
- Clinical presentation: lack of gain in developmental milestones, CNS irritability and withdrawal symptoms, loss of skills previously mastered (speech & hand skills), stereotypic hand movements, delayed head growth, seizures, scoliosis, hypertonicity
Childhood Disintegrative Disorder
Marked regression in multiple areas of functioning following a period of at least 2 years of apparently normal development
What is the most sophisticated and advanced type of play?
Cooperative
