TM Questions Flashcards

Question 1

Q

1.1. As defined by Campbell & Stanley (1963), selection is likely to be a threat to a study’s internal validity when:
A. two different intact groups act as the experimental group and control group
B. there is a differential loss of participants in the experimental and control groups.
C. participants are not randomly selected from the population.
D. participants in one group communicate important information to participants in another group.

Answer

A

1. Campbell and Stanley (1963) distinguished between eight major threats to a study’s internal validity. These threats are described in the Statistics and Research design chapter of the written study materials.
  a. CORRECT Selection is a potential threat to a study’s internal validity when, because of the way participants were assigned to groups, the groups differed in a relevant way before the treatment was applied.
  b. Incorrect This answer describes the threat to internal validity known as mortality or attrition.
  c. Incorrect In the context of threats to internal validity, selection refers to how participants were assigned to groups, not how they were selected from the population.
  d. Incorrect This answer describes the threat to internal validity known as diffusion.

Question 2

Q

1.2. Research looking at the relationship between “expressed emotion” and Schizophrenia has found that:
A. negative expressed emotion is often an early sign of the disorder.
B. expressed emotion is related more to the negative than the positive symptoms of the disorder.
C. a high degree of negative expressed emotion by family members is associated with a high risk for relapse for a person with this disorder
D. an extremely high or extremely low level of expressed emotion by family members is an environmental factor that increases the risk for the development of this disorder.

Answer

A

1. In the context of Schizophrenia, negative expressed emotion refers to excessive criticism or hostility or, at the other extreme, emotional overinvolvement and overprotectiveness.
  c. CORRECT The research has consistently linked negative expressed emotion by family members to a high risk of relapse and rehospitalization for a family member with Schizophrenia.

Question 3

Q

1.3. A 42 year old woman who has just begun taking lithium carbonate as a treatment for Bipolar Disorder will most likely experience which of the following side effects?
A. constipation, abdominal pain, and excessive salivation
B. nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain
C. increased appetite, carbohydrate craving, and weight gain
D. nausea, vomiting, constipation, and salt craving

Answer

A

1. Lithium may produce a number of unpleasant gastrointestinal side effects.
  b. CORRECT Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, anorexia, and dry mouth are common early gastrointestinal side effects of lithium. These symptoms usually appear within a few weeks and, if they occur late in therapy, may be a sign of lithium toxicity.

Question 4

Q

1.4. The primary purpose of the state and provincial licensing board is to:
A. protect the profession of psychology.
B. Protect the public.
C. Define ethical standards of conduct.
D. Define standards of care.

Answer

A

4 The primary purpose of the licensing boards is to protect the public.
b. CORRECT To achieve this goal, the boards establish minimum standards of competence for psychologists including degree, supervision, and examination requirements.

Question 5

Q

1.5 Research by Nettlebeck and Burns (2000) found that declines in fluid intelligence (reasoning ability) that are observed after age 55 are due to decreases in:
A. overall cognitive ability
B. working memory capacity
C. prospective memory
D. the efficiency of sensory memory.

Answer

A

5 T. Nettlebeck and N. R. Burns investigated the causes of increases in fluid intelligence in children ages 8 to 14 and declines in fluid intelligence in older adults ages 50 and older [Processing speed, working memory, and reasoning ability from childhood to old age, Personality and Individual Differences, 48(4), 379-384, 2010].
b. CORRECT Nettlebeck and Burns found that an age-related decrease in working memory capacity is directly responsible for declines in reasoning ability and that, while some of the decrease in working memory capacity is attributable to a slower processing speed, a portion of the decrease is independent from processing speed. They attribute this age-related decrease in working memory to a loss of neurons in the hippocampus.

Question 6

Q

1.6. Stanley Milgram investigated which of the following Yale University in the 1960s?

A. the willingness of individuals to conform to group norms even when those norms were obviously incorrect
B. the willingness of individual to obey an authority even when doing so hard harmful consequences for someone else.
C. the ability of individuals holding a minority opinion to influence the opinion of the majority
D. the ability of exposure to repeated conflict among groups to generate hostility and aggression toward members of the outgroup

Answer

A

6 Milgram’s research at Yale University is among the most well-known and conroversial research in the field of social psychology.
b. CORRECT Milgram’s research found that, under certain conditions, people are willing to comply with the requests of an authority, even when doing seems to have negative consequences for another person.

Question 7

Q

1.7 Complete or almost complete loss of movement is referred to as:
A. Athetosis
B. atonia.
C. akathisia.
D. akinesia.

Answer

A

7 All of the terms listed in the responses refer to movement disturbances.
a. Incorrect Athetosis refers to slow, uncoordinated, and involuntary movements of the extremities.
b. Incorrect Atonia is a lack of muscle tone.
c. Incorrect Akathisia is an inability to sit or stand motionless along with a feeling of restlessness.
d. CORRECT This is the definition of akinesia, which is associated with several disorders including stroke and Parkinson’s disease.

Question 8

Q

1.8 A colleague of yours, an industrial psychologist, designs a study to investigate the relationship between job satisfaction and mental and physical health. Based on your knowledge of the research in this area, you tell him that:
A. there is no consistent relationship between job satisfaction and mental or physical health.
B. There is a positive relationship between job satisfaction and mental and physical health.
C. there is a positive relationship between job satisfaction and mental health but no relationship between job satisfaction and physical health.
D. there is a positive relationship between job satisfaction and physical health but no relationship between job satisfaction and mental health.

Answer

A

8 Even if you are unfamiliar with the research in this area, it seems logical that job dissatisfaction might be either a cause or effect of poor physical and/or mental health.
b. CORRECT Several studies have found a positive relationship between job satisfaction and both mental and physical health. Note, however, that the research has not demonstrated that job satisfaction causes mental/physical health or vice-versa, only that they are correlated.

Question 9

Q

1.9 Mike M., age 17, has an IQ of 80 and exhibits mild deficits in social and self-help skills.  The most likely DSM-IV-TR diagnosis for Mike is:
A. Mild Mental Retardation
B. Moderate Mental Retardation
C. Borderline Intellectual Functioning
D. Borderline Cognitive Impairment

Answer

A

9 A diagnosis of Mental Retardation requires subaverage intelligence, deficits in adaptive functioning, and an onset prior to age 18.
a. Incorrect Because Mike’s IQ score is 80 and he exhibits only mild deficits in social and self-help skills, Mental Retardation is less likely than Borderline Intellectual Functioning to be the appropriate diagnosis for Mike.
c. CORRECT Mental Retardation is ordinarily not diagnosed unless the individual’s IQ is 70 or less. However, when an individual’s IQ is between 71 and 75, the diagnosis may be assigned when the individual also has “significant deficits in adaptive behavior” (DSM-IV-TR, p. 48). Because Mike has an IQ of 80 and only mild deficits in adaptive functioning, a diagnosis of Borderline Intellectual Functioning is most appropriate.
d. Incorrect Borderline Cognitive Impairment is not a DSM-IV-TR diagnosis.

Question 10

Q

1.10 Reactive Attachment Disorder of Infancy or Early Childhood, Inhibited Type, is most likely to involve which of the following?
A. stereotyped
B. unusual verbal and nonverbal communication
C. indiscriminant attachments
D. hypervigilance

Answer

A

10 As defined by DSM-IV-TR, Reactive Attachment Disorder, Inhibited Type, is characterized by inhibited, hypervigilant, or highly ambivalent and contradictory responses in social interactions.
a. Incorrect This is not characteristic of this disorder.
b. Incorrect This is also not characteristic of this disorder.
c. Incorrect This describes the Disinhibited Type.
d. CORRECT Hypervigilance is one of the features of this form of Reactive Attachment Disorder.

Question 11

Q

1.11 In the context of family therapy, the purpose of “reframing” is to:
A. diffuse balance
B. redefine behaviors
C. increase specificity
D. anchor behaviors.

Answer

A

11 Even if you’ve never heard of “reframing,” you probably could have guessed that its purpose is to redefine the situation.
b. CORRECT As its name implies, reframing is done in order to help a client see things from a different perspective. It is often used in a paradoxical way – e.g., telling an adolescent that “your parents’ nagging is a sign of their love for you.”

Question 12

Q

1.12 Dr. Nillson, a behavioral psychologist, is teaching clinical psychology at a university. She does not use, nor can she tolerate the use of, psychodynamic principles and interventions in psychotherapy. She refuses to teach psychodynamic therapy in her classes and actually makes fun of it in front of her students during informal gatherings. Her behavior is:
A. unethical- she has an obligation to provide accurate and objective information about the topic she is teaching.
B. ethical — she has the freedom of choice to teach whatever she wants in her classes.
C. acceptable — she would be poorly trained to teach psychodynamics and psychotherapy anyway.
D. ethical — but she should not be making fun of any psychological practice in front of her students.

Answer

A

12 Dr. Nillson’s behavior violates Standard 7.03 of the Ethics Code, which calls for accuracy in teaching, as well as General Principle C (Integrity), which encourages “accuracy, honesty, and truthfulness.”
a. CORRECT Dr. Nillson’s behavior is in violation of the Ethics Code.
b. Incorrect As a psychologist, Dr. Nillson has an ethical duty to teach objectively, fully, and accurately.
c. Incorrect Dr. Nillson is ethically obligated to make sure her choice of topics is not biased by her own personal beliefs. If she is unqualified to teach certain areas, she could arrange to have someone else do so.
d. Incorrect Dr. Nillson’s behavior is biased and, therefore, is unethical.

Question 13

Q

1.13 An advantage of structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI0 over computed tomography (CT) is that the former:
A. provides clearer images
B. is less likely to require sedation of the patient.
C. provides information on functional brain activity.
D. can detect electrical abnormalities.

Answer

A

13 Neuroimaging techniques are divided into two types – structural and functional. CT and MRI are both structural techniques.
a. CORRECT MRI uses magnetic fields to produce detailed cross-sectional images of the brain. An important advantage of MRI over a CT scan is that MRI has better resolution.
b. Incorrect Because MRI requires the patient to be completely still for a prolonged period of time, the patient may need to be sedated. A CT scan requires less time and, therefore, is less likely to require sedation.
c. Incorrect Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) provides information on the functional activities of the brain, but MRI is a structural technique that provides information on the structure of the brain only.
d. Incorrect This is an advantage of EEG (electroencephalography), which is why it is used in the assessment of epilepsy.

Question 14

Q

1.14 When a forensic evaluation of a minor by a psychologist is court-ordered, the psychologist:
A. must get an informed consent from one of the minor’s parents or his/her legal guardian before conducting the evaluation.
B. must get an informed consent from both of the minor’s parents or his/her legal guardian before conducting the evaluation.
C. does not have to get an informed consent form the minor’s parent(s) or legal guardian before conducting the evaluation
D. does not have to get an informed consent from the minor’s parent(s) or legal guardian only if the minor is incapable of giving informed consent him/herself.

Answer

A

14 In forensic settings, the need to obtain an informed consent for an evaluation of a minor depends on who is requesting the evaluation.
c. CORRECT R. I. Simon and L. H. Gold address this issue and state that, when a forensic evaluation of a minor is court-ordered, it is not necessary to obtain consent from the minor’s parents (American Psychiatric Publishing textbook of forensic psychiatry, Arlington, VA, American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc., 2004).

Question 15

Q

1.15 Dr. Billie Bloom requires students in his introductory psychology class to participate in a university-sponsored research project as a requirement for the course.  This is:
A. unethical under any circumstances.
B. ethical as long as the resarch exposes students to "minimum risk."
C. ethical as long as students are given a choice of completing an alternative assignment
D. ethical as long as students are made aware of this requirement before they enroll in his class.

Answer

A

15 This issue is addressed in Standard 8.04(b) of the APA’s Ethics Code.
c. CORRECT Standard 8.04(b) states that, “when research participation is a course requirement or an opportunity for extra credit, the prospective participant is given the choice of equitable alternative activities.”

Question 16

Q

1.16 Smith, Glass, and Miller’s (1980) use of meta-analysis involved:
A. counting the number of psychotherapy outcome studies that found a statistically significant difference between treatment and no-treatment groups.
B. statistically comparing the number of psychotherapy outcomes studies that did and did not find significant treatment effects.
C. determining the average magnitude of the outcome of psychotherapy across a large number of outcome studies.
D. using initial symptom severity and type and duration of treatment to predict average treatment outcome.

Answer

A

16 Smith et al. combined the results of 475 studies on the effectiveness of psychotherapy (Smith, M. L., Glass, G. V., & Miller, R. L., The benefits of psychotherapy, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1980).
a. Incorrect This response describes the “box score” method, not meta-analysis.
b. Incorrect This response describes using an inferential statistical test to compare outcome data for two groups.
c. CORRECT When using meta-analysis, the outcomes of each study are converted to a common metric – i.e., an effect size – and an average effect size is calculated.
d. Incorrect This response describes multiple regression.

Question 17

Q

1.17 The primary goal of self-instructional training (SIT) for children exhibiting hyperactivity and excessive impulsivity is to:
A. eliminate obsessive rumination
B. re-align intention and action
C. clarify response contingencies
D. insert thought between stimulus and response.

Answer

A

17 SIT involves training the individual to guide his/her actions with internally-originated verbal instructions. Additional information about SIT is provided in the Learning Theory chapter of the written study materials.
b. Incorrect This answer is close but not as good as response d.
c. Incorrect Although self-instruction includes self-reinforcement, this is not the primary goal of SIT.
d. CORRECT Hyperactive and impulsive children often respond to events automatically. The goal of SIT is to reduce automatic behaviors by inserting thoughts between an event and the response to that event.

Question 18

Q

1.18 John Watson produced a phobia in Albert B. by using which of the following procedures:
A. physically confining the child so that he could not move
B. requiring the child to make difficult stimulus discriminations
C. pairing an aversive US with a neutral CS
D. providing punishment noncontingent on behavior

Answer

A

18 John Watson applied Pavlov’s classical conditioning model to human behavior. In his most famous study, Watson taught Albert B., an 11-month-old child, to fear a white rat.
a. Incorrect Albert B.’s phobia was established through classical conditioning and, thus, did not involve confining him.
b. Incorrect Pavlov showed that this procedure produced “experimental neurosis”; it is not the procedure used by Watson.
c. CORRECT Albert B.’s phobia was created by pairing a US (loud noise) with a CS (white rat) so that the CS alone eventually elicited a startle response.
d. Incorrect Watson’s research with Albert did not involve the application of punishment. The use of punishment to decrease a response is an operant conditioning technique.

Question 19

Q

1.19 Longitudinal research by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) has found a positive relationship between the number of hours a young child spends in daycare and the rates of:
A. Oppositional Defiant Disorder, Conduct Disorder, and other clinical disorders
B. disobedience and other behavioral problems
C. language and academic skill deficits.
D. language and academic skill deficits and behavioral problems.

Answer

A

19 The NICHD research has found that participation in high-quality early child care is actually associated with enhanced pre-academic (cognitive) skills and language performance at age 4-1/2. However, it is also associated with some negative consequences.
a. Incorrect The NICHD research found that children who attend daycare are not at higher risk for serious (clinical) behavioral problems.
b. CORRECT Children who attend daycare tend to exhibit a higher degree of externalizing behaviors and conflicts with adults even when quality, type, and stability of the daycare is controlled. However, these behaviors are within the normal range.
c. Incorrect As noted above, participation in daycare is associated with better pre-academic and language skills.

Question 20

Q

1.20 Which of the following is an example of higher-order conditioning?
A. A CS is paired with an US until a CR is established; subsequently, the CR occurs in the presence of stimuli similar to the US.
B. A CS is paired with an US until a CR is established; subsequently, the CS elicits a variety of responses including the CR.
C. A CS is paired with an US until a CR is established; subsequently, the CS is paired with a second US until a second CR is established.
D. A CS is paired with an US until a CR is established; subsequently, a second CS is paired with the first CS until it also elicits a CR.

Answer

A

20 Higher-order conditioning involves using a CS as an US in order to establish a CR for a second CS.
a. Incorrect This describes stimulus generalization.
b. Incorrect This could be interpreted as response generalization, although the description is too vague to know exactly what is being described.
c. Incorrect This simply describes classical conditioning in which the CS is paired with two different US’s.
d. CORRECT This describes the procedure known as higher-order conditioning.

Question 21

Q

1.21 For an extended family systems (Bowenian) therapist, when a family exhibits a high degree of fusion but one member is more differentiated than the others, the likely approach would be to:
A. work with the least differentiated family members.
B. work with the most differentiated family member.
C. work with all members of the extended family as a group.
D. work with all family members in individual therapy until they reach a similar level of differentiation.

Answer

A

21 According to Murray Bowen, a high degree of fusion (emotional “stuck togetherness”) is the source of family dysfunction. The goal of Bowen’s form of family therapy, therefore, is to help family members become less fused, or more differentiated (individuated). In contrast to many other family therapists, Bowen’s form of therapy typically does not involve seeing all of the family members.
a. Incorrect Followers of Bowen would likely work first with the most differentiated family member.
b. CORRECT Bowen often worked with the most differentiated family member on the assumption that, when that member changed in a positive way, his/her change would motivate other family members to move toward greater differentiation.
c. Incorrect In contrast to many other family therapists, Bowen typically worked with the two most significant adult family members, usually the parents, or the parent who was the most differentiated, even when the “identified patient” was a child.
d. Incorrect This is not a technique used by Bowen.

Question 22

Q

1.22 You have just compared a research study but have not yet published it results. A colleague of yours who is familiar with you study requests the data you have collected. Which of the following best describes the requirements of the APA’s Ethics Code with regard to this situation?
A. You are required to comply with the colleague’s request only if her purpose in requesting the data is to re-analyze it.
B. You are required to comply with the colleague’s request only if she agrees to protect the confidentiality of the study’s participants.
C. You are not required to comply with the colleague’s request since the results of the study have not yet been published.
D. You are not required to comply with the colleague’s request unless she has a “legitimate concern” about the accuracy the data.

Answer

A

22 This issue is addressed in Standard 8.14 of the APA’s Ethics Code.
a. Incorrect See explanation for response c.
b. Incorrect See explanation for response c.
c. CORRECT Standard 8.14 states the following: “After research results are published, psychologists do not withhold the data on which their conclusions are based from other competent professionals who seek to verify the substantive claims through reanalysis and who intend to use such data only for that purpose, provided that the confidentiality of the participants can be protected and unless legal rights concerning proprietary data preclude their release.” Since you have not yet published your study, you are not obligated to comply with the colleague’s request.
d. Incorrect See explanation for response c.

Question 23

Q

1.23 A family therapist would use the technique known as “prescribing the symptom” in order to:
A. undermine the family’s resistance to change.
B. reduce tension between family members.
C. change the meaning of a situation by changing the way it is perceived.
D. educate family members about the benefits of change.

Answer

A

23 Prescribing the symptom is a paradoxical technique that involves instructing family members to engage in the problematic behavior, often in an exaggerated form. For the exam, you want to be familiar with all of the paradoxical tehniques described in the section on family therapies in the Clinical Psychology chapter of the written study materials so that you can answer questions like this one.
a. CORRECT The purpose of prescribing the symptom is to undermine the family’s resistance to changing a behavior by requesting that family members engage in the behavior. Ideally, this will cause them to rebel and engage, instead, in a more desirable behavior.
b. Incorrect This is not an accurate description of the purpose of prescribing the symptom.
c. Incorrect This is a better description of the technique known as relabeling.
d. Incorrect This is not an accurate description of the purpose of prescribing the symptom.

Question 24

Q

1.24 Use of the technique known as meta-analysis entails calculating an “effect size,” which can be best described as:
A. a statistically significant difference between experimental and control groups.
B. A standardized mean difference between experimental and control groups
C. A zero-order correlation
D. A partial regression coefficient

Answer

A

24 The term meta-analysis is used to describe a quantitative integration of research studies involving the calculation and aggregation of “effect size” estimates.
a. Incorrect See explanation for response b.
b. CORRECT There are several ways to calculate an effect size, but a commonly used method involves subtracting the control group mean from the experimental group mean and dividing the result by either the control group standard deviation or the pooled within-group standard deviation. The result is a standard score that indicates the difference between the experimental and control groups in terms of standard deviation units.
c. Incorrect See explanation for response b.
d. Incorrect See explanation for response b.

Question 25

Q

1.25 Individuals who receive a diagnosis of which of the following Personality Disorders are most likely to no longer meet all of the diagnostic criteria for the disorder when they reach middle age?
A.	Schizotypal Personality Disorder
B.	Antisocial Personality Disorder
C.	Paranoid Personality Disorder
D.	Avoidant Personality Disorder

Answer

A

25 Although Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD) is considered to be chronic, symptoms often “become less evident or remit as the individual grows older, particularly by the fourth decade of life” (DSM-IV-TR, p. 704).
a. Incorrect See explanation for response b.
b. CORRECT The reduction in symptoms in APD by middle age most often involves a decrease in criminal behaviors while other characteristic symptoms – especially problems related to interpersonal relationships – persist to some degree. See, e.g., J. Paris, Personality disorders over time: Implications for therapy, American Journal of Psychotherapy, 58(4), 420-429, 2004.
c. Incorrect See explanation for response b.
d. Incorrect See explanation for response b.

Question 26

Q

1.26 Dr. Bernard is designing a longitudinal study on drug use in high schools. Since the study is longitudinal, it will be necessary to maintain records containing participants’ identities. A colleague of Dr. Bernard’s reminds him of a similar situation in which the investigator was subpoenaed to appear to court to testify against a participant who had been involved in illegal activities. The investigator refused to testify in order to maintain the participant’s confidentiality and was imprisoned. What should Dr. Bernard do in order to avoid a similar dilemma:
A. if subpoenaed by the court, testify, since legal requirements override ethical considerations.
B. if subpoenaed by the court, testify only after obtaining the consent of the participant.
C. warn participants prior to participation in the student about the possibility of a breach of confidentiality and obtain informed consents.
D. design the study so that the names of participants are maintained in a separate file by a third party.

Answer

A

26 Standard 8.02(a) of APA’s Ethics Code states that psychologists “… psychologists inform participants about … reasonably foreseeable factors that may be expected to influence their willingness to participate such as potential risks, discomfort, or adverse effects … limits of confidentiality.”
a. Incorrect To some degree, this answer correctly describes a psychologist’s legal obligations in this situation. After being subpoenaed by the court, a psychologist usually asserts privilege. If privilege is not recognized, the psychologist usually must testify in order to avoid being held in contempt of court. However, this is not the best answer in that it does not deal with how the psychologist can “avoid this dilemma.” If the psychologist testifies, he has fulfilled his legal obligation without having dealt with his ethical obligation regarding confidentiality.
b. Incorrect Legally, a psychologist who has been subpoenaed by the court must testify (if the court does not recognize privilege) whether or not he has the consent of his client. Thus, this course of action would not resolve the dilemma between the psychologist’s legal and ethical obligations.
c. CORRECT This is most in accord with the above-cited Standard, and it represents a balance between the psychologist’s legal and ethical obligations. If he informs participants of the limits of confidentiality, they will give their consent to participate with full awareness of the possibility that the psychologist or his files might be subpoenaed.
d. Incorrect This course of action does not reduce the possibility that either the records or the psychologist will be subpoenaed.

Question 27

Q

1.27 According to the APA’s Guidelines for Psychological Services to Ethnic, Linguistic, and Culturally Diverse Populations, when a client belonging to a different ethnic or cultural group comes to therapy, a therapist is best advised to:
A. treat the client like any other person unless there is reason to do otherwise
B. alter the diagnostic and treatment processes to coincide with the client’s ethnic or cultural background.
C. recognize that ethnic and cultural forces can have an impact on both the therapist’s and the client’s psychological processes.
D. refer the client to another therapist from the same ethnic or cultural background whenever it is feasible to do so

Answer

A

27 The Guidelines for Psychological Services to Ethnic, Linguistic, and Culturally Diverse Populations addresses several issues related to assessment, intervention, and research with clients from different ethnic and cultural backgrounds.
a. Incorrect Although there are times when this would be the appropriate course of action (e.g., when the client exhibits a high degree of acculturation into the “mainstream” culture), it is not a recommended strategy.
b. Incorrect This may be appropriate in some situations, but not all of them.
c. CORRECT Paragraph 3a states that “Psychologists recognize ethnicity and culture as significant parameters underlying psychological processes,” and this refers not only to the processes of the client but also to those of the therapist (e.g., therapists must be aware of their own prejudices and stereotypes when working with clients from different ethnic and cultural groups).
d. Incorrect This may be appropriate in some situations but is not a general requirement.

Question 28

Q

1.28 Which of the following distinguishes fetal alcohol syndrome from fetal alcohol effects?
A. the age of onset of symptoms
B. the severity of physical symptoms
C. the time during prenatal development when the fetus was exposed to alcohol
D. the degree of alcohol dependence exhibited by the infant at birth

Answer

A

28 The Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) are all caused by prenatal exposure to alcohol but vary in terms of the severity of symptoms.
a. Incorrect See explanation for response b.
b. CORRECT Fetal alcohol effects (FAE) is a milder and less complete expression of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) – i.e., the symptoms (especially physical symptoms) of FAE are less severe. Note that the term fetal alcohol effects has been replaced in the medical literature by alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARND) and alcohol-related birth defects (ARBD).
c. Incorrect See explanation for response b.
d. Incorrect See explanation for response b.

Question 29

Q

1.29 A child with ADHD would most likely obtain the HIGHEST score on which of the following WISC-IV subtests?
A. Cancellation
B. Arithmetic
C. Picture Concepts
D. Coding

Answer

A

29 To identify the correct response to this question, you need to know which of the four subtests listed in the answers is least affected by the core symptoms of ADHD.
a. Incorrect See explanation for response c.
b. Incorrect See explanation for response c.
c. CORRECT Of the subtests listed in the answers, Picture Concepts is least affected by ADHD. In fact, it is one of the subtests that individuals with this disorder are likely to obtain the highest score on. Performance on the other three subtests listed in the answers (Cancellation, Arithmetic, and Coding) depends on attention, concentration, and speed, which are abilities that are adversely affected by ADHD.
d. Incorrect See explanation for response c.

Question 30

Q

1.30 According to Atkinson, Morten, and Sue’s (1993) Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model, an African-American therapy client in the conformity stage will most likely:
A. prefer a white therapist
B. be unwilling to self-disclose to a white therapist.
C. say his/her problems are directly related to racial oppression.
D. prefer a therapist who has expertise in working with African Americans.

Answer

A

30 The Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model consists of five stages: conformity, dissonance, resistance and immersion, introspection, and integrative awareness. Additional information on these stages is provided in the Clinical Psychology chapter of the written study materials.
a. CORRECT During the initial conformity stage, African Americans have positive attitudes toward Whites and negative attitudes toward their own group; and, in therapy, they are likely to prefer a White therapist.
b. Incorrect This is characteristic of African American therapy clients in the dissonance, resistance and immersion, or introspection stage.
c. Incorrect This is characteristic of clients in the dissonance or resistance and immersion stage.
d. Incorrect This is true about African American clients in the introspection or integrative awareness stage.

Question 31

Q

1.31 Rutter (1979) identified several high-risk factors (“Rutter’s indicators”) for the development of psychopathology in children. These factors include:
A. physical disabilities, small family size, and paternal psychiatric disorder.
B. low IQ, large family size, and chronic physical illness.
C. parental marital discord, high socioeconomic status, and parental psychiatric disorder.
D. parental marital discord, large family size, and paternal criminality

Answer

A

31 Rutter found that the presence of a single high-risk factor did not predict increased rates of psychopathology for young children. However, the combination of two or more risk factors increased the rate dramatically.
a. Incorrect See explanation for response d.
b. Incorrect See explanation for response d.
c. Incorrect See explanation for response d.
d. CORRECT Rutter’s indicators for psychopathology are low SES, large family size, paternal criminality, parental marital discord, maternal psychiatric disorder, and being placed in foster care.

Question 32

Q

1.32 “Autocorrelation” is most likely to be a problem when using which of the following research designs?
A. Solomon four-group
B. repeated measures
C. between groups
D. double-blind

Answer

A

32 Autocorrelation refers to the correlation between measurements of the dependent variable when the dependent variable is repeatedly administered to the same subjects.
a. Incorrect See explanation for response b.
b. CORRECT Of the designs listed, repeated measurement occurs only in repeated measures designs.
c. Incorrect See explanation for response b.
d. Incorrect See explanation for response b.

Question 33

Q

1.33 According to Carl Rogers, a therapist is “congruent” when the therapist:
A. is able to accurately “reflect” the client’s feelings.
B. avoids becoming “emotionally triangulated” with the client.
C. avoids making judgments about the client’s behaviors.
D. is authentic and nondefensive

Answer

A

33 Rogers proposed that, for therapy to be effective, the therapist must provide three facilitative conditions – unconditional positive regard, congruence (genuineness), and accurate empathic understanding. Additional information on these conditions is provided in the Clinical Psychology chapter of the written study materials.
a. Incorrect This sounds more like accurate empathic understanding.
b. Incorrect This does not describe congruence.
c. Incorrect This describes unconditional positive regard.
d. CORRECT Congruence involves being genuine, authentic, and nondefensive.

Question 34

Q

1.34 In 2010, the American Psychological Association amended Ethics Code Standard 1.02 (Conflicts Between Ethics and Law, Regulations, or Other Governing Legal Authority) and Standard 1.03 (Conflicts Between Ethics and Organizational Demands) in response to concerns about:
A. individual privacy
B. human rights violations
C. misuse of a psychologist’s work
D. multiple relationships

Answer

A

34 Standards 1.02 and 1.03 previously stated that, when psychologists are unable to resolve a conflict between ethical responsibilities and legal requirements or organizational demands by taking “reasonable steps,” they may adhere to the requirements of the law or the demands of the organization.
a. Incorrect See explanation for response b.
b. CORRECT In response to concerns about a psychologist’s response to a law or organizational demand that requires the psychologist to engage in torture or other inhumane or degrading action, the APA revised Standards 1.02 and 1.03 so that they now include the following statement: “Under no circumstances may this standard be used to justify or defend violating human rights.” This change became effective June 1, 2010.
c. Incorrect See explanation for response b.
d. Incorrect See explanation for response b.

Question 35

Q

1.35 When males view erotic films that depict aggressive acts toward females:
A. they become more accepting of violence toward women.
B. they become more willing to support women’s rights.
C. they become sexually aroused and less aggressive, even when provoked.
D. they are less likely to act aggressively than males who view non-aggressive erotic films.

Answer

A

35 The research has found that, at least under certain conditions, viewing violence tends to increase violence.
a. CORRECT A number of studies have found that exposure to aggressive erotic films increases aggression toward females as well as acceptance of violence toward women.
b. Incorrect This is the opposite of what has been found.
c. Incorrect Studies have found that exposure to an aggressive erotic film can increase aggressiveness and that this effect is enhanced when the individual is provoked following viewing of the film.
d. Incorrect Exposure to mild non-aggressive erotica has been found to reduce aggression.

Question 36

Q

1.36 To determine the degree of association between two continuous variables that have been artificially dichotomized, you would use which of the following correlation coefficients?
A. eta
B. biserial
C. tetrachoric
D. contingency

Answer

A

36 For the licensing exam, you want to be familiar with the uses of the four correlation coefficients listed in the answers to this question.
a. Incorrect Eta is used to determine the relationship between two continuous variables when the relationship is known to be nonlinear.
b. Incorrect The biserial correlation coefficient is used to determine the relationship between one continuous variable and one artificially dichotomized variable.
c. CORRECT The tetrachoric correlation coefficient is used to determine the relationship between two normally distributed continuous variables that have been artificially dichotomized. For example, it would be used to assess the degree of association between treatment outcome and symptom severity, when both variables were originally measured on a continuous scale but were then dichotomized so that outcome is categorized as either successful or unsuccessful and symptom severity is categorized as either mild or severe.
d. Incorrect The contingency correlation coefficient is used to determine the relationship between two nominal variables.

Question 37

Q

1.37 An African-American client feels that the primary obstacle in his life is racism and that there’s nothing he can do to change the problems he is experiencing. As defined by Sue (1978), this individual has an:
A. internal locus of control and internal locus of responsibility.
B. external locus of control and internal locus of responsibility.
C. internal locus of control and external locus of responsibility.
D. external locus of control and external locus of responsibility

Answer

A

37 Even if you are unfamiliar with Sue’s conceptualization of worldview, you probably could have identified the correct response by considering the information provided in the question.
a. Incorrect See explanation for response d.
b. Incorrect See explanation for response d.
c. Incorrect See explanation for response d.
d. CORRECT This individual has an external locus of responsibility (he can’t do anything about his problems) and an external locus of control (he believes his problems are due to racism).

Question 38

Q

1.38 Matching a therapy client to his/her therapist in terms of ethnicity or culture:
A. is a more accurate predictor of treatment length than treatment outcome
B. is a more accurate predictor of treatment outcome than treatment length.
C. is a good predictor of treatment length and outcome across all ethnic/cultural groups.
D. is not a good predictor of treatment length or outcome regardless of ethnic/cultural group.

Answer

A

38 The research on ethnic matching is far from consistent. However, most studies have found that it has a greater impact on premature termination from therapy than on its outcomes.
a. CORRECT Members of some groups are more likely than others to benefit from client-therapist matching in terms of ethnicity. When there are benefits, however, they are usually (but not always) for dropout rates rather than for therapy effectiveness.
b. Incorrect See explanation above.
c. Incorrect See explanation above.
d. Incorrect See explanation above.

Question 39

Q

1.39 The symptoms of numbness, weakness, tremor, and ataxia that characterize multiple sclerosis are due to:
A. lesions in the basal ganglia.
B. demyelination
C. degeneration of ACh receptors.
D. cerebellar atrophy

Answer

A

39 Multiple sclerosis is due to a loss of myelin on nerve fibers in the brain and spinal cord.
a. Incorrect Loss of cells in the basal ganglia underlies Parkinson’s disease and Huntington’s chorea.
b. CORRECT As noted above, demyelination is the cause of the symptoms of multiple sclerosis.
c. Incorrect A loss of ACh receptors is the cause of myasthenia gravis.
d. Incorrect Cerebellar atrophy is associated with several disorders including ataxia.

Question 40

Q

1.40 A 47 year old politician teaching his aides the essentials of dirty tricks tells them, “Nothing is wrong unless you get caught.” One of his aides, a developmental psychologist, comments to another aide that the politician is apparently at the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ level of moral development.
A. preconventional
B. conventional
C. postconventional
D. instrumental

Answer

A

40 Kohlberg’s levels of moral development are preconventional morality (punishment-obedience orientation and instrumental-relativist orientation), conventional morality (good boy/nice girl orientation and law and order orientation), and postconventional morality (legalistic orientation and universal ethical principles orientation).
a. CORRECT Individuals at the punishment-obedience level of preconventional morality believe an action is moral to the degree that it does not result in punishment. Although this stage is characteristic of children aged 4 to 10, it seems that this politician is also at this level.
b. Incorrect Conventional morality, which is typical of individuals aged 10-13, is characterized by moral judgments motivated by a desire to be liked (good boy/nice girl orientation) or a desire to avoid censure by authority (law and order orientation).
c. Incorrect Postconventional morality, a level which is not reached by most adults, is characterized by a concern for maintaining the social order (legalistic orientation) or meeting the criteria set by one’s own conscience (universal Ethical Principles orientation).
d. Incorrect The instrumental-relativist stage, in which moral judgments are based on a desire to satisfy one’s own needs, is the second stage of the preconventional level.

Question 41

Q

1.41 Inspection of an examinee’s K-corrected MMPI-2 profile reveals that she obtained a T score of 65 or above on the majority of the clinical scales. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for this profile?
A. The examinee randomly selected true and false responses.
B. The examinee answered true to all items.
C. Additional evaluation for Malingering is warranted.
D. Additional evaluation for suicidal ideation is warranted.

Answer

A

41 There are several causes of unusual score profiles on the MMPI-2 including random responding and answering all items either true or false.
a. CORRECT Random responding (or alternating true and false responses) produces high scores on most of the clinical scales along with a very high score on the F-scale.
b. Incorrect In this situation, an approximately equal number of clinical scales will have low and high scores.
c. Incorrect Malingering produces a “sawtooth” pattern in the score profile (high and low scores on alternate scales).
d. Incorrect Suicidal ideation is not suggested by this pattern.

Question 42

Q

1.42 Research on attraction suggests that we are most likely to join a group when members are:
A. similar in terms of attitudes and ability
B. dissimilar in terms of attitudes and ability.
C. similar in terms of attitude but diverse in terms of ability.
D. diverse in terms of attitude but similar in terms of ability.

Answer

A

42 A consistent finding of the research is that attraction to others is most often related to similarity – i.e., “I’ll like you, if you’re like me.”
a. CORRECT The studies have shown that people tend to be attracted to others who are similar in terms of personality, attitudes, ability, and a number of other characteristics.
b. Incorrect See explanation for response a.
c. Incorrect See explanation for response a.
d. Incorrect See explanation for response a.

Question 43

Q

1.43 The use of functional brain imaging techniques to study ADHD has linked its symptoms to lower-than-normal levels of metabolic activity in the:
A. prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia
B. prefrontal cortex and ARAS.
C. entorhinal cortex and SCN.
D. entorhinal cortex and thalamus.

Answer

A

43 Knowing the functions of the brain areas listed in the responses and the core symptoms of ADHD would have helped you choose the correct answer to this question even if you are unfamiliar with the brain-imaging research.
a. CORRECT The prefrontal cortex is involved in executive cognitive functions (e.g., planning, decision-making, attention), while the basal ganglia are involved in the regulation of movement. Abnormalities in both have been linked to ADHD.

Question 44

Q

1.44 During the first therapy session with a new client, you realize that he is the father of a young woman you have been seeing in therapy for three months.  The daughter is 22 years old and no longer lives with her parents.  The most relevant ethical issue in this situation is:
A. confidentiality
B. multiple relationship
C. nonmaleficience.
D. informed consent.

Answer

A

44 This is a straightforward question that may have seemed “too obvious.” When taking the exam, be sure not to sabotage your ability to choose the correct response to an easy item by assuming that it is a “trick question.”
b. CORRECT Multiple relationships occur when a psychologist is involved in more than one role with a person (and at least one role is a professional relationship) or has a professional relationship with one person and becomes involved in a relationship with another individual who is related to that person. In most situations, multiple relationships should be avoided.

Question 45

Q

1.45 Research investigating the impact of parenting style on the academic achievement of children and adolescents suggests that the effects are:
A. modified by the offspring’s temperament.
B. modified by the family’s ethnicity/culture
C. modified by level of parental education.
D. not affected by temperament, ethnicity/culture, or parental education.

Answer

A

45 A number of studies have linked authoritative parenting with the most positive outcomes for children and adolescents.
b. CORRECT This is some evidence that the benefits of authoritative parenting are modified by family ethnicity or culture. For example, L. Sternberg et al. report that the authoritative style is beneficial for the school success of white and Hispanic students but that, for Asian- and African-Americans, this style does not predict school achievement [Ethnic differences in adolescent achievement: An ecological perspective, American Psychologist, 47(6), 723-729, 1992].

Question 46

Q

1.46 In the context of training programs, utility analysis would be used to:
A. identify organizational needs with regard to training.
B. identify the effective components of a training program.
C. assess the satisfaction of participants with the training program.
D. Assess the return-on-investment of the training program

Answer

A

46 The term “utility analysis” is sometimes used interchangeably with the term “cost-benefit analysis,” and its meaning varies somewhat, depending on the field or context in which it is being used.
d. CORRECT In organizations, utility analysis relies on accounting procedures to evaluate the costs and benefits of training programs, selection procedures, and other personnel interventions. With regard to training, this might involve considering the costs of developing and implementing the training program, estimates of the productivity of trained versus untrained employees, and the length of time that training is expected to affect employee productivity. See, e.g., W. F. Cascio, Using utility analysis to assess training outcomes, in I. L. Goldstein (Ed.), Training and Development in Organizations, San Francisco, Jossey-Bass, 1989.

Question 47

Q

1.47 When conducting a factor analysis, a researcher would choose an orthogonal (rather than oblique) rotation when:
A. the variables included in the analysis are correlated.
B. the variables included in the analysis are uncorrelated.
C. the effects of one or more variables have been removed from X only.
D. the effects of one or more variables have been removed from X and Y.

Answer

A

47 When conducting a factor analysis, the rotation of factors can be either orthogonal or oblique.
a. Incorrect An oblique rotation is used when the variables included in the analysis are believed to be correlated. For example, if you conduct a factor analysis on three tests that are designed to measure verbal ability and three tests that are designed to measure nonverbal ability and there’s evidence that verbal and nonverbal ability are correlated, you would perform an oblique rotation.
b. CORRECT An orthogonal rotation is used when the variables included in the analysis are believed to be uncorrelated. For example, if you conduct a factor analysis on 50 questionnaire items designed to measure a leader’s task- or person-orientation and you believe that these two orientations are independent (uncorrelated), you would perform an orthogonal rotation.
c. Incorrect This answer describes semi-partial correlation.
d. Incorrect This answer describes partial correlation.

Question 48

Q

1.48 Trainability testing is most associated with which of the following?
A. aptitude tests
B. job enrichment
C. work sample tests
D. behavioral interviews

Answer

A

48 As its name suggests, trainability testing is done to evaluate a person’s potential for learning new skills and incorporate a combination of training and evaluation.
a. Incorrect See explanation for response c.
b. Incorrect See explanation for response c.
c. CORRECT Although work samples are probably most often used to evaluate the current ability of experienced applicants to perform the job, they can also be used as trainability tests for applicants who do not have previous experience in order to evaluate their capacity to benefit from training.
d. Incorrect See explanation for response c.

Question 49

Q

1.49 A person is most likely to be happy in a job that involves working with tools and objects, requires physical strength, and provides regular feedback in the form of practical results if his/her highest score is on the \_\_\_\_\_ subscale of Holland’s Self-Directed Search.
A. investigative
B. mechanical
C. conventional
D. realistic

Answer

A

49 Holland distinguished between six personality/job environment themes.
a. Incorrect A person who scores high on the investigative theme has scientific, mathematical, analytic, or scholarly interests or skills.
b. Incorrect Mechanical is not one of Holland’s themes.
c. Incorrect A person who scores high on the conventional theme has interests or skills in keeping records, organizing data, attending to detail, or following through on others’ instructions.
d. CORRECT A person who scores high on the realistic theme enjoys or does well in technical, physical, mechanical, and/or outdoor activities.

Question 50

Q

1.50 Cortisol is a steroid secreted by the:
A. adrenal cortex
B. adrenal medulla
C. pineal gland
D. pancreas

Answer

A

50 Cortisol is one of several steroid hormones.
a. CORRECT The steroid hormones are secreted by the adrenal cortex. They are critical for many bodily functions including mediating the stress response and maintaining blood sugar levels, bodily fluids, and electrolytes.

Question 51

Q

1.51 A young man experiences his first episode of Major Depressive Disorder in his mid-20s. If he does not obtain treatment for his depression it is MOST likely that:
A. his symptoms will gradually decline over a six to twelve month period and then remain steady in intensity.
B. his symptoms will remit within three to six months and they may or may not return in the future.
C. his symptoms will remit within two to six weeks and they may or may not return in the future.
D. his symptoms will gradually worsen over time.

Answer

A

51 Without treatment, a Major Depressive episode ordinarily lasts three to six months.
a. Incorrect See explanation for response b.
b. CORRECT About 50% of people experiencing their first depressive episode will fully recover within six months with no further symptoms, while 40% will experience recurrent episodes.
c. Incorrect Symptoms typically do not remit this quickly without treatment.
d. Incorrect See explanation for response b.

Question 52

Q

1.52 The offspring of women who drink during pregnancy are most likely to have structural abnormalities in various organs including the central nervous system, heart, eyes, legs, and arms, and external genitalia when the mother consumes alcohol during the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ of her pregnancy.
A. first trimester
B. second trimester
C. third trimester
D. second or third trimester

Answer

A

52 Although the results of research on the effects of alcohol consumption by a pregnant women on her offspring are not entirely consistent, it is possible to make some generalizations.
a. CORRECT Structural (physical) abnormalities are most likely to occur when a pregnant woman consumes alcohol during the first trimester. Alcohol consumption in the second and third trimesters is associated more with behavioral and psychological deficits. See, e.g., R. J. Haterman, Fetal alcohol syndrome, in Neurodevelopmental disorders: Diagnosis and treatment, New York, Oxford University Press, 1999.

Question 53

Q

1.53 Research evaluating the use of multi-component cognitive-behavioral therapy for rheumatoid arthritis has found that it:
A. improves social functioning but has little or no effect on pain intensity or joint inflammation.
B. improves comorbid anxiety and depression but has no effect on pain intensity or joint inflammation.
C. improves psychological functioning and, in some cases, has a beneficial effect on pain intensity and joint inflammation
D. reduces pain intensity and joint inflammation but has little or no effect on overall psychological functioning.

Answer

A

53 This is a difficult question since the research on the effects of cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT) on the physical and psychological functioning of patients with rheumatoid arthritis has not produced entirely consistent results.
c. CORRECT Of the answers given, this is the best one since the qualifier “in some cases” reflects the inconsistency of the research results. While the studies have generally found that CBT has beneficial effects on feelings of self-efficacy, anxiety, and other aspects of psychological functioning, its effects on the physical symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis vary from study to study. In some studies, however, CBT did reduce pain intensity and joint impairment and inflammation. See, e.g., A. O’Leary et al., A cognitive-behavioral treatment for rheumatoid arthritis, Health Psychology, 7,527-544, 1988

Question 54

Q

1.54 A needs assessment ordinarily consists of three components. These are:
A. evaluative, formative, and summative analysis
B. job, person, and organizational analysis
C. unfreezing, changing, and refreezing
D. knowledge, skills, and abilities

Answer

A

54 A needs assessment is conducted in organizations to determine training needs.
b. CORRECT A comprehensive needs assessment includes an analysis of the job requirements, the people performing the job, and the goals of the organization. Additional information about needs assessment is provided in the Industrial-Organizational Psychology chapter of the written study materials.

Question 55

Q

1.55 The evaluate the impact of an educational program on each student’s mastery of the information presented, which of the following would be most useful?
A. norm-referenced scores
B. criterion-referenced scores
C. standard scores
D. ipsative scores

Answer

A

55 To determine if a student has benefited from an educational program, you would most likely want to determine how much of the information presented in the program has been retained and/or to what degree participation in the program has improved the individual’s performance on a task.
a. Incorrect Norm-referenced scores (e.g., standard scores, percentile ranks) tell you how well an examinee is doing compared to other examinees.
b. CORRECT Criterion-referenced scores tell you how well an examinee did in absolute terms (e.g., how many questions he/she answered correctly) and, therefore, would be most useful for the purpose described in the question.
c. Incorrect Standard scores are a type of norm referenced score.
d. Incorrect Ipsative scores indicate the relative strengths of the different characteristics measured by a test for the individual and would be less useful than criterion-referenced scores for the purpose described in the question.

Question 56

Q

1.56 Soon after birth, infants express, through facial expression:
A. discomfort, interest, and surprise
B. distress, interest, and disgust
C. joy, disgust, and fear.
D. joy, anger, and surprise.

Answer

A

56 Parents and researchers agree that infants exhibit a variety of emotions through their facial expressions.
b. CORRECT By 3 to 4 months of age, infants express at least four emotions through their facial expressions – i.e., interest, sadness, distress, and disgust. Anger, joy, surprise, and fear do not emerge until about 6 to 8 months.

Question 57

Q

1.57 Which of the following best describes the relationship between REM sleep and dreaming?
A. All dreaming occurs during REM sleep
B. Most dreaming occurs during REM sleep and dreams during non-REM sleep are less vivid and elaborate and more realistic.
C. Most dreaming occurs during REM sleep but dreams during non-REM sleep are more vivid, elaborate, and bizarre in nature.
D. Most dreaming occurs during REM sleep and dreams during non-REM sleep occur only when the individual has been sleep-deprived.

Answer

A

57 Studies on sleep and dreaming have consistently confirmed that most dreams occur during REM (rapid eye movement) sleep.
b. CORRECT Although some dreaming occurs during non-REM (Stages 1 through 4) sleep, these dreams consist of fleeting images and are less vivid, detailed, and storylike than the dreams that occur during REM sleep.

Question 58

Q

1.58 The presence of multiple motor and vocal tics that had an onset at age 20 and a duration o 13 months is most suggestive of which DSM-IV-TR diagnosis?
A. Chronic Motor/Vocal Tics
B. Tourette''s Disorder
C. Atypical Tic Disorder
D. Tic Disorder NOS

Answer

A

58 The DSM-IV-TR distinguishes between four Tic Disorders – Tourette’s Disorder, Chronic Motor or Vocal Tics, Transient Tic Disorder, and Tic Disorder NOS. Additional information about these disorders is provided in the Abnormal Psychology chapter of the written study materials.
a. Incorrect A diagnosis of Chronic Motor or Vocal Tics requires the presence of a single or multiple motor or vocal tics that have an onset prior to age 18.
b. Incorrect A diagnosis of Tourette’s Disorder requires an onset of symptoms prior to age 18.
c. Incorrect This is not a DSM-IV-TR diagnosis.
d. CORRECT The NOS diagnosis is appropriate when the individual does not meet the criteria for another Tic Disorder (e.g., because of the age of onset).

Question 59

Q

1.59 According to the path-goal theory of leadership, a primary task of a leader is to help subordinates find the best path for attaining goals. In terms of leadership style, this theory proposes that:
A. the best style (directive, supportive, participative, or achievement-oriented) depends on certain characteristics of the task and the subordinates.
B. the best style (directive, supportive, participative, or achievement-oriented) depends on the leader’s experience, personality, and so on.
C. the best style is a participative one that allows employees to help set their own goals.
D. the best style is an achievement-oriented one that focuses on enhancing the skills and knowledge of subordinates so that they are better able to achieve their goals.

Answer

A

59 Path-goal theory is classified as a contingency theory because it proposes that the best style depends on the nature of the situation.
a. CORRECT According to path-goal theory, the best leadership style depends on certain characteristics of the task (e.g., level of ambiguity, structure) and of the workers (e.g., traits, abilities).

Question 60

Q

1.60 A psychologist determines that, for a 6 year child, Behavior A is more probable than Behavior B.  The psychologist tells the parents to make the child’s opportunity to engage in Behavior A contingent on Behavior B.  The psychologist is using which of the following techniques?
A. response cost
B. shaping
C. DRO
D. Premack principle

Answer

A

60 In this situation, the opportunity to engage in the more frequent behavior is being made contingent on performance of the less frequent behavior in order to increase the less frequent behavior.
d. CORRECT The Premack Principle is a type of positive reinforcement in which the reinforcer is a frequently occurring behavior. If you allow yourself to talk on the phone to friends (or watch TV) only after studying for at least one hour, you are using the Premack Principle.

Question 61

Q

1.61 A paraphilia is characterized by:
A. inhibitions in sexual desire
B. sexual urges involving non-living objects.
C. non-normative sexual arousal or activity
D. sexual guilt or shame.

Answer

A

61 According to DSM-IV-TR, the paraphilias are characterized by arousal in response to sexual objects or situations that are not part of normative arousal-activity patterns.
a. Incorrect A significant inhibition is sexual desire would be classified as a sexual dysfunction.
b. Incorrect This describes fetishism, which is a type of paraphilia.
c. CORRECT This response fits the above-cited definition. The paraphilias include fetishism, frotteurism, pedophilia, sexual masochism, sexual sadism, transvestic fetishism, voyeurism, and paraphilia not otherwise specified.
d. Incorrect Some people suffering from a paraphilia experience guilt or shame about their urges. For others, however, the paraphilia is ego-syntonic.

Question 62

Q

1.62 Dr. Able, a psychologist, has been seeing a client for five months and feels that the client may not be benefitting from treatment. When she mentions this to him, the client says that he is quite satisfied with the progress of therapy. Based on this information, Dr. Able’s best course of action would be to:
A. continue seeing the client in therapy since the client is satisfied.
B. tell the client that she is ethically required to refer him to another therapist.
C. obtain supervision to ensure that her treatment is effective.
D. consult with another psychologist to discuss the situation

Answer

A

62 When psychologists believe that a client is not benefitting from treatment, special consideration must be given to the situation.
d. CORRECT Although referral (response b) might be acceptable, it is not necessary as a first course of action in this case given the circumstances. Instead, consultation would be a better action since it would help the therapist determine if his evaluation of the situation is correct.

Question 63

Q

1.63 Research conducted in the 1930s found that ablation of the anterior temporal lobes in male rhesus monkeys produced a variety of symptoms including hypersexuality, placidity, oral tendencies, and psychic blindness.  This condition is known as:
A. Kluver-Bucy syndrome
B. Gerstmann's syndrome.
C. Gerschwind syndrome.
D. Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome.

Answer

A

63 The research described in this question was conducted by Kluver and Bucy.
a. CORRECT This constellation of symptoms caused by lesions in the anterior temporal lobes is referred to as Kluver-Bucy syndrome.

Question 64

Q

1.64 As defined by Beck, “schemas” are:
A. cognitive structures
B. logical errors.
C. innate predispositions.
D. automatic interpretations.

Answer

A

64 For Beck and others, schemas are cognitive structures that represent knowledge about events, objects, or other phenomena. Schemas structure the way we think about the stimuli we encounter.
a. CORRECT Beck believes that cognitive schemas are the product of biological and environmental phenomena and develop early in life.
b. Incorrect Logical errors are important to Beck’s theory but are not synonymous with cognitive schemas.
c. Incorrect Cognitive schemas are predispositions and do have a biological component, but this is not the best response.
d. Incorrect This sounds more like automatic thoughts, which are also part of Beck’s theory but are not synonymous with cognitive schemas.

Answer 65

A

65 To identify the correct answer to this question, you need to know the formula for the standard error of measurement.
b. CORRECT The standard error of measurement equals the standard deviation times the square root of 1 minus the reliability coefficient. For the test described in this question, the standard error of measurement equals 15 times the square root of 1 minus .96: 1 minus .96 is .04, and the square root of .04 is .2, so the standard error is 15 times .2 which equals 3. Additional information about the calculation and use of the standard error of measurement is provided in the Test Construction chapter of the written study materials.

Answer 66

A

66 Several surveys have investigated trends in drug use among high school students.
b. CORRECT For example, data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health indicated that, in 2007, 15.9% of youth ages 12 to 17 reported drinking alcohol in the past month, 6.7% said they had used marijuana, and 9.8%% said they had smoked cigarettes.

Answer 67

A

67 Sherif’s social judgment theory predicts that people have “categories of judgment” by which they evaluate persuasive messages.
a. CORRECT Sherif’s theory distinguishes between three categories of judgment – latitude of acceptance, latitude of non-commitment, and latitude of rejection. A person is most likely to be persuaded when a message is within his/her latitude of acceptance.

Answer 68

A

68 A number of studies have shown that anonymity increases the likelihood that an individual will engage in antisocial or other uncharacteristic behaviors.
a. CORRECT The increased tendency to act in uncharacteristic ways when anonymity is likely is referred to as “deindividuation” (Zimbardo, 1970). Deindividuation is believed to be the result of a decreased sense of responsibility, reduced self-consciousness, a lowered fear of evaluation, and/or a loss of other inhibitory mechanisms.
b. Incorrect Social facilitation refers to the tendency toward improved task performance in the presence of others.
c. Incorrect Catharsis is the therapeutic release of tension, anxiety, etc.
d. Incorrect Paradoxical intention is a behavioral technique and is not related to this situation.

Answer 69

A

69 The one-way analysis of variance is used to compare three or more independent groups. (Although the one-way ANOVA can be used to compare two groups, the t-test is ordinarily used in this case.)
a. Incorrect The Mann-Whitney U test is used to compare two independent groups.
b. Incorrect The Wilcoxon matched-pairs test is used to compare two related groups.
c. CORRECT The Kruskal-Wallis is the nonparametric alternative to the one-way ANOVA. It can be used to compare two or more independent groups and is useful when one or more of the assumptions for the one-way ANOVA have been violated.
d. Incorrect The Scheffe is a post-hoc test that is used to compare means. It requires that the same assumptions be met as for the ANOVA.

Answer 70

A

70 This is a difficult question to answer since the reported rates of various mental disorders in rural and urban areas vary somewhat from study to study.
c. CORRECT Overall, the best conclusion that can be drawn is that there are few consistent (or statistically significant) differences in the rates of mental disorders in urban and rural areas. For example, a recent Healthcare for Communities (HCC) survey of 9,585 individuals living in rural and urban areas found no significant differences in the prevalence of the major types of mental illness (L. Tang et al., Report on the Survey Method for the Household Survey of Healthcare for Communities, 1997-1998, Los Angeles, Health Sciences Research Center, UCLA, 2001). This lack of significant differences between rates in rural and urban areas is consistent with the findings of the Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study and the National Comorbidity Survey.

Answer 71

A

71 For the exam, you want to be familiar with the terms listed in the answers to this question. Additional information about them is provided in the Learning Theory and Cognitive-Behavioral Interventions chapter of the written study materials.
a. Incorrect As described by Pavlov, higher-order conditioning occurs when a conditioned stimulus is treated as an unconditioned stimulus and paired with a new neutral stimulus so that the new neutral stimulus produces a conditioned response.
b. Incorrect The method of successive approximations is another name for shaping and involves reinforcing behaviors that come closer and closer to the desired behavior.
c. CORRECT Skinner found that the odd behaviors exhibited by pigeons in his study were the result of accidental pairing of reinforcers with those behaviors. For example, if a pigeon was accidentally reinforced with food while it was pecking at the floor, it would continue pecking at the floor even though it had never been deliberately reinforced for doing so. Skinner concluded that the superstitious behaviors of humans can also be attributed to accidental reinforcement.
d. Incorrect Overcorrection is used to decrease or eliminate undesirable behaviors while providing opportunities to practice more desirable alternative behaviors.

Answer 72

A

72 Kohler is a co-founder of Gestalt psychology, which focuses on perception. He is probably best known for his research on animals, especially Sultan the chimpanzee.
b. CORRECT Kohler’s research revealed that like humans, animals seem to experience an “aha” experience (“insight”) while solving problems.

Answer 73

A

73 Post-traumatic amnesia (PTA) refers to the anterograde amnesia that occurs following a traumatic brain injury. The duration of PTA is considered to be a good predictor of outcomes following a brain injury, although the outcomes actually vary considerably from individual to individual.
a. Incorrect See explanation for response b.
b. CORRECT Several categorization systems are available for defining severity of a traumatic brain injury based on the duration of the PTA. However, a frequently used system identifies a duration of less than one hour as a mild brain injury. In terms of recovery, most individuals experiencing a mild brain injury recover cognitive and behavioral functions and experience a resolution of other symptoms within 3 to 6 months, although a minority of individuals continues to experience some symptoms for an extended period of time. Factors associated with an increased risk for long-term impairment include female gender, previous head trauma, and history of a neurological or psychiatric problem. See, e.g., J. Ponsford et al., Factors influencing outcome following mild traumatic brain injury in adults, Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 6(5), 568-579, 2000.
c. Incorrect People who experience a mild head injury usually return to premorbid (or near premorbid) levels of functioning within several months. However, those who experience a moderate or severe injury are likely to experience long-term symptoms and impairments in multiple areas of functioning. Note that the research on outcomes following traumatic brain injury has produced inconsistent results and, consequently, there is only limited agreement among the experts regarding the outcomes associated with all severity levels of brain injury.
d. Incorrect See explanation for responses b and c.

Answer 74

A

74 Concurrent and predictive validity are types of criterion-related validity.
a. Incorrect This technique would be used to evaluate the test’s construct validity.
b. Incorrect This would help establish the test’s content validity.
c. CORRECT To evaluate a test’s criterion-related validity, scores on the predictor (in this case, the selection test) are correlated with scores on a criterion (measure of job performance). When scores on both measures are obtained at about the same time, they provide information on the test’sconcurrent validity.
d. Incorrect This procedure would not provide information on the test’s concurrent validity.

Answer 75

A

75 “Imprinting” refers to the social bonding that occurs during a critical period following birth in some non-human species.
d. CORRECT The ethologist Lorenz found that certain birds become attached (bonded) to the first moving object they encounter during the first few days following birth. This finding led to a search for a similar “critical period” for attachment in humans.

Answer 76

A

76 Aversive counterconditioning is used to eliminate an undesirable behavior that produces a pleasant or positive response (e.g., sexual arousal) by pairing stimuli associated with that behavior with stimuli that produce an unpleasant response. By doing so, the pleasant response is replaced by the unpleasant response and the behavior is reduced or eliminated.
a. Incorrect Implosive therapy is used to eliminate anxiety and involves exposing the individual to the anxiety-arousing stimulus in imagination for an extended period of time.
b. Incorrect Overcorrection is usually classified as a type of punishment and involves having the individual engage in certain behaviors as a penalty for having performed the target behavior – e.g., “fixing” the consequences of the target behavior and/or engaging in alternative desirable behaviors.
c. Incorrect Response cost is a type of negative punishment that involves removing a stimulus (e.g., a privilege) following a behavior whenever it occurs in order to reduce the frequency of that behavior.
d. CORRECT When using covert sensitization to eliminate an undesirable behavior, the individual imagines an unpleasant (aversive) consequence while imagining that he/she is engaging in the behavior.

Answer 77

A

77 PKU is an autosomal recessive condition, which means that an individual must have two recessive genes (i.e., be homozygous) to have the disorder.
a. CORRECT PKU is carried on a recessive gene. Consequently, to have the disorder, an individual must have inherited one recessive gene from each parent.

Answer 78

A

78 The research has shown that older adults typically recall recent and remote events better than intermediate events.
a. CORRECT The term “reminiscence bump” is used to refer to the greater memory for events that occurred during adolescence and early adulthood.

Answer 79

A

79 The psychotherapist-patient privilege refers to the legal right of the client to have his/her psychotherapy records and disclosure withheld in a legal proceeding. This privilege is state law in all 50 states, though the laws related to privilege (e.g., exceptions to privilege) vary somewhat from state to state.
a. CORRECT In all states, the client is ordinarily the holder of the privilege, which means that it is up to the client to decide whether to exercise or waive the privilege.

Answer 80

A

80 The APA’s position on this issue is summarized by S. M. Turner, S. T. DeMers, H. R. Fox, and G. M. Reed in APA’s Guidelines for Test User Qualifications: An executive summary (American Psychologist, 56, 1099-1113, 2001).
d. CORRECT In their summary, Turner et al. note that there may be legal requirements that apply to the administration and use of tests when an individual requires special accommodations. To ensure that these requirements are met, psychologists should consider them and, when appropriate, “obtain legal advice on legal and regulatory requirements regarding appropriate administration of tests and use of test data when assessing individuals with disabilities” (p. 1103). Note that Standard 10.2 of theStandards for Educational and Psychological Testing also addresses this issue and requires test users who do not have adequate knowledge or experience in modifying tests for individuals with disabilities to seek guidance from a consultant or supervisor who has expertise.

Answer 81

A

81 Empirical research has identified five basic personality traits (the “Big Five”): neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness.
b. CORRECT Conscientiousness refers to the individual’s level of responsibility, dependability, persistence, self-control, and achievement motivation. Perhaps not surprisingly, of the Big Five traits, conscientiousness has been found to the best predictor of job performance across different jobs, job settings, and criterion measures.

Answer 82

A

82 According to Festinger’s (1964) cognitive dissonance theory, unpleasant psychological tension occurs when a person has inconsistent (dissonant) cognitions, which motivates the person to change one of those cognitions.
a. Incorrect In the context of social psychology, the sleeper effect refers to the tendency to remember a message but, over time, to forget the source of the message. One outcome of the sleeper effect is that people may eventually adopt an attitude or belief that was originally communicated to them by an low-credible source because they have forgotten the source.
b. Incorrect McGuire (1969) found attitude inoculation (McGuire, 1969) to be a useful method for helping people resist persuasive messages. It involves providing the individual with arguments against his/her initial position along with counterarguments prior to hearing the persuasive message.
c. CORRECT Like cognitive dissonance theory, balance theory (Heider, 1958) is based on the principle of cognitive consistency, which proposes that having inconsistent attitudes produces a state of discomfort that leads to attitude change.
d. Incorrect The elaboration likelihood model is a model of attitude change and proposes that there are two routes of persuasion – the central and peripheral routes – which differ in terms of the degree to which a persuasive message is elaborated (processed) by the recipient.

Answer 83

A

83 According to classical test theory, an examinees obtained test score (X) is composed of two components – T and E.
a. CORRECT “T” refers to true score variability, while “E” refers to random (measurement) error.

Answer 84

A

84 The degree to which a new selection technique will increase decision-making accuracy depends on several factors including the base rate (proportion of correct decisions without the new technique) and the selection ratio (ratio of applicants to job openings).
a. CORRECT A moderate base rate suggests that there’s room for improvement and, therefore, that a new predictor is likely to increase decision-making accuracy. Also, the situation is optimal when there are many applicants to choose from (a low selection ratio).
b. Incorrect A low base rate suggests that something else besides selection is the problem – e.g., the company’s standards of success are too high or employees need training in order to do the job satisfactorily.

Answer 85

A

85 “Split-brain” patients have had their corpus callosum severed, usually as a treatment for severe epilepsy.
d. CORRECT A primary function of the corpus callosum is to transfer sensory (and some motor) information from one hemisphere to the other. When the corpus callosum is severed, messages from the right brain cannot be transferred to the left brain and vice versa, and this deficit is most apparent in tasks involving sensory input.

Answer 86

A

86 To combine data from different studies (which may have different sample sizes, different outcome measures, etc.), the data must be converted to a common metric.
a. Incorrect Although the p-value indicates the level of significance (probability that the null hypothesis is false), it is not as useful as an effect size for combining the results of different studies.
b. Incorrect The kappa coefficient is used to evaluate inter-rater reliability.
c. Incorrect Coefficient alpha is used to assess internal consistency reliability.
d. CORRECT An effect size is the index that is calculated when conducting a meta-analysis. It converts data from different studies to a common metric so that the results of the studies can be combined and compared.

Answer 87

A

87 Vascular Dementia is a form of Dementia that is caused by cerebrovascular disease and that is characterized by a “stepwise” deterioration in functioning.
a. Incorrect Although onset is often earlier in Vascular Dementia, onset prior to age 65 is not a clear distinguishing feature between the two disorders.
b. CORRECT This is the primary distinguishing feature between the two disorders.
c. Incorrect Memory impairment is associated with both disorders.
d. Incorrect This is the opposite of what is true.

Answer 88

A

88 For the exam, you want to be familiar with the basic assumptions and predictions of the four theories listed in the answers to this question.
a. Incorrect The theory of planned behavior predicts that a person’s attitudes are accurate predictors of his/her behavior when the attitude measure addresses all three components of the person’s behavioral intention – i.e., attitude toward engaging in the behavior, what the person thinks others believe he/she should do, and the person’s perceived behavioral control.
b. Incorrect Deindividuation refers to a person’s sense of anonymity and loss of a sense of self-responsibility that occur when the person is part of a group. Deindividuation has been used to explain why people are more likely to act in antisocial ways when acting as a member of a group than when acting alone.
c. CORRECT Self-handicapping occurs when a person creates obstacles to his/her performance so that he/she can attribute any failures to the obstacles rather than to a lack of ability or effort.
d. Incorrect The Barnum effect is the tendency to accept vague, general descriptions of oneself (e.g., a horoscope) as being accurate.

Answer 89

A

89 The transtheoretical model predicts that an intervention is most effective when it matches the individual’s stage of change.
a. CORRECT From the perspective of the transtheoretical model, a person is in the preparation stage when he/she has a clear intent to take action in the immediate future (usually defined as within the next month).
b. Incorrect A person in the contemplation stage is planning to take steps to change in the more distant future (usually defined as within the next six months).
c. Incorrect A person in the precontemplation stage has no intention of changing in the forseeable future.
d. Incorrect People in the action phase have already started making changes in their lives.

Answer 90

A

90 For the exam, you want to be familiar with the defense mechanisms listed in the answers to this question.
a. Incorrect Reaction formation involves changing an unacceptable feeling or impulse into its opposite.
b. Incorrect Projection involves attributing one’s own unacceptable feeling to another person.
c. Incorrect Sublimation is the transformation of an unacceptable impulse into a socially acceptable behavior.
d. CORRECT Displacement involves redirecting undesirable sexual or aggressive feelings toward one person onto a safe or vulnerable substitute.

Answer 91

A

91 This question describes a study that is very similar to the one conducted by Piaget, which confirmed that preoperational children are egocentric – i.e., they have trouble understanding another person’s point of view.
a. CORRECT This response is consistent with the results of research conducted by Piaget and others, which found that preoperational children were usually unable to recognize that another person’s view of the mountain differed from their own. (Note, however, that some recent research suggests that young children’s perspective-taking may be affected by the type of task or other variables.)

Answer 92

A

92 All of the disorders listed in the answers to this question are Sexual Dysfunctions identified in the DSM.
c. CORRECT The DSM identifies exposure to sexual trauma and negative attitudes toward sex in its description of associated features for Vaginismus.

Answer 93

A

93 Research has confirmed a predictable pattern in age-related declines in memory and other cognitive abilities, and the major changes are described in the Lifespan Development chapter.
c. CORRECT Recent long-term (secondary) memory is most affected by increasing age, followed by working memory. The other aspects of memory listed in the answers are relatively unaffected by increasing age.

Answer 94

A

94 Although prenatal exposure to alcohol during the first trimester has been linked to the most severe physical defects, other aspects of development may be more vulnerable later in the pregnancy – e.g., attention and other cognitive functions may be more severely impaired when exposure occurs during the third trimester.
a. CORRECT The studies suggest that exposure to alcohol during the second half of the first trimester is associated with the most severe physical defects (e.g., low birth weight, smaller-than-normal head circumference, altered shape of eyes and lips). See, e.g., H.S. Feldman et al., Prenatal alcohol exposure patterns and alcohol-related birth defects and growth deficiencies: A prospective study, Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 36(4), 670-676, 2012.

Answer 95

A

95 Bandura’s research found that modeling is useful for the acquisition of new behaviors and for increasing or decreasing behaviors already in an individual’s repertoire.
d. CORRECT According to Bandura, modeling serves a number of functions including the ones listed in responses a, b, and c. (And, if you think about it, this makes sense: We learn a lot from observing others.)

Answer 96

A

96 In this situation, adolescents and young adults are being provided with services that are intended to reduce the likelihood of future drug abuse (relapse).
a. Incorrect Primary preventions emphasize counteracting harmful circumstances before they have an opportunity to produce mental or physical illness.
b. Incorrect Secondary preventions emphasize the early diagnosis and treatment of disorders.
c. CORRECT Rehabilitation is the goal of tertiary preventions.
d. Incorrect This is a “made up” term.

Answer 97

A

97 Although Herbert Simon is probably best known for his work on individual decision-making, he was also a pioneer in the field of artificial intelligence.
a. CORRECT Simon believed there are two main goals in using and studying computers: (1) to augment human intelligence and (2) to help understand how humans think.

Answer 98

A

98 L. Y. Abramson, G. I. Metalsky, and L. B. Alloy’s revised learned helplessness model proposes that a sense of hopelessness is a proximal and sufficient cause of depression [Hopelessness depression: A theory-based subtype of depression, Psychological Review, 1989, 96(2), 358-372].
a. Incorrect Non-contingent reinforcement is not identified as a cause of depression in Abramson et al.’s theory.
b. Incorrect These investigators do not identify a depressogenic cognitive style as a cause of depression.
c. Incorrect An external locus of control is not identified as a cause of depression by these investigators.
d. CORRECT Abramson, Metalsky, and Alloy identify a sense of hopelessness as a proximal cause because, in the chain of events leading to depression, it is at the end of the chain; and as a sufficient cause because the presence of hopelessness is sufficient to cause depressive symptoms.

Answer 99

A

99 The rapid onset of withdrawal symptoms is considered to be a primary reason why individuals with Nicotine Dependence find it so difficult to stop smoking.
a. Incorrect Dysphoric/depressed mood is one of the symptoms of Nicotine Withdrawal, and recent studies suggest that a desire to avoid negative affect may be the most common reason for relapse following an attempt to stop smoking.
b. CORRECT Nicotine Withdrawal is characterized by insomnia (not hypersomnia).
c. Incorrect Decreased heart rate is a characteristic symptom of Nicotine Withdrawal.
d. Incorrect Increased appetite with weight gain is a common symptom of Nicotine Withdrawal, with an average weight gain of 2-3 kg (4.4 to 6.6 lb) during the first year after stopping smoking.

Answer 100

A

100Although the studies suggest that simple left-right distinctions about the brain are not entirely accurate, some generalizations can be made. With regard to emotions, the left hemisphere mediates positive emotions, while the right hemisphere mediates negative emotions.
a. Incorrect This is associated with damage to the left hemisphere.
b. CORRECT The right hemisphere governs negative emotions, and lesions to this side of the brain produce an opposite effect – i.e., indifference, emotional lability, and atypical humor (e.g., either not responding to jokes or cartoons or laughing even when they are not understood).
c. Incorrect This is the opposite of what is true.
d. Incorrect This is also the opposite of what is true. Lesions in the right hemisphere often increase talkativeness.

Answer 101

A

101 CMV is a type of herpes virus. Although infection with CMV during adulthood usually produces no or mild symptoms, infection during prenatal development or birth can be life-threatening.
d. CORRECT Approximately 10% of infants infected with CMV show symptoms at birth, and about 10 to 15% of infants who are asymptomatic at birth develop symptoms during the first few years of life. Common symptoms include some degree of mental retardation and hearing and visual impairments.

Answer 102

A

102 This situation is addressed in Standard 2.06 of the Ethics Code.
a. Incorrect Referral may be appropriate but, before doing so, Dr. Martin would want to discuss this situation with a colleague to determine if that is the best course of action.
b. Incorrect Informing the client about his personal problem would not be an appropriate course of action.
c. CORRECT Standard 2.06 states that, when psychologists become aware that “personal problems may interfere with their performing work-related duties adequately, they take appropriate measures, such as obtaining professional consultation or assistance.”
d. Incorrect Monitoring his activity would not be sufficient since Dr. Martin is already aware that his problem with his neighbor is having an adverse impact on his effectiveness with some of his clients

Answer 103

A

103 Raven Colored Progressive Matrices (RCPM) is a 36-item test of intelligence that uses figural test stimuli presented in a 6-option multiple-choice format.
a. CORRECT Because it is a nonverbal test, the RCPM is considered appropriate for non-English speaking individuals as well as individuals with speech deficits. The test is designed for children ages 5 through 11 years.

Answer 104

A

104 The kappa statistic is used to evaluate inter-rater reliability.
a. CORRECT The kappa statistic is used to measure the consistency of ratings assigned by two raters when data are nominal or ordinal. (Note that some authors use the term “discontinuous” to refer to nominal and other discrete data – i.e., data that represents noncontinuous categories.)
d. Incorrect See explanation above. (Note that the term “metric” is sometimes used to refer to interval and ratio data.)

Answer 105

A

105 The statistics on psychiatric hospital admission rates vary from study to study. However, most studies report that the highest rates are for never married men.
a. Incorrect The admission rate for married men is lower than the rate for never married men.
b. CORRECT The data indicate that never married men have the highest rate of admission.
c. Incorrect In state and county hospitals, never married women have higher admission rates than married women, while the reverse is true for private hospitals. However, in either case, the rate for women is lower than the rate for men.
d. Incorrect See explanations above.

Answer 106

A

106 The final stage in Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development involves a conflict between integrity versus despair.
a. Incorrect The development of a coherent identity is the goal of adolescence.
b. Incorrect Developing intimate relationships is a goal during young adulthood.
c. CORRECT Successful resolution of the psychosocial conflict of late adulthood (ages 65 and over) involves developing a broader philosophical and moral perspective (“wisdom”) that younger adults often lack.
d. Incorrect “Hope” is not associated with this stage.

Answer 107

A

107 Knowing that boundaries are a key focus of Minuchin’s structural family therapy would have helped you identify the correct answer to this question.
a. Incorrect This describes the goal of enactment.
b. Incorrect This is a goal of circular questions, which are used by Milan systematic family therapists.
c. Incorrect Identifying and using family values, life themes, and significant life events in conversations during therapy is referred to as tracking.
d. CORRECT A family map is used to help make a structural diagnosis of a family by clarifying its boundaries, coalitions, alignments, etc.

Answer 108

A

108 For the exam, you want to be familiar with all of the leadership models listed in the answers to this question. These models are described in the Industrial-Organizational Psychology chapter of the written study materials.
d. CORRECT The clue to identifying the correct answer to this question is the number “five” because only one of the models listed (the Vroom-Yetton-Jago model) distinguishes between five leadership styles.

Answer 109

A

109 As its name implies, cluster sampling involves sampling “clusters.”
a. Incorrect This describes proportionate sampling.
b. Incorrect This sounds like systematic sampling.
c. Incorrect This describes stratified random sampling.
d. CORRECT When using cluster sampling, an investigator identifies naturally occurring clusters (groups) and then randomly selects clusters rather than individuals. All individuals in each cluster or a sample of individuals from each cluster are then included in the study.

Answer 110

A

110 For the exam, you want to be familiar with the prevalence rates and gender ratios for several disorders including OCD. The rates and ratios you’re most likely to encounter on exam questions are included in the Abnormal Psychology chapter of the written study materials.
d. CORRECT While OCD is about equally common in adult males and females, because of its earlier onset in males, it is more common in male children than in female children.

Answer 111

A

111 Eysenck’s 1952 publication sparked research on psychotherapy outcomes.
a. Incorrect See explanation for response d.
b. Incorrect This sounds more like the Smith, Glass, and Miller (1980) meta-analysis, which found relatively few differences between various therapeutic approaches.
c. Incorrect This is just the opposite of what Eysenck concluded.
d. CORRECT Eysenck reported that 66% of patients in eclectic therapy and 44% in psychoanalytic psychotherapy improved versus 72% of those with similar problems who did not receive therapy.

Answer 112

A

112 Knowing the formula for the relationship between reliability and validity would have allowed you to identify the correct answer to this question.
d. CORRECT As indicated by the formula in the Test Construction chapter of the written study materials, a test’s criterion-related validity coefficient cannot exceed the square root of its reliability coefficient.

Answer 113

A

113 Studies in both the United States and England have found that members of certain minority groups (especially groups devalued by the dominant culture) are more likely to receive a diagnosis of Schizophrenia.
d. CORRECT Research suggests that the discrepancy in rates of Schizophrenia is due to misdiagnosis rather than to actual differences in the prevalence of the disorder. A contributing factor to misdiagnosis may be that African-Americans have a higher incidence of hallucinations and delusions that are actually due to other disorders such as mania, depression, and alcohol abuse.

Answer 114

A

114 For the exam, you want to be familiar with the four theories of intelligence listed in the answers to this question. These are described in the Psychological Assessment chapter of the written study materials.
a. CORRECT Sternberg’s triarchic theory describes successful intelligence as consisting of the three components listed in this question.

Answer 115

A

115 This individual exhibits a lack of desire for interpersonal relationships, which is characteristic of only one of the disorders listed.
a. Incorrect There is nothing in the question to suggest the man is experiencing anxiety.
b. CORRECT The man’s lack of interest in social relationships is a key characteristic of Schizoid Personality Disorder. In addition, peer problems are a common associated feature.
c. Incorrect The question doesn’t say anything about a fear of criticism or rejection, which is characteristic of Avoidant Personality Disorder.
d. Incorrect See explanation for response b.

Answer 116

A

116 The woman’s symptoms are anticholinergic side effects that are caused by the antidepressant drug’s interference with acetylcholine activity.
d. CORRECT Cholinergic agonists (e.g., bethanechol) increase acetylcholine activity by enhancing the activity of endogenous acetylcholine or by binding to and activating acetylcholine receptors. A cholinergic agonist would help alleviate the woman’s anticholinergic side effects.

Answer 117

A

117 Several techniques are used to evaluate level of consciousness.
a. Incorrect The Mini Mental State Exam is a screening test that is used to evaluate cognitive functioning.
b. Incorrect The AVPU scale is used to assess consciousness but involves indicating a patient’s status in terms of four levels: alert, responds to vocal stimuli, responds to painful stimuli, or unresponsive.
c. Incorrect The current version of the Rancho Scale entails evaluating the patient in terms of ten levels ranging from “no response” to “purposeful/appropriate response.”
d. CORRECT Use of the Glasgow Coma Scale requires rating the patient in terms of best eye response, best verbal response, and best motor response. From these ratings, the patient receives a total score ranging from 3 (worst possible score) to 15 (best possible score).

Answer 118

A

118 A review of the literature on risk management reveals consensus among the experts that good record-keeping is a key defense in cases of malpractice.
b. CORRECT S. Knapp, for instance, notes that “An axiom of risk management is that if it is not documented, it did not occur” (Professional liability and risk management in an era of managed care, in D. T. Marsh and R. O. Magee [Eds.], Ethical and legal issues in professional practice with families, New York, John Wiley and Sons, 1997).

Answer 119

A

119 Stimulus generalization occurs when stimuli similar to the CS elicit a response that is similar to the CR.
a. CORRECT This procedure would be used to determine the extent of stimulus generalization following classical conditioning.
b. Incorrect This answer describes higher-order conditioning.
c. Incorrect This answer describes extinction.
d. Incorrect The procedure described in this answer would not be useful for investigating stimulus generalization.

Answer 120

A

120 This situation is addressed in Paragraph E.3 of the Specialty Guidelines for Forensic Psychologists (APA, 1991).
d. CORRECT Even if the information is in the public record, the psychologist who conducted the evaluation for the court should obtain the defendant’s permission to use evaluation data for another purpose.

Answer 121

A

121 Standard 8.09 focuses on the “humane care and use of animals in research.”
a. Incorrect Supervision is addressed in 8.09(b): “Psychologists trained in research methods and experienced in the care of laboratory animals supervise all procedures involving animals and are responsible for ensuring appropriate consideration of their comfort, health, and humane treatment.”
b. Incorrect Termination of animals is addressed in 8.09(g): “When it is appropriate that the animal’s life be terminated, it is done rapidly, with an effort to minimize pain, and in accordance with accepted procedures.”
c. CORRECT The security of the laboratory is not explicitly discussed in the ethical standards.
d. Incorrect Standard 8.09(a) requires psychologists who use animals in research to comply with federal, state, and local laws and regulations.

Answer 122

A

122 This is a difficult question since the research findings on this issue have produced somewhat inconsistent results.
a. Incorrect While there may be some temporary delays in language acquisition, overall, bilingualism seems to have more positive consequences for cognitive development than negative ones.
b. CORRECT Bilingualism has been found to have benefits in terms of divergent thinking (including cognitive flexibility) and metalinguistic awareness. However, there is some evidence that these benefits are only temporary and that, in adolescence and adulthood, bilinguals are indistinguishable from monolinguals.

Answer 123

A

123 The woman’s symptoms are characteristic of a panic attack.
a. Incorrect Somatization Disorder involves recurrent and multiple somatic complaints.
b. Incorrect Pain Disorder is characterized by pain as the predominant focus of clinical presentation, with psychological factors judged to have an important role in the pain.
c. CORRECT The woman’s symptoms are most characteristic of Panic Disorder without Agoraphobia.
d. Incorrect Although this woman is anxious and restless, her symptoms do not meet the criteria for Generalized Anxiety Disorder.

Answer 124

A

124 Psychologists must cooperate fully with requests from the Ethics Committee.
c. CORRECT This issue is addressed in Standard 1.06 of the Ethics Code, which notes that, when responding to a request for information from the Ethics Committee, psychologists must “address any confidentiality issues.” Therefore, this answer is most consistent with the requirements of the Ethics Code.

Answer 125

A

125 Transformational leaders differ from transactional leaders in several ways. One way is that they motivate employees by giving goals added meaning by placing them in a larger context (e.g., the “good of society”).
a. Incorrect The term priming is used in several contexts. For example, in the field of learning and memory, it refers to unconscious cues that activate related associations (e.g., seeing the word “test” reminds you of the licensing exam even if you are not aware that you saw the word “test”).
b. Incorrect Escalating commitment refers to the tendency to continue with a previously chosen course of action even when it is not working.
c. CORRECT Giving goals added meaning is referred to as framing. It is one of the characteristics of transformational leaders.
d. Incorrect Positioning is a paradoxical technique used in family therapy. It involves helping the family see a symptom from a new perspective by exaggerating its severity.

Answer 126

A

126 This supervisor’s ratings seem to be tainted by a rater bias, which is a risk whenever a subjective rating scale is used. Common rater biases are described in the Industrial-Organizational Psychology chapter of the written study materials.
a. Incorrect The halo effect occurs when a rater”s rating of an employee on one dimension of job performance affects his/her ratings of the employee on unrelated dimensions.
b. Incorrect The Hawthorne effect is not a rater bias but, instead, refers to the tendency for research participants to behave differently just because they are participating in a research project.
c. Incorrect Social desirability is the tendency for research participants or test takers to act or respond in a manner that they believe to be most socially acceptable.
d. CORRECT The central tendency bias occurs when a rater uses the middle (average) range of a rating scale regardless of the actual performance of the ratees. Of course, in this situation, all of the supervisor”s employees may have been working at an average level but, of the alternatives given, central tendency bias is the best choice.

Answer 127

A

127 Sleep Terror Disorder is characterized by abrupt awakening from sleep, often beginning with a “panicky scream or cry” (DSM-IV-TR, 2000, p. 634).
b. CORRECT In some cases, Sleep Terror Disorder does begin in adulthood. However, according to the DSM, the onset is most commonly in childhood, and the disorder typically resolves spontaneously in adolescence.

Answer 128

A

128 Helms’s six identity statuses are: contact, disintegration, reintegration, pseudo-independence, immersion/emersion, and autonomy.
d. CORRECT Not surprisingly, information processing flexibility and complexity are characteristic of the final status in Helms’s model. The attributes of the autonomy status include awareness of one’s own “whiteness” and role in perpetuating racism and a commitment to abandoning a sense of White entitlement.

Answer 129

A

129 Diabetes has been recognized as a high risk factor for Vascular Dementia for some time but has also been recently linked to Alzheimer’s Dementia.
a. Incorrect See explanation below.
b. Incorrect See explanation below.
c. CORRECT The risk for Alzheimer’s Dementia is double for those with diabetes and four times greater for those with diabetes who receive insulin treatment. See, e.g., A. Ott et al., Diabetes mellitus: The risk for dementia, Neurology, 53, 1937-1942, 1999.
d. Incorrect In Ott et al.’s study, 14% of patients with diabetes eventually developed Vascular Dementia, while 70% developed Alzheimer’s Dementia.

Answer 130

A

130 Some generalizations about the treatment of Hispanic and Hispanic American clients have been made in the literature, and you should be familiar with them for the licensing exam.
a. Incorrect This is true. There are different levels of acculturation not only between families but also within families (i.e., younger members of the family tend to be more acculturated to the white middle-class way of life).
b. CORRECT Although Hispanic families do tend to be hierarchical, this does not preclude them from family therapy. In fact, family therapy is often the treatment-of-choice because of the close relationships between family members.
c. Incorrect This is true not only for Hispanics but also members of other minority groups.
d. Incorrect This is also generally true.

Answer 131

A

131 For the exam, you want to be familiar with the four memory devices listed in the answers to this question.
a. Incorrect Chunking involves grouping related items of information. To remember a string of 21 numbers, for instance, you might chunk the numbers into groups of three, resulting in seven distinct units of information. Chunking is useful for maintaining information in working memory.
b. Incorrect The keyword method is an imagery mnemonic that is useful for paired associate tasks in which two words must be linked. It involves creating an image for each word and visually joining the two images. As an example, to remember that the French word for church is eglise, you could form an image of a church with a giant egg outside the church doors.
c. Incorrect An acronym is a word that is formed using the first letter of each item in a list. For example, the acronym HOMES is used to remember the Great Lakes (Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, and Superior).
d. CORRECT An acrostic is made up of words beginning with the first letter of each word or phrase that is to be remembered. For example, the acrostic “my very educated mother just sent us nachos” is used to memorize the names of the eight planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune).

Answer 132

A

132 Antisocial Personality Disorder is characterized by superficial charm, lying, lack of regard for others, an absence of shame or remorse, an inability to form close personal relationships, and an inability to learn from experience
a. Incorrect Stuttering has not been identified as a predictor of antisocial behavior.
b. Incorrect Hyperactivity and impulsivity are not characteristic precursors of Antisocial Personality Disorder.
c. CORRECT Cruelty to animals is one symptom of Conduct Disorder, which is a precursor to Antisocial Personality Disorder.
d. Incorrect Social isolation has not been linked to a high risk for Antisocial Personality Disorder.

Answer 133

A

133 Requirements for providing online therapy are still in the process of being developed and agreed upon. However, APA and CPA have both offered some guidelines.
a. Incorrect See explanation for response c.
b. Incorrect See explanation for response c.
c. CORRECT This answer is most consistent with the provisions of the American Psychological Association’s Ethics Code [see, e.g., Standard 10.01(b)] and the Canadian Psychological Association’s Ethical Guidelines for Psychologists Providing Psychological Services via Electronic Media. While online therapy is considered acceptable, special precautions must be taken – e.g., clients must be warned of the potential limits on confidentiality and of the availability of alternative services. In addition, some experts recommend that it begin with an in-person intake and assessment interview and that the client be given the names of mental health professionals in the client’s locality that he/she can contact in a crisis situation [M. M. Maheu, Exposing the risk, yet moving forward: A behavioral e-health model, Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 6(4), 2001, available at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2001.tb00130.x/full].
d. Incorrect See explanation for response c.

Answer 134

A

134 A diagnosis of Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD) requires a pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others.
a. Incorrect Inflated sense of self is listed as an associated feature in the DSM-IV-TR, not a diagnostic feature.
b. CORRECT For this diagnosis, the DSM requires the presence of at least three of seven characteristic behaviors. One of the seven is a lack of remorse.
c. Incorrect Lack of empathy is another associated feature of APD.
d. Incorrect Superficial charm is also mentioned as a common associated feature.

Answer 135

A

135 Studies assessing the consequences of job satisfaction have found that it not only affects certain on-the-job factors but also factors outside the job environment.
a. CORRECT Job satisfaction has been found to correlate with longevity, while dissatisfaction has been associated with both psychological and physical disorders (e.g., ulcers, high blood pressure, alcoholism).
b. Incorrect Job satisfaction has been found to be related to all three factors.
c. Incorrect Job satisfaction has been found to be related to all three factors.
d. Incorrect Job satisfaction has been found to be related to all three factors.

Answer 136

A

136 Even if you’re unfamiliar with schemata and scripts, you may have been able to select the correct response by considering what the term “script” generally means.
a. Incorrect This defines a schema.
b. CORRECT A script tells you what to do in specific situations.
c. Incorrect This is not entirely incorrect but is a better definition of “role” than of “script.”
d. Incorrect This is not how script is defined in the context of cognitive processes.

Answer 137

A

137 The issue addressed by this question is covered in Ethical Standard 7.02 of the Ethics Code.
a. Incorrect This is generally a good idea but it is not explicitly required by the Code. Also, there would be times when it would not apply – e.g., when the seminar is covering the history of clinical psychology.
b. CORRECT Of the responses given, only this one represents the explicit requirements of the Ethics Code.
c. Incorrect Although student interests and needs are a consideration when defining course content, they are certainly not the only consideration. Also, this is not explicitly required by the Code.
d. Incorrect Again, this is a good idea, but it is not specifically stated in the Ethics Code.

Answer 138

A

138 Criterion contamination occurs when a rater’s knowledge of a ratee’s performance on a predictor biases his/her ratings of the ratee on the criterion.
d. CORRECT Subjectively scored criterion measures are susceptible to biases, including criterion contamination. When criterion contamination occurs, the criterion may not be providing accurate information.

Answer 139

A

139 Functional and structural brain imaging techniques have linked ADHD to abnormalities in several areas of the brain.
c. CORRECT The right frontal lobe (especially the prefrontal cortex) and the caudate nucleus and globus pallidus (structures of the basal ganglia) tend to be smaller in individuals with ADHD and to have lower-than-normal levels of metabolic activity.

Answer 140

A

140 HRT continues to be controversial because it is not only associated with a number of benefits but also with some negative side effects.
a. Incorrect This is one of the major advantages of HRT.
b. Incorrect HRT is effective for alleviating hot flashes.
c. CORRECT The results of research investigating the effects of HRT on libido are inconsistent, and the best conclusion that can be drawn at this time is that it does not increase sex drive.
d. Incorrect HRT does alleviate mood swings.

Answer 141

A

141 Collaborative empiricism refers to the collaborative relationship between client and therapist that involves working together to gather data and test the logic of the client’s thoughts and beliefs.
a. Incorrect See explanation for response b.
b. CORRECT Collaborative empiricism is a key strategy of Beck’s cognitive-behavioral therapy. When using this strategy, the therapist and client work together to gather evidence and test hypotheses about the client’s beliefs.

Answer 142

A

142 The best course of action in this situation would depend on several factors, including Jamal’s stage of racial/ethnic identify development.
a. CORRECT Given the limited information presented in this question, this is the best answer. Sue and Sue (2003) note that African American individuals often prefer an egalitarian, personal relationship with a therapist, which the therapist can establish through self-disclosure or by discussing non-counseling issues.
b. Incorrect Establishing credibility by describing his education and experience would probably be most effective with Asian American therapy clients.
c. Incorrect Confidentiality may be an issue, but a therapist can never reassure a client that “anything” revealed in therapy is confidential (e.g., a therapist is legally and ethically required to breach confidentiality when the client is a danger to self or others).
d. Incorrect The research has shown that, for African American therapy clients, unwillingness to self-disclose is often due to factors other than resistance (e.g., healthy cultural paranoia).

Answer 143

A

143 Psychologists are generally not required to report criminal conduct unless it is conduct explicitly addressed by the law (e.g., child abuse, danger to others).
a. Incorrect Omitting client information from the record at the client’s request is not necessarily in the best interests of the client or the therapist.
b. CORRECT This is the best response of those given. A similar situation is discussed by R. Woody, who notes that client records are for the benefit of both the client and the therapist and that, if the client “communicates information that is relevant to the services provided, it should be entered into the record” (Legally safe mental health practice: Psycholegal questions and answers, Madison, CT, Psychosocial Press, 1997, p. 70).
c. Incorrect See explanation above.
d. Incorrect It is important to keep in mind that it is impossible to guarantee that any client information will never be revealed under any circumstance.

Answer 144

A

144 Familiarity with the symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) would have helped you identify the correct answer to this question.
c. CORRECT FAS is characterized by a combination of behavioral and cognitive symptoms including mental retardation, impaired attention and memory, hyperactivity, impaired motor coordination, impulsivity, and poor judgment. The areas of the brain listed in this answer mediate some of these functions and are often adversely affected by prenatal exposure to alcohol. Other areas that are commonly affected include the corpus callosum, cerebellum, and hypothalamus.

Answer 145

A

145 Several theories have been developed to explain aggressive behavior.
a. Incorrect Displaced aggression refers to aggression that varies in either type or target from that actually preferred by the aggressor.
b. Incorrect The contact hypothesis was proposed by Allport as a method for reducing hostility and prejudice between members of majority and minority groups.
c. CORRECT One implication of the catharsis hypothesis is that watching someone else engage in violence (e.g., watching a violent TV show) will lead to catharsis, which will then reduce the risk of aggressive behavior in the future. The catharsis hypothesis has not been well-supported by the research.
d. Incorrect The deindividuation model predicts that people may be more willing to act aggressively when acting as a group member than when acting alone because of the anonymity that the group provides.

Answer 146

A

146 In this situation, your memory of a particular concert is affected by your previous experiences with concerts.
d. CORRECT A schema is a group or cluster of knowledge about an object or event. Your recollection of last Saturday’s concert is being affected by your “cluster of knowledge” regarding concerts.

Answer 147

A

147 Transference is not expected to develop in person-centered therapy, at least not at the intense level that it does in psychodynamic therapy.
c. CORRECT Transference in person-centered therapy is essentially accepted and disregarded rather than interpreted as it is in many other forms of therapy. This is consistent with the here-and-now approach of person-centered therapy.

Answer 148

A

148 The DSM provides three specifiers for PTSD: Acute, Chronic, and Delayed Onset. See the Abnormal Psychology chapter for additional information about the diagnostic criteria for PTSD and requirements for each specifier.
c. CORRECT The diagnosis of PTSD requires a duration of characteristic symptoms for at least one month, and the specifier Acute is assigned when the symptoms have lasted for less than three months.

Answer 149

A

149 Drawing a scatterplot (like the one in the Test Construction materials) would have helped you recognize the correct answer to this question.
a. Incorrect Raising the predictor cutoff decreases the number of true and false positives.
b. Incorrect Raising the predictor cutoff decreases the number of true positives and increases the number of true negatives.
c. CORRECT All positives (true and false) are decreased and all negatives (true and false) are increased by raising the predictor cutoff.
d. Incorrect The number of false negatives increases.

Answer 150

A

150 Not surprisingly, brain injury typically affects memory, at least temporarily.
d. CORRECT The exact nature of the memory disturbance depends on the location and severity of the injury. However, new learning is most commonly impaired, and the severity of the injury is often measured by the length of this post-traumatic (anterograde) amnesia. Additional information on memory loss following head trauma is provided in the Physiological Psychology and Psychopharmacology chapter of the written study materials.

Answer 151

A

151 Unfairness is one of the possible causes of adverse impact.
a. CORRECT A test is “unfair” when it has a similar validity coefficient for members of two (or more) groups and members of the groups have similar criterion performance, but members of one group consistently score lower on the predictor than members of the other group(s). In this situation, if the same predictor cutoff is used for all individuals, there may be adverse impact for members of the low-scoring group.
b. Incorrect See explanation above.
c. Incorrect This describes differential validity.
d. Incorrect See explanation above.

Answer 152

A

152 The original catecholamine hypothesis was proposed by Schildkraut in 1935.
d. CORRECT According to Schildkraut, depression is due to decreased levels of norepinephrine while mania is due to increased levels. This hypothesis was subsequently expanded to include abnormalities in both norepinephrine and dopamine and other hypotheses were eventually proposed (e.g., the serotonin hypothesis, the serotonin-norepinephrine dichotomy hypothesis).

Answer 153

A

153 Discontinuation of a benzodiazepine may result in a variety of undesirable symptoms including a “rebound effect.”
d. CORRECT A person taking a benzodiazepine for anxiety, for instance, may experience “rebound anxiety” when he/she stops taking the drug. Rebound anxiety occurs within hours to days after the drug is stopped and is more severe than the original symptoms.

Answer 154

A

154 In this situation, two stimuli are being “paired” in order to change the response that is elicited by one of the stimuli. This procedures describes classical conditioning, would eliminates answers c and d since punishers and reinforcers are associated with operant conditioning.
a. Incorrect The cigarette is the conditioned stimulus (CS) in this situation. By being paired with stale cigarette smoke, it eventually elicits nausea.
b. CORRRECT The stale cigarette smoke naturally elicits nausea, so it is the unconditioned stimulus (US).
c. Incorrect A Skinnerian might describe the stale cigarette smoke as a positive (not negative) punishment, but a Skinnerian would not claim that a new response to smoking had been established, only that the person avoids cigarettes in order to avoid the punishment.
d. Incorrect See explanation above.

Answer 155

A

155 The person-organization fit refers to the match between the employee’s values, needs, preferences, etc. and the culture of the organization. A good P-O fit has been linked to several benefits including enhanced satisfaction, motivation, and organizational commitment and reduced stress and turnover.
d. CORRECT Selection and socialization have been idenified as the primary opportunities for ensuring a good person-organization fit (e.g., Chatman, 1991): Selection helps identify individuals whose characteristics match the characteristics of the organization, while socialization (e.g., behavioral modeling by and feedback from the supervisor, participation in work-related social events) helps employees acquire the skills, knowledge, and attitudes that are compatible with the organization’s culture.

Answer 156

A

156 The rational-economic model assumes that decision-makers are perfect and rational.
a. Incorrect This better describes the assumption underlying the administrative model of decision-making.
b. Incorrect “Bounded rationality” is also associated with the administrative model, which does not view decision-makers as entirely perfect and rational.
c. Incorrect This is not associated with the rational-economic model.
d. CORRECT The rational-economic model assumes that decision-makers will consider all possible alternatives and choose the optimal one.

Answer 157

A

157 Knowing that SAT refers to the Scholastic Assessment Test may have helped you identify the correct answer to this question.
d. CORRECT The Scholastic Assessment Test is an admissions test that is used to predict the college success of high school seniors. It consists of two parts – the SAT Reasoning Test and the SAT Subject Tests.

Answer 158

A

158 Teleology is derived from the Greek word teleo, which means goals.
c. CORRECT Although Adler recognized the impact of early childhood experiences on subsequent behavior, he also believed that all behavior is purposeful and emphasized the impact of future goals. As described by Adler, the ultimate goal is a striving for superiority, which refers to attaining a sense of mastery or competence.

Answer 159

A

159 Working memory is another name for short-term memory. Two processes are useful for maintaining information in short-term memory: chunking and rehearsal (especially elaborative rehearsal).
b. CORRECT The number of digits exceeds the number of units that can be held in short-term memory. Therefore, it would be necessary to “chunk” the digits into a smaller number of units; e.g., four chunks of three digits each.
c. Incorrect This might be useful after the digits have been chunked to transfer information from short-term to long-term memory.

Answer 160

A

160 Advancing age is one of the factors that increases the risk for Delirium.
d. CORRECT Several factors place people at higher risk for delirium. People over 60 are usually cited as the group at highest risk in general. Moreover, the risk for this population increases as the result of a medical illness or surgery. Other high risk factors include cardiotomy, burns, and rapid withdrawal from alcohol or a sedative, hypnotic, or anxiolytic.

Answer 161

A

161 Freud’s initial explanation for hysteria was that it represents an attempt to eliminate memories related to early psychic trauma from consciousness.
d. CORRECT Repressions is considered the most basic defense mechanism because it underlies all others. It was the initial defense mechanism identified by Freud, and he used it to explain the etiology of hysteria.

Answer 162

A

162 The key term in this question is “court-ordered.”
d. CORRECT Therapist-client privilege implies that, in most circumstances, a psychologist does not reveal confidential client information in the context of a legal proceeding without the consent of the client or his/her legal representative. There are exceptions to privilege, however, and a court order is one of these exceptions. (If the information is damaging to the client, the normal procedure is to request that it be read by the judge in camera – i.e., in the privacy of the judge’s chambers.)

Answer 163

A

163 Rosenhan and seven assistants had themselves admitted to different mental health facilities by complaining of “hearing voices.” Once admitted, they stopped feigning symptoms and “acted normal.”
d. CORRECT Nearly one-third of the patients recognized the pseudopatients as sane. However, staff members diagnosed all but one pseudopatient as schizophrenic. For additional information on this study, see the Social Psychology chapter of the written study materials.

Answer 164

A

164 Social loafing is the tendency to exert less effort when working as a group member than when working alone.
a. Incorrect This has not been identified as a predictor of social loafing.
b. Incorrect This has not been linked to social loafing.
c. CORRECT Social loafing is most likely to occur when group members believe that their contribution to the group product will not or cannot be evaluated.
d. Incorrect This is the opposite of what is true. Social loafing is unlikely to occur when group members are motivated to achieve the group’s goal.

Answer 165

A

165 Bob B. is perceiving sounds as colors.
a. Incorrect Achromatopsia is a congenital deficit in the perception of color.
b. Incorrect Paresthesias are abnormal neurological sensations – e.g., numbness, tingling, burning.
c. CORRECT Synesthesia refers to a sensation that occurs in one sense modality when another modality has been stimulated – e.g., perceiving auditory stimuli as color.
d. Incorrect Simultagnosia is an inability to recognize multiple elements in a visual object or scene.

Answer 166

A

166 The Somatoform Disorders include Body Dysmorphic Disorder, Conversion Disorder, Hypochondriasis, Somatization Disorder, and Pain Disorder.
a. Incorrect Disturbances in memory and concentration are associated with a number of mental disorders. However, the DSM-IV-TR does not list these as common symptoms of the Somatoform Disorders.
b. Incorrect Phobic and paranoid reactions are not associated with disorders in this category.
c. CORRECT The DSM-IV-TR lists anxiety and depression as common associated features for many of the Somatoform Disorders.
d. Incorrect Pseudologia fantastica (uncontrollable, pathological lying about one’s history) and vorbeireden (giving approximate answers) are associated with the Factitious Disorders.

Answer 167

A

167 Knowing that statistical power is affected by sample size would have helped you identify the correct answer to this question.
a. CORRECT A common use of power analysis is to determine the minimum sample size needed, given the desired level of power, type of statistical test, level of significance, and expected effect size.

Answer 168

A

168 N. Boyd-Franklin (Black Families in Therapy: A Multisystems Approach, New York, Guilford Press, 1989) argues that, to successfully treat African-American families, a therapist must be willing to consider and, when feasible, to intervene at multiple levels and in multiple systems.
a. Incorrect See explanation for response b.
b. CORRECT Even if you are unfamiliar with the multisystems approach, its name implies that it involves addressing multiple systems such as the extended family, the church, schools, and social service agencies.
c. Incorrect See explanation for response b.
d. Incorrect While some problems may, indeed, be related to the macrosystem (society), not all problems would be considered the direct result of factors in that system.

Answer 169

A

169 Lawler’s model of facet satisfaction is based on the premise that job satisfaction is a product of comparisons of one’s job inputs, the inputs of others, and the job’s characteristics to one’s outcomes and the outcomes of others.
a. CORRECT Like equity theory, Lawler’s model predicts that workers compare their own input/outcome ratios to the input/outcome ratios of comparable others. When the ratios are the same, the worker is satisfied; when the worker’s own ratio is larger than that of comparable others, the worker may feel guilt or other discomfort; and when the worker’s ratio is less than that of comparable others, he/she is dissatisfied.

Answer 170

A

170 Dopamine agonists stimulate dopamine receptors.
a. CORRECT Cholinesterase inhibitors are currently used to treat the memory and other cognitive symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease. These drugs reduce the breakdown of acetylcholine in the brain. (Knowing that memory loss associated with Alzheimer’s disease has been linked to ACh abnormalities would have helped you identify this as the correct answer.)
b. Incorrect Dopamine agonists are increasingly being used as the first-line defense in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease as well as in conjunction with levadopa during the later stages of this disorder. Dopamine agonists help control tremor, muscle stiffness, balance problems, and other motor symptoms.
c. Incorrect Most theories of neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) attribute it to dopamine blockade, and some experts recommend the use of dopamine agonists to alleviate its symptoms, especially in severe cases.
d. Incorrect Pramipexole, a dopamine agonist, has been found to be an effective treatment for restless leg syndrome for some patients.

Answer 171

A

171 The split-plot ANOVA is one of several forms of the ANOVA that you want to be familiar with for the exam.
a. Incorrect See explanation for response d.
b. Incorrect See explanation for response d.
c. Incorrect See explanation for response d.
d. CORRECT Knowing that the split-plot ANOVA is also referred to as the mixed ANOVA would have helped you identify this as the correct answer. For additional information on the split-plot ANOVA, see the Statistics and Research Design chapter of the written study materials.

Answer 172

A

172 Over 500 genetic diseases have been associated with Mental Retardation.
a. Incorrect See explanation for response b.
b. CORRECT Despite the large number of genetic conditions that have been linked with Mental Retardation, only about 5% of cases are due to hereditary factors. Included in this category are metabolic problems that are inherited through autosomal recessive mechanisms.
c. Incorrect See explanation for response b.
d. Incorrect See explanation for response b.

Answer 173

A

173 For the exam you want to be familiar with the characteristics of the major types of seizures.
a. Incorrect An absence seizure is a type of generalized seizure that involves a brief loss of consciousness (usually 10 to 20 seconds) without prominent motor symptoms.
b. Incorrect An atonic seizure is another type of generalized seizure. It involves a brief loss of consciousness accompanied by a loss of postural tone.
c. Incorrect A simple partial seizure affects only one side of the brain and does not involve a loss of consciousness.
d. CORRECT A complex partial seizure begins in one side of the brain but may spread to the other side and involves some degree of loss of consciousness.

Answer 174

A

174 In the situation described in this question, the therapist has assigned the couple a task that will help them focus on the positive aspects of their relationship.
a. CORRECT In solution-focused therapy, this is an example of a “formula task.” Its purpose is to help the couple identify positive aspects of their relationship that, in turn, can lead to solutions to their marital difficulties.
b. Incorrect See explanation for response a.
c. Incorrect See explanation for response a.
d. Incorrect See explanation for response a.

Answer 175

A

175 As their name implies, trainability tests are used to determine if individuals will benefit from training.
a. Incorrect See explanation for response c.
b. Incorrect See explanation for response c.
c. CORRECT Trainability tests are similar to work samples except they are given to people who currently do not have sufficient skills or knowledge to perform the job. They are used to determine if a job applicant is likely to benefit from training.
d. Incorrect See explanation for response c.

Answer 176

A

176 The cocktail party effect occurs when, in a crowded noisy environment (e.g., a cocktail party), a person is able to listen to one speaker while tuning out other speakers and other noise.
a. Incorrect As its name suggests, divided attention refers to simultaneously paying attention to more than one stimulus at a time.
b. Incorrect Echoic memory is memory for auditory information that is maintained in sensory memory for a very brief period.
c. CORRECT Selective attention refers to the ability to focus conscious awareness on a particular stimulus in the presence of multiple stimuli.
d. Incorrect Implicit memory refers to memories that are retrieved without conscious effort or awareness.

Answer 177

A

177 For the exam, you want to be familiar with the symptoms associated with damage to the three major areas of the prefrontal cortex. These are described in the Physiological Psychology and Pharmacology chapter of the written study materials.
a. CORRECT Dysexecutive syndrome is characterized by problems related to planning, problem-solving, abstract thinking, and insight as well as perseveration, inappropriate behaviors, and apathy. It is caused by lesions in the dorsolateral area of the prefrontal cortex of the frontal lobes
b. Incorrect Disinhibition syndrome is caused by lesions in the orbitofrontal area of the prefrontal cortex.
c. Incorrect Mesial frontal apathetic syndrome is caused by lesions in the mediofrontal area of the prefrontal cortex.
d. Incorrect Gerstmann’s syndrome is caused by damage to the left (dominant) parietal lobe.

Answer 178

A

178 This question is asking about the phenomenon in which group decisions tend to be more extreme (either riskier or more conservative) than decisions made by individuals.
a. Incorrect The free-rider effect suggests that people reduce their effort on a group task when they observe that their contributions to a group are dispensable and that the group will succeed without them.
b. Incorrect Groupthink refers to a suspension of critical and objective thinking that can occur under certain circumstances in group decision-making. Although groupthink can result in more extreme decisions, this isn’t necessarily so.
c. CORRECT Group (response) polarization occurs when a person makes a more extreme decision in a group than he/she would have made alone.
d. Incorrect The risky shift is like group polarization but includes only the “risky” end of the decision continuum. Therefore, answer c is a better response.

Answer 179

A

179 For the exam, you want to be familiar with all of the formulas listed in the answers to this question. They are described in the Test Construction chapter of the written study materials.
a. Incorrect See explanation for response b.
b. CORRECT The correction for attenuation formula is used for the purpose described in this question.
c. Incorrect See explanation for response b.
d. Incorrect See explanation for response b.

Answer 180

A

180 A sudden loud noise produces a startle reaction.
a. Incorrect The Babkin reflex occurs in response to an object being placed against both of an infant’s palms.
b. Incorrect The Darwinian (palmar) reflex occurs in response to placing an object in the infant’s hand.
c. CORRECT The Moro reflex occurs in response to either a loud noise or being dropped.
d. Incorrect The Babinski reflex is produced by tickling the middle of the soles of the infant’s feet.

Answer 181

A

181 As described by McGregor (1960), Theory X and Theory Y managers are distinguished by their different assumptions about employee characteristics.
a. CORRECT Knowing that Theory X managers have a pessimistic view of employees would have enabled you to identify this as the correct response.
b. Incorrect This is more consistent with the assumptions of Theory Y managers who have more positive views of employees.
c. Incorrect McGregor’s theory does not identify factors that determine the most effective management style. Instead, McGregor proposed that a Theory Y style is most likely to have the greatest benefits for an organization.
d. Incorrect See explanations above.

Answer 182

A

182 As noted in the chapter on ethics and professional issues in the written study materials, this issue is often discussed within the framework of the Tarasoff decision.
a. Incorrect See explanation for response c.
b. Incorrect See explanation for response c.
c. CORRECT In discussing this topic, S. Knapp and L. VandeCreek, for example, note that three issues are involved in the duty to protect: a fiduciary relationship, an identifiable victim, and the foreseeability of harm. They note that the “issue of foreseeability creates the greatest problems with the duty to protect with HIV-positive patients because the research has not identified all the risk factors involved in HIV transmission” (Application of the duty to protect to HIV-positive patients, Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 21(3), 161-166, 1990).
d. Incorrect See explanation for response c.

Answer 183

A

183 Privilege refers to a client’s right to confidentiality in legal proceedings. Privilege is legally defined and belongs to the client. For additional information on privilege, see the chapter on ethics and professional issues in the written study materials.
a. CORRECT The client is the holder of the privilege and can waive privilege.
b. Incorrect A therapist can “assert the privilege” but he/she cannot waive it.
c. Incorrect There are legal exceptions to privilege, but the court cannot “waive” privilege.
d. Incorrect As noted above, only the client can waive privilege.

Answer 184

A

184 The studies have found that sibling relationships vary over the course of childhood and adolescence in a fairly predictable way. Information on this issue is provided in the Lifespan Development chapter of the written study materials.
a. Incorrect See explanation for response b.
b. CORRECT In adolescence, siblings spend less time together, their relationship becomes less emotionally intense and more distant, and the friction between them usually declines as they begin to view one another as equals.
c. Incorrect See explanation for response b.
d. Incorrect See explanation for response b.

Answer 185

A

185 In most situations, multiple relationships are to be avoided.
d. CORRECT According to the Guidelines, “therapeutic contact with the child or involved participants following a child custody evaluation is undertaken with caution.”

Answer 186

A

186 According to Patterson and his colleagues, adolescent delinquency is traceable to unskilled and inefficient childrearing by the child’s parents, high levels of punishment, and a tendency to react to a child’s negative actions in kind.
b. CORRECT Patterson’s model emphasizes the impact of modeling/imitation and reinforcement and, therefore, is consistent with a social learning approach. Additional information about Patterson’s model is provided in the Lifespan Development chapter in the written study materials.

Answer 187

A

187 Interpretation is a key process in Freudian psychoanalysis and is applied to free associations, dreams, resistances, etc.
a. Incorrect Interpretations are made throughout therapy.
b. Incorrect The opposite is true. Interpretation is most successful when it addresses unconscious material that is just below the surface.
c. CORRECT This is the most accurate description of interpretation.
d. Incorrect This is a better description of clarification than interpretation.

Answer 188

A

188 The provisions of the Ethics Code allow psychologists to use their own discretion about the best course of action in cases where another psychologist is suspected of acting unethically.
d. CORRECT Psychologists can either attempt to resolve an ethical infraction informally or file a complaint with the Ethics Committee, depending on which course of action they deem most appropriate. (Of course, it is always necessary to consider client confidentiality first before taking any action, but none of the responses given address this issue.)

Answer 189

A

189 Marlatt and Gordon’s approach to the definition and treatment of addictions is classified as a social learning approach that combines behavioral and cognitive principles.
a. CORRECT According to Marlatt and Gordon, relapse is a failure to maintain a behavior change after treatment and is best avoided by identifying and dealing with its antecedents. (The research has shown that “negative affect” is the most common antecedent of relapse.)

Answer 190

A

190 When using a concurrent VI schedule, each lever or key delivers reinforcement on a different variable interval schedule. In this situation, the animal matches the relative frequency of its pecks on each key to the relative frequency of reinforcement obtained with that key.
b. CORRECT In the situation described in the question, the pigeon will peck the VI-30 key twice as often as the VI-60 key. Put another way, 2/3 of the pigeon’s pecks will be on the VI-30 key and the remaining 1/3 will be on the VI-60 key.

Answer 191

A

191 It is always important to take a therapy client’s culture into account when deriving a diagnosis and developing a treatment plan.
a. Incorrect When working with American Indian clients, adopting a “value-free” perspective can lead to mistrust.
b. CORRECT American Indians are likely to have a spiritual, holistic orientation to life that emphasizes harmony with nature.
c. Incorrect As a general rule, American Indians do not make clear distinctions between mental and physical health.
d. Incorrect The structure of American Indian families varies; however, families are usually not hierarchical.

Answer 192

A

192 Visual agnosia is the loss of the ability to recognize visual stimuli even though visual acuity is intact.
b. CORRECT The term “agnosia” is derived from the Greek word “agnostos,” which means “unknown, unknowable, not knowing.”

Answer 193

A

193 For the licensing exam, you want to be familiar with the Smith, Glass, and Miller (1980) study as well as with the interpretation of an effect size, which indicates the difference between average individuals in the treatment and control groups on the outcome measure in terms of standard deviation units.
c. CORRECT If you didn’t remember the effect size reported by Smith et al., being familiar with the areas under the normal curve may have helped you identify the correct answer to this question: In a normal distribution, 84% of cases fall below the score that is one standard deviation above the mean. Therefore 80% of cases will fall below the score that is slightly below one standard deviation above the mean.

Answer 194

A

194 Parametric and nonparametric inferential statistical tests are based on probability theory and indicate the likelihood (probability) that an obtained value could have occurred or have been obtained by chance alone.
c. CORRECT To determine if obtained results are due to random (chance) factors versus the effects of the independent variable, the sample must be an unbiased representation of the population. The best way to obtain an unbiased sample is through random selection of the sample from the population – and random selection is an assumption underlying the use of both paramatric and nonparametric tests (although it is often violated).

Answer 195

A

195 Knowing that the symptoms of Borderline Personality Disorder tend to dissipate with increasing age would have helped you identify the correct answer to this question.
a. CORRECT The rates of BPD are highest during the young adult years. Although individuals with this disorder often continue to exhibit some symptoms throughout their life, by age 40, many no longer meet the diagnostic criteria for BPD.

Answer 196

A

196 Therapists experience stress and burnout for several reasons. Not surprisingly, the most difficult situation–i.e., the one requiring an immediate response–is the one that is associated with the greatest stress.
c. CORRECT Surveys of therapists have revealed that suicidal ideation and threats are considered the most stress-producing client behaviors.

Answer 197

A

197 As described in the Test Construction chapter of the written study materials, the 95% confidence interval for an obtained test score is constructed by multiplying the standard error of measurement by 1.96 and adding and subtracting the result from the examinee’s score.
b. CORRECT This interval is closest to the 95% confidence interval and was obtained by multiplying the standard error by 2.0 (instead of 1.96) and adding and subtracting the result from the examinee’s score of 70.

Answer 198

A

198 The standard error of the mean is the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the mean. It is equal to the population standard deviation divided by the square root of the sample size.
a. Incorrect As the population standard deviation increases or decreases, the standard error of the mean changes in the same direction: i.e., as one increases, the other increases.
b. Incorrect The standard error of the mean is affected by the standard deviation, so changes in the standard deviation will impact the standard error.
c. CORRECT As sample size increases, the standard error decreases.
d. Incorrect The standard error of the mean is affected by the size (not the number) of samples.

Answer 199

A

199 Protocol analysis involves analyzing the transcript (protocol) of a person’s verbalizations while solving a problem, making a decision, etc.
a. Incorrect This sounds like portfolio assessment.
b. Incorrect This sounds like free association.
c. Incorrect This is called “retrospective debriefing.”
d. CORRECT Having a person think-aloud while solving a problem, recording the person’s verbalizations, and then analyzing the transcript of that recording are the procedures used in protocol analysis.

Answer 200

A

200 This is one of the controversies in psychology that has not been completely resolved. However, in general, matching in terms of race or ethnicity has not been found to be a critical factor in testing, therapy, or other situations.
d. CORRECT This is the best conclusion that can be drawn from the existing studies. When an examiner’s race appears to have an impact on the examinee’s performance, it is often the result of factors other than race. (Even Arthur Jensen found that, when a White examiner adopted a more informal style with African American children, the children’s scores on IQ tests were higher.)

Answer 201

A

201 For the exam, you want to be familiar with the three psychophysical laws listed in answers a, b, and c.
a. CORRECT The description in this question describes the prediction made by Fechner’s Law regarding the relationship between the actual intensity of a physical stimulus and perception of that intensity.
b. Incorrect Stevens’s Power Law predicts that perceived intensity of a stimulus is an exponential function of the actual intensity of the stimulus.
c. Incorrect Weber’s Law predicts that, the greater the intensity of a stimulus, the greater the increase in stimulus intensity needed for the increase to produce a just noticeable difference in intensity.
d. Incorrect There is no “Gerstmann’s Law.” Instead, there’s a Gerstmann’s syndrome that you want to be familiar with. It is caused by damage to the left parietal lobe and its symptoms are finger agnosia, right-left confusion, agraphia, and acalculia.

Answer 202

A

202 Knowing that anomia is a symptom of some types of aphasia and/or that it involves an inability to name familiar objects and people would have helped you identify the correct answer to this question.
a. Incorrect The somatosensory cortex is located in the parietal lobe and is involved in pressure, temperature, pain, and proprioception.
b. Incorrect The mammillary bodies are connected to the hypothalamus and play a role in learning and memory.
c. CORRECT Wernicke’s area is a major language area in the brain, and damage causes deficits in language comprehension and production, including an inability to name familiar objects and people.
d. Incorrect Papez’s circuit was proposed as a brain mechanism (circuit) that mediates the experience and expression of emotion.

Answer 203

A

203 Knowing that the cerebellum is involved in the timing and coordination of movements would have enabled you to identify the correct answer to this question.
a. CORRECT This question describes a study conducted by Keele and Ivry who propose that an underlying impairment in cerebellar damage is a loss of timing. In their study, patients with cerebellar damage had more trouble on this task than patients with damage to the cortex or basal ganglia, leading these authors to conclude that the cerebellum is involved in the timing of movements [S. W. Keele and R. Ivry, Does the cerebellum provide a common computation for diverse tasks? A timing hypothesis, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 608, 1991].

Answer 204

A

204 For the exam, you want to be familiar with the major functions of the four lobes of the cerebral cortex. This information is provided in the Physiological Psychology and Psychopharmacology chapter of the written study materials.
a. Incorrect Impaired language comprehension is caused by damage to Wernicke’s area, which is located in the temporal lobe.
b. Incorrect Contralateral neglect is caused by damage to the non-dominant parietal lobe.
c. CORRECT Damage to certain areas of the frontal lobes can result in profound deficits in planning, insight, and judgment.
d. Incorrect Visual agnosia is caused by damage to the occipital lobe.

Answer 205

A

205 The majority of people are left-hemisphere dominant for language, while the rest are right-hemisphere dominant or have mixed dominance.
c. CORRECT The studies have not produced entirely consistent results but, overall, indicate that about 95 to 99% of right-handed people and 50 to 60% of left-handed people are left-hemisphere dominant for language. See, e.g., H. S. Kirshner, Handbook of neurological speech and language disorders, New York, Informal Healthcare, 1995.

Answer 206

A

206 For the exam, you want to be familiar with the characteristics of the nativist, behaviorist, and interactionist approaches to language development, which are described in the Lifespan Development chapter of the written study materials.
a. CORRECT Chomsky proposed an innate language acquisition device that consists of language rules and that allows children to acquire language just by being exposed to it.

Answer 207

A

207 At 12 months of age, children still babble, although their babbling consists primarily of identical sound sequences (“dadada”). While many children have spoken their first words by this age, it is not uncommon for first words to appear in subsequent months.
a. CORRECT The child’s language development is “on track.”
b. Incorrect Most children utter their first words prior to 17 or 18 months.
c. Incorrect The child’s language skills do not indicate developmental delays, so this is unnecessary.
d. Incorrect The child’s language abilities are not indicative of a disorder.

Answer 208

A

208 Being familiar with the major developmental milestones would have helped you identify the correct answer to this question.
b. CORRECT At 17 months of age, most children are talking and walking, so Walter’s developmental delays may be indicative of a serious problem. Referral to a physician to help pinpoint the causes of Walter’s delays would be the appropriate course of action. Administering a screening test (response c) is not the best action in this case since the boy’s delays are clearly significant.

Answer 209

A

209 This person’s statements reflect a negative view of the self and the world, which are two of the three elements of Beck’s cognitive triad.
c. CORRECT The third element is a negative view of the future. According to Beck, depressed people feel that failures, disappointments, etc. will never stop or change.

Answer 210

A

210 When using response cost, a stimulus is removed each time the target behavior is performed in order to reduce or eliminate that behavior.
a. Incorrect Positive punishment involves applying a stimulus following a behavior to reduce that behavior.
b. CORRECT Negative punishment involves removing a stimulus following a behavior to reduce that behavior. In the case of response cost, the stimulus is something that the individual finds reinforcing such as money or computer privileges.
c. Incorrect Positive reinforcement involves applying a stimulus following a behavior to increase that behavior.
d. Incorrect Negative reinforcement involves removing a stimulus following a behavior to increase that behavior.

Answer 211

A

211 Automatic thoughts are a primary target in Beck’s cognitive therapy.
a. CORRECT As their name implies, automatic thoughts are automatic or reflexive. They also usually have an interpretive component (e.g., “this is awful”).
b. Incorrect Although automatic thoughts may be the result of cognitive schemas, Beck does not associate them with repeated reinforcement.
c. Incorrect Shoulds, musts, and oughts are of interesst to practitioners of REBT.
d. Incorrect See explanation above.

Answer 212

A

212 Need for achievement was identified by David McClelland as one of the primary needs underlying human motivation.
a. Incorrect This is true about people with high nACH. For these individuals, rewards are important only to the extent that they serve as indicators of personal accomplishment.
b. Incorrect Individuals with a high nACH desire regular feedback because it allows them to monitor and, if necessary, modify their performance.
c. Incorrect This is also true about individuals with high nACH.
d. CORRECT McClelland contrasted people high in need for achievement with gamblers. According to McClelland, gamblers are high risk takers while achievement-motivated people prefer moderate levels of risk. For example, workers with high nACH prefer moderately difficult performance goals (i.e., goals that have a 50% chance of success).

Answer 213

A

213 Questions on the effects of work schedules are difficult to answer since the research on this issue has produced inconsistent results. However, a good generalization is that innovative work schedules have a greater impact on attitudes than on productivity (especially objective measures of productivity).
d. CORRECT This is the best overall conclusion and the one that was reached in a meta-analysis of research on the compressed work week by B. Baltes et al. [Flexible and compressed workweek schedules: A meta-analysis of their effects on work-related criteria, Journal of Applied Psychology, 84(4), 496-513, 1999].

Answer 214

A

214 Achievement-oriented people tend to prefer moderate to moderately difficult tasks.
a. Incorrect You probably could have eliminated this response on the basis of common sense. People who are achievement-oriented would not get too much gratification from success on easy tasks.
b. CORRECT This might not be the answer you’d guess if you’re totally unfamiliar with the research on this topic, but, in fact, it is the correct answer.
c. Incorrect Somewhat surprisingly, it is people with a low need for achievement who choose more difficult tasks.
d. Incorrect If you had eliminated answer “a” for the correct reason, that should have helped you eliminate this answer too since tasks of varying difficulty levels would include easy tasks.

Answer 215

A

215 Krumboltz proposes that career decisions are based on what the individual has learned.
d. CORRECT Krumboltz’s emphasis is on social learning – i.e., modeling and other aspects of the social environment – and his theory is referred to as the Social Learning Theory of Career Decision Making (SLTCDM). Additional information about Krumboltz’s theory is provided in the Industrial-Organizational Psychology chapter of the written study materials.

Answer 216

A

216 The Critical Incident Technique (CIT) is a performance appraisal technique that is used to provide employees with feedback about their job performance.
b. CORRECT As originally described, CIT involves having the supervisor observe an employee during a designated period and record the employee’s behaviors that represent satisfactory or unsatisfactory performance.

Answer 217

A

217 Although the APA’s prohibitions against solicitation of clients have been limited by the requirements of the Federal Trade Commission, APA still considers certain types of business solicitations unethical.
a. Incorrect In-person solicitations might be ethically acceptable in some situations (e.g., when they are “invited” solicitations).
b. Incorrect This type of solicitation might also be acceptable in some situations.
c. Incorrect This is not the most complete response of those given.
d. CORRECT This is most consistent with Standard 5.06 of the Ethic Code: Solicitations are unethical when they include deceptive or false information or when their targets are individuals who are vulnerable to undue influence.

Answer 218

A

218 For the exam, you want to be familiar with the types of cost analysis described in the Ethics and Professional Issues chapter of the written study materials.
a. CORRECT A cost-utility analysis is conducted to compare the effects of two or more treatments on duration and quality of life.
b. Incorrect Cost-effectiveness analysis is used to compare the costs and benefits of different treatments in terms of specific nonmonetary outcomes (e.g., symptom severity, premature dropout rate) to identify the treatment that produces the best outcomes at the least cost.
c. Incorrect As its name implies, a cost-minimization analysis is conducted to determine the least costly option among several options.
d. Incorrect A cost-benefit analysis involves determining the relative costs and benefits of a particular treatment in monetary terms.

Answer 219

A

219 A therapist, like anyone else, has a right to be paid for his/her services.
c. CORRECT The use of a collection agency is not unethical as long as certain precautions are taken: Ideally, the client should be told at the outset of therapy what the therapist’s policy is regarding the collection of delinquent fees. Even more important, the client should be notified of the intention to use a collection agency if delinquent fees are not paid within a specified period of time (See Standard 6.04(e) in the Ethics Code).

Answer 220

A

220 Although the laws vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, in general, a psychologist should not release information after a client’s death without proper authorization (e.g., from the executor of the estate or the client’s legal representative).
d. CORRECT This is the best course of action. See, e.g., R. I. Simon, Clinical psychiatry and the law, American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC, 1992.

Answer 221

A

221 A primary goal of structural family therapy is to restructure the family so that it is better able to adapt to maturational and situational stressors.
a. Haley’s strategic family therapy focuses on dysfunctional communication patterns.
b. Incorrect The family projection process is a focus of Bowen’s extended family systems therapy.
c. Incorrect An impasse is not a focus of structural family therapy.
d. CORRECT For structural family therapists, developmental and environmental changes produce stress which a family can respond to in either a healthy or unhealthy way.

Answer 222

A

222 A survey of psychotherapists conducted in the early 1980s indicated that therapists expect their work to be stressful but also expect that their efforts will be appreciated and have positive results.
a. Incorrect In their survey of therapists, B. A. Farber and L. J. Helfetz (The process and dimensions of burnout in psychotherapists, Professional Psychology, 13(2), 293-301, 1982) found that isolation was cited by only 11.1% of their respondents as a major source of stress.
b. Incorrect Only 22.2% of respondents said that overwork was a major problem.
c. Incorrect About 13% of respondents cited this as a source of stress.
d. CORRECT The overwhelming majority of respondents (73.7%) said the major source of stress in their work was the lack of therapeutic success.

Answer 223

A

223 The studies have established a link between risk for substance abuse and cultural identity for Native American youth.
b. CORRECT The studies have shown that either strong identification with one’s own Native American tribe or a bicultural identity is associated with a lower risk for substance use than a strong identification with the mainstream culture only. See, e.g., E. R. Oetting, F. Beauvais, and J. Velarde, Marijuana use by reservation Native American youth, Listening Post (Indian Health Service), 4, 25-28, 1982.
c. Incorrect Strong identification with the Native American culture is associated with a lower risk for substance abuse.
d. Incorrect The highest risk seems to be for those who reject the Native American culture and are highly acculturated into the mainstream.

Answer 224

A

224 Many of the symptoms of Panic Disorder are also seen in other disorders, which can complicate the diagnostic process.
a. CORRECT Of the disorders listed in the four responses, these three most resemble Panic Disorder. Each typically involves such symptoms as restlessness, tachycardia, trembling or shaking, flushed face, and gastrointestinal disturbances.
b. Incorrect Although a Specific Phobia can include panic attacks, the other disorders listed in this answer do not include symptoms similar to those seen in Panic Disorder.
c. Incorrect Panic symptoms are not characteristic of Conversion Disorder.
d. Incorrect Panic symptoms are not a typical feature of Alcohol Intoxication.

Answer 225

A

225 Neurofibrillary tangles and neuritic plaques are characteristic of only one of the four types of dementia listed in the answers.
a. CORRECT People with Alzheimer’s disease have an abnormally large number of neurofibrillary tangles (twisted fragments of protein within neurons that interfere with their functioning) and neuritic plaques (abnormal clusters of dead and dying neurons that surround a core of amyloid protein) in certain areas of the brain.
b. Incorrect Neurofibrillary tangles and neuritic plaques have not been linked to dementia due to Cruetzfeldt-Jakob disease.
c. Incorrect People with this type of dementia have Pick bodies and Pick cells in neurons in certain areas of the brain, especially the frontal and anterior temporal lobes.
d. Incorrect Vascular dementia is due to a cerebrovascular accident (stroke) and is characterized by lesions in both the white and gray matter of the brain.

Answer 226

A

1 Groupthink is characterized by a decrease in willingness to consider divergent points of view, resulting in inappropriate decisions and actions (although not necessarily more extreme ones).
a. CORRECT According to Janis (1972, 1982), groupthink results when groups become excessively cohesive. For information on other conditions that contribute to groupthink, see the Industrial-Organizational chapter of the written study materials.

Answer 227

A

2 Although the reported concordance rates for Schizophrenia vary somewhat from study to study, only one of the correlations given in the answers comes close to the rates reported in the literature for biological siblings.
b. CORRECT This is the typical correlation reported in the literature for biological siblings.

Answer 228

A

3 Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) includes three basic components – group skills training that focuses on the acquisition of social skills; individual outpatient therapy that targets motivational issues and the strengthening of social skills; and telephone consultations that help the client apply new skills to situations outside therapy. Other techniques may also be used, but these three make up the core of DBT.
b. CORRECT The combination of individual outpatient therapy and group skills training is the hallmark of DBT and has been found useful for decreasing premature dropout rates as well as for reducing suicide attempts and hospitalizations.

Answer 229

A

4 Group cohesiveness has been linked to a number of benefits and liabilities.
b. CORRECT Group cohesiveness has been consistently linked to reduced absenteeism and turnover and higher levels of satisfaction and commitment by the research, but its association with productivity is moderated by a number of factors (e.g., the group’s norms regarding productivity).

Answer 230

A

5 Being familiar with the core features of Histrionic and Dependent Personality Disorders would have helped you identify the correct answer to this question.
a. CORRECT As described in the DSM, a characteristic that distinguishes Histrionic Personality Disorder from Dependent Personality Disorder is that the former is characterized by flamboyance, exaggerated emotionality, and excessive attention-seeking.
b. Incorrect A strong need for reassurance and approval from others is characteristic of both Histrionic Personality Disorder and Dependent Personality Disorder.
c. Incorrect Responding to real or imagined abandonment with feelings of emotional emptiness, anger, and self-injurious behaviors is characteristic of Borderline Personality Disorder.
d. Incorrect Responding to abandonment with submissiveness and a search for a replacement relationship that can provide support is characteristic of Dependent Personality Disorder.

Answer 231

A

6 Memory loss associated with Alzheimer’s dementia has been linked to lower-than-normal levels of acetylcholine (ACh).
a. CORRECT The drugs listed in the question are cholinesterase inhibitors, which means that they inhibit enzymes that break down unused ACh and thereby increase levels of this neurotransmitter in the brain.

Answer 232

A

7 Gestaltians use the term introjection to describe an overly permeable boundary between the person and the environment.
c. CORRECT For Gestaltians, neurotic behavior is often the result of a disturbance in the boundary between the person and his/her external environment. Introjection is one type of boundary disturbance and occurs when a person accepts values, beliefs, etc. from the environment without actually understanding or fully assimilating them.

Answer 233

A

8 The Ethics Code does not prohibit the use of inducements for encouraging people to participate in a research studybut does place some limitations on their use.
a. Incorrect The situation described in this question cannot really be considered coercive: It would be coercive if the research was being conducted in a prison and prisoners were led to believe that they would receive special privileges if they participate in the research study.
b. Incorrect There may be cases when this would be true, but there isn’t any information in the question to assume that a multiple (dual) relationship is relevant to this situation.
c. Incorrect A conflict of interest is not relevant to this situation.
d. CORRECT Standard 8.06(b) of the Code states that in offering professional services as an inducement to potential research participants, “psychologists clarify the nature of the services, as well as the risks, obligations, and limitations.

Answer 234

A

9 The studies have found some differences in the characteristics of therapists who do and do not become sexually involved with clients. The results of this research are summarized in the Ethics and Professional Issues chapter of the written study materials.
b. CORRECT Lamb and Catanzaro (1998) looked specifically at sexual and nonsexual boundary violations of psychotherapists and found that those reporting sexual boundary violations were also more likely to report nonsexual boundary violations and to rate nonsexual boundary violations as less negative or problematic than those who did not report sexual boundary violations.

Answer 235

A

10 A diagnosis of delirium requires a disturbance in consciousness and a change in cognition or the development of perceptual abnormalities.
a. Incorrect A loss of energy is characteristic of depression and is not a diagnostic criterion for delirium.
b. Incorrect Memory impairment is characteristic of all three disorders.
c. Incorrect Deficits in executive cognitive functioning are characteristic of dementia.
d. CORRECT A disturbance in consciousness is not characteristic of dementia or depression; but, as noted above, is a diagnostic criterion for delirium.

Answer 236

A

11 This is a difficult question, but you may have been able to identify the correct answer if you know that a low base rate means that there are very few people in the population who have the disorder, which implies that the most likely predictive error will be to falsely identify those who do not have the disorder as having it.
c. Incorrect To understand why this answer is incorrect (and answer d is correct), assume that the base rate for the disorder is 1% and that you test a random sample of 10,000 people with the screening test. In this situation, 100 people will have the disease, and the test (which has a 98% accuracy rate) will correctly identify 98 of them – i.e., 98 will be true positives and 2 will be false negatives.
d. CORRECT Continuing with the example, when the base rate for the condition is 1%, 9,900 of the 10,000 people tested will not have the disease, and the test (which has a 98% accuracy rate) will correctly identify 9,702 of them – i.e., 9,702 will be true negatives and the remaining 198 will be false positives. In other words, there will be more false positives than false negatives – and this will be true whenever the predictor has a high accuracy rate and the base rate is less than 50%.

Answer 237

A

12 To a large degree, nonsexist therapy and feminist therapy overlap.
a. Incorrect This is characteristic of both forms of therapy.
b. CORRECT Of the answers given, this is the best choice. While feminist therapy produces change in personal behavior, that change is more consistently framed within the sociopolitical arena in which it occurs. In contrast, nonsexist therapy, while recognizing sociopolitical influences, also looks at personal change separately.
c. Incorrect Both types of therapy advocate that men and women be treated as equals but not necessarily the same.
d. Incorrect This is an explicit goal of feminist therapy and, perhaps to a lesser degree, a characteristic of nonsexist therapy.

Answer 238

A

13 Criterion contamination occurs when a criterion measure is “contaminated” by an extraneous variable.
a. Incorrect Relevance refers to the measure’s significance in terms of the ultimate criterion.
b. Incorrect A criterion measure is unreliable when scores are affected to a large degree by measurement error.
c. CORRECT Contamination often occurs when a rater’s knowledge of a ratee’s predictor performance biases ratings on the criterion measure.
d. Incorrect A criterion is deficient when it does not measure important aspects of the ultimate criterion.

Answer 239

A

14 The acronym OARS is used to identify the principle skills of motivational interviewing and stands for open-ended questions, affirmations, reflective listening, and summary statements.
c. CORRECT Although the four strategies identified in this question would probably be useful for most types of therapy, they have been explicitly identified as the principle strategies of motivational interviewing. These techniques are considered useful for increasing a client’s motivation. For example, “What things about your use of alcohol would you like to change?” is an open-ended question that would enhance the client’s motivation by helping him clarify his thoughts and feelings about drinking.

Answer 240

A

15 This question is fairly simple: It is never ethical to coerce a client into remaining in therapy.
a. CORRECT This is the best course of action in this type of situation. The client will not benefit from treatment if he is not comfortable with the therapist, and it would be unethical to try to “talk him into” additional sessions.

Answer 241

A

16 The term “effect size” is associated with meta-analysis, which is addressed in the Clinical Psychology chapter of the written study materials.
d. CORRECT There are several ways to calculate an effect size, but the most commonly used method produces a standard score, which means that it reports the effect of an intervention in terms of standard deviation units. This answer describes the formula that is used to calculate this type of effect size.

Answer 242

A

17 To answer this question, you have to know that the kappa coefficient is a measure of inter-rater reliability.
c. CORRECT The kappa coefficient (or kappa statistic) is used to evaluate inter-rater reliability. A coefficient in the upper .80s or .90s would indicate an adequate degree of consistency in the ratings of different raters.

Answer 243

A

18 Agranulocytosis is caused by a failure of the bone marrow to produce a sufficient number of certain white blood cells, which increases the body’s susceptibility to infection.
a. CORRECT Fever, sore throat, chills, mouth ulcers, lethargy, and weakness are early signs of agranulocytosis.
b. Incorrect These are potential gastrointestinal side effects of lithium.
c. Incorrect These symptoms may occur when a beta-blocker is abruptly discontinued.
d. Incorrect These are signs of narcotic-analgesic use.

Answer 244

A

19 For the exam, you want to be able to distinguish between the procedures listed in the answers to this question, and all four are described in the Industrial-Organizational chapter of the written study materials.
a. CORRECT A job evaluation is conducted in organizations to determine the relative worth of jobs in order to set wages and salaries. Several methods of job evaluation are useful for establishing comparable worth, which refers to the principle that men and women should receive comparable compensation for work that requires similar skills, knowledge, responsibilities, etc.
b. Incorrect The 80% rule is used to determine if a job selection technique is having an adverse impact.
c. Incorrect A needs assessment is conducted to determine training needs.
d. Incorrect A person analysis is part of a needs assessment and involves determining which employees require training and what knowledge, skills, and abilities they need to acquire to perform their jobs effectively.

Answer 245

A

20 Hardiness is a psychological style that has been linked to the ability to maintain good physical health under conditions of stress.
b. CORRECT According to S. C. Kobasa, hardy people (1) have a strong sense of commitment to their lives and work, (2) believe they can control or influence the events they encounter, and (3) view change as a positive challenge (Stressful life events, personality, and health: An inquiry into hardiness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 1-11, 1979).

Answer 246

A

21 C. R. Ridley presents a “typology of black client self-disclosure,” which relates the willingness to self-disclose to four levels of “paranoia”: intercultural nonparanoic disclosure; functional paranoiac; healthy cultural paranoiac; and confluent paranoiac (Clinical assessment of the nondisclosure of the black client, American Psychologist, 39(11), 1234-1244, 1984).
a. Incorrect This is probably the best course of action, according to Ridley, for the confluent paranoiac but isn’t necessary for the individual experiencing healthy cultural paranoia.
b. Incorrect This isn’t the best response since healthy cultural paranoia may not need to be “ameliorated.”
c. CORRECT Ridley recommends that therapists confront the meaning of the client’s cultural paranoia by bringing his/her feelings into conscious awareness and then help the client clarify when it is appropriate or inappropriate to self-disclose.
d. Incorrect This is not the course of action recommended by Ridley.

Answer 247

A

22 A mediator is a neutral third party whose primary task is to help disputants reach an agreement.
a. Incorrect This is a good idea only when the conflict between disputants is mild. With more serious conflicts, the better course of action is to initially meet separately with each disputant to identify and clarify the relevant issues.
b. Incorrect A closed site is preferable during the initial stages of mediation. An open site is best when an agreement between disputants is very close to being reached.
c. Incorrect It is usually more effective to address multiple issues as a package rather than to negotiate issues separately. Also, when there are a large number of issues that must be resolved separately, it is better to progress from the more general to the more specific.
d. CORRECT “Perhaps the most creative thing a mediator can do is to introduce new issues and alternatives, thereby broadening the disputants” horizons and providing them with ideas for achieving integrative agreements” (J. Z. Rubin et al., Social conflict: Escalation, stalemate, and settlement, New York, McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1994, p. 209).

Answer 248

A

23 Knowing that Erikson describes development as involving eight psychosocial stages would have enabled you to identify the correct answer to this question even if you’re unfamiliar with his view of play.
a. Incorrect Play was described as an opportunity to release surplus energy by Spencer, Schiller, and other evolutionary theorists.
b. Incorrect Freud described children’s play as the result of a “repetition compulsion.”
c. Incorrect Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory of development describes knowledge as socially constructed and conceptualizes symbolic play as an opportunity to practice behaviors in situations that require less precision and accuracy than would be required in reality.
d. CORRECT Erikson (1977) describes play as a function of the ego that allows children to master and control social and emotional experiences. Through play, children learn about themselves and their social environments.

Answer 249

A

24 Thorndike was interested in the slow, trial-and-error nature of the cats’ learning.
a. CORRECT He concluded that learning was not due to mental events but to connections that develop between stimuli and responses as the result of trial-and-error.

Answer 250

A

25 This question is describing trials that required dogs to make difficult discriminations.
c. CORRECT Pavlov found that difficult discriminations produced experimental neurosis – i.e., uncharacteristic behaviors that included extreme restlessness, agitation, and unprovoked aggression. Additional information on experimental neurosis is provided in the Learning Theory chapter of the written study materials.

Answer 251

A

26 The current thinking about “g” is that it is a good predictor of job performance for a wide range of jobs.
d. CORRECT Meta-analyses of the literature suggest that general cognitive ability is related to job performance across a variety of jobs and that specific ability tests explain little additional variability in performance over that explained by g. See, e.g., P. R. Sackett and S. L. Wilk, Within-group norming and other forms of score adjustment in preemployment testing, American Psychologist, 49(11), 929-954, 1994.

Answer 252

A

27 Knowing that divorce is related to increased risk for suicide, with the risk being greatest during the first year, would have helped you answer this question correctly.
a. Incorrect Unwillingness to talk about suicidal feelings is more characteristic of elderly adults than middle-aged adults.
d. CORRECT The more recent the divorce, the greater the risk for suicide. A higher risk in adulthood is also associated with constriction of affect (versus overt expression) and the presence of certain illnesses including a peptic ulcer. See, for example, S. J. Blumenthal and D. J. Kupfer, Suicide over the life cycle: Risk factors, assessment, and treatment of suicidal patients, American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC, 1990.

Answer 253

A

28 Groupthink was originally described by Arthur Janis to describe several failed foreign policy decisions including the Kennedy administration’s decision to invade Cuba.
a. CORRECT Although Janis did not believe that high cohesiveness alone necessarily leads to groupthink, he considered it to be the primary condition and proposed that cohesiveness is likely to lead to poor decision making when it is combined with certain other conditions including insulation from outside opinions, the presence of external threats, and highly directive leadership.

Answer 254

A

29 Equity theory predicts that motivation is a function of the comparisons workers make between their own input/outcome ratio and those of workers doing similar jobs.
a. Incorrect The Rosenthal effect is another name for the self-fulfilling prophecy effect, which isn’t really relevant to equity theory.
b. CORRECT According to equity theory, motivation is a result of our social comparisons. Additional information on equity theory is provided in the Industrial-Organizational Psychology chapter of the written study materials.
c. Incorrect Drive theory is also a theory of motivation but isn’t as relevant to equity theory as social comparison theory.
d. Incorrect The buffering hypothesis predicts that the perception of adequate social support buffers people against the negative effects of stress.

Answer 255

A

30 Hypnagogic hallucinations are not necessarily indicative of a mental disorder but are associated with Narcolepsy.
a. Incorrect This sounds more like an illusion.
b. Incorrect This is referred to as synesthesia.
c. CORRECT This is the definition of hypnagogic hallucinations.
d. Incorrect These are simply hallucinations.

Answer 256

A

31 A phoneme is the smallest unit of sound in a language.
a. CORRECT English has 26 letters but 44 phonemes since the same letter alone or combined with others can represent more than one sound.
b. Incorrect This is a morpheme (the smallest unit of sound that conveys meaning).

Answer 257

A

32 Privilege is a legal requirement that prohibits (with some exceptions) confidential client information from being disclosed in legal proceedings.
a. CORRECT In most circumstances, the client is the holder of the privilege, which means that only the client can determine when confidential information may be disclosed in court, a deposition, or other legal proceeding. See the Ethics and Professional Issues chapter in the written study materials for additional information on privilege.

Answer 258

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33 For the exam, you want to know what the base rate and selection ratio are as well as know how these factors contribute to a test’s ability to improve decision-making accuracy. This information is presented in the Industrial-Organizational Psychology chapter of the written study materials.
d. CORRECT The Taylor-Russell Tables provide information on a test’s decision-making accuracy for various combinations of base rates, selection ratios, and validity coefficients. The tables indicate that a test with a low or moderate validity coefficient can improve decision-making accuracy when the selection ratio is low (e.g., .10) and the base rate is moderate (near .50).

Answer 259

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34 Although Lee’s history and symptoms are suggestive of Brief Psychotic Disorder, you would want to rule out other explanations, especially a Psychotic Disorder due to a General Medical Condition or a Substance-Induced Psychotic Disorder. Note that this question is asking you to identify the information that would rule out (not confirm) a diagnosis of Brief Psychotic Disorder.
a. CORRECT Psychotic symptoms can be produced by a number of factors including alcohol or drugs. Therefore, you would want to consider the possibility of an alcohol- or drug-induced psychotic disorder before assigning a diagnosis of Brief Psychotic Disorder.
b. Incorrect This is a characteristic symptom of Brief Psychotic Disorder and would help confirm the diagnosis rather than rule it out.
c. Incorrect Delusions are characteristic of Brief Psychotic Disorder.
d. Incorrect Rapid shifts in mood are also characteristic of Brief Psychotic Disorder.

Answer 260

A

35 In this situation, the interviewer’s overall evaluation of the applicant has been influenced by one or two very positive characteristics.
a. CORRECT This is best described as a positive halo error.
b. Incorrect A contrast effect occurs when the evaluation of an applicant is affected by a previous applicant; e.g., if the previous applicant was very poor, a mediocre applicant is likely to be evaluated more favorably than he/she would if the previous applicant had excellent qualifications.
c. Incorrect A leniency bias is occurring when a rater tends to rate everyone highly.
d. Incorrect The fundamental attribution bias refers to the tendency to attribute the behavior of others to dispositional (versus situational) factors.

Answer 261

A

36 This is a difficult question since it provides very little information about the intervention it is asking about. You may have been able to identify the correct response, however, through the process of elimination.
a. Incorrect See explanation for response b.
b. CORRECT Motivational interviewing has been defined by W. R. Miller and S. Rollinick as an approach designed to help clients build commitment and readiness to change (Motivational Interviewing, New York: Guilford, 1991). It is based on the assumption that interventions are most effective when they are matched to the individual’s level of readiness.
c. Incorrect See explanation for response b.
d. Incorrect Self-control techniques incorporate self-monitoring and self-reinforcement and are used for a variety of disorders. They do not explicitly address a client’s readiness to change.

Answer 262

A

37 Family, twin, and adoption studies have confirmed a genetic contribution to Major Depressive Disorder. However, these studies have shown that the heritability of this disorder is in the 31 to 42% range, which indicates that environmental factors also play an important role. See, e.g., P. F. Sullivan, M. C. Neale, and K. S. Kendler, Genetic epidemiology of major depression: Review and meta-analysis, American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 1552-1562, 2000.
d. CORRECT Based on their review of the research, Sullivan et al. conclude that Major Depressive Disorder is a complex and heterogeneous condition that results from a combination of genetic and environmental factors. They suggest that a genetic vulnerability to this disorder might be expressed only when the individual is also exposed to certain environmental events.

Answer 263

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38 Strokes cause focal brain damage that reflects the arterial territory (or territories) involved. Most strokes occur in the region of the middle cerebral artery, which supplies blood to a number of areas of the brain including the frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes.
a. Incorrect These are symptoms of posterior cerebral artery infarct.
b. Incorrect These symptoms are associated with anterior cerebral artery infarct.
c. CORRECT A stroke occurring in the middle cerebral artery is associated with these symptoms. Aphasia results when the dominant (left) hemisphere is involved; when the nondominant (right) hemisphere is affected, denial of defects and left-sided neglect are common.
d. Incorrect These symptoms are not characteristic of a stroke involving the middle cerebral artery.

Answer 264

A

39 The debate over the relationship between Parkinson’s Disease and depression has not been entirely resolved. However, there seems to be more evidence that it is endogenous to the disorder rather than simply a reaction to it.
a. Incorrect Depression is more common in those with Parkinson’s Disease than in the general population and, as noted above, it is currently believed to be endogenous to the disorder.
b. Incorrect As noted, depression is probably not just a reaction to the disorder.
c. CORRECT One source of evidence for the endogenous nature of depression in Parkinson’s Disease is the occurrence of a prodromal “parkinsonian personality,” which is characterized by melancholia, introversion, and pessimism. The early appearance of depressive symptoms is most common in younger patients and those with a family history of the disorder.
d. Incorrect As noted above, depression is an early appearing symptom in some patients.

Answer 265

A

40 Knowing that the “self-concept” is a key concept in Super’s theory would have enabled you to identify the correct answer to this question.
a. Incorrect Ego identity is a focus of Tiedeman and O’Hara’s theory of career development.
b. Incorrect See explanation for response c.
c. CORRECT According to Super, the self-concept consists of the values, abilities, personality traits, needs, and interests that we believe we possess. Self-concept influences career choice, and the degree of match between the self-concept and the job affects the individual’s job satisfaction, stability, and success.
d. Incorrect See explanation for response c.

Answer 266

A

41 Freud’s personality theory emphasizes conflicts between the internal instincts and the demands of reality.
a. Incorrect This best describes Kelly’s definition of anxiety.
b. Incorrect This is Roger’s view of anxiety.
c. Incorrect Horney referred to this as “basic anxiety.”
d. CORRECT Of the answers given, this is the only one that addresses internal and external threats and, therefore, is the best description of Freud’s conceptualization of anxiety.

Answer 267

A

42 Escape and avoidance conditioning are both applications of negative reinforcement. For the exam, you want to be familiar with the difference between them.
b. CORRECT Avoidance conditioning is more complex than escape conditioning and involves presenting a cue immediately before the aversive stimulus is applied so that the individual can avoid the aversive stimulus by engaging in the target behavior as soon as the cue is presented. Additional information about escape and avoidance conditioning is provided in the Learning Theory chapter of the written study materials.

Answer 268

A

43 Although you may feel the therapist’s decision is “not quite right,” therapists are not required to see patients they do not want to see.
c. CORRECT This issue is addressed by R. I. Simon in Clinical psychiatry and the law (American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC, 1992). Although Simon is discussing the obligations of psychiatrists, the same principles apply to psychologists: Self-employed mental health professionals do not have a legal or ethical duty to enter into professional relationships. While the psychologist’s decision may seem unfair, he is free to serve the clients he chooses. He should, however, make appropriate referrals. (Note that the Ethics Code does require psychologists not to discriminate on the basis of race, gender, or any other basis proscribed by law. Litigious clients do not fall into this category, however.)

Answer 269

A

44 Of the disorders listed in the answers, only Transvestic Fetishism is characterized by cross-dressing for the purpose of sexual arousal.
a. Incorrect Transsexualism refers to persistent cross-gender identification and is categorized in the DSM-IV-TR as Gender Identity Disorder.
b. CORRECT Transvestic Fetishism is characterized by “recurrent, intense, sexual urges and sexually arousing fantasies, of at least six months duration, involving cross-dressing.” It is distinguished from “cross-dressing for the relief of tension or gender discomfort,” which does not directly cause sexual excitement.
c. Incorrect Frotteurism involves intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors that involve touching or rubbing against a nonconsenting person.
d. Incorrect As its name implies, Exhibitionism involves exposing one’s genitals to strangers.

Answer 270

A

45 For many therapists, it is common practice to combine individual and group therapy. However, there are some drawbacks to this approach.
a. Incorrect In fact, several authors suggest that concurrent individual and group therapy is the best approach for these clients (see, e.g., The psychiatric therapies, American Psychiatric Association, 1984).
b. CORRECT Yalom (1975) and others caution that individual therapy can “drain off” clinical material from group therapy and thereby decrease involvement and participation in group therapy.
c. Incorrect At least one authority (Anthony, et al., 1971) suggests that the opposite is true: Group therapy can actually reduce resistance in individual therapy.
d. Incorrect It is not true that concurrent group and individual therapies are beneficial only when they are provided by different therapists.

Answer 271

A

46 The goal of all of the defense mechanisms can be said to be keeping unwanted thoughts and impulses out of consciousness.
a. Incorrect Regression occurs when an individual reverts to behaviors characteristic of an earlier stage in life in order to avoid anxiety-producing impulses.
b. CORRECT Repression involves pushing unacceptable id impulses into the unconscious. Repression can be viewed as the most “basic” of the defense mechanisms since the goal of all defense mechanisms is to make unwanted impulses unconscious.
c. Incorrect Sublimation involves channeling unwanted impulses into socially-acceptable endeavors. It is considered the most “advanced” of the defense mechanisms.
d. Incorrect Projection occurs when an individual attributes his/her unwanted impulses to other people.

Answer 272

A

47 Whenever a sample is drawn from a population, there is a good chance that the sample will not be entirely representative of that population.
c. CORRECT As the result of random (chance) factors, the sample may not “mirror” the population in terms of important characteristics. This is referred to as sampling error.

Answer 273

A

48 Logistic regression is one of several multivariate techniques that you want to be familiar with for the exam. Information about these techniques is provided in the Statistics and Research Design chapter of the written study materials.
a. CORRECT Logistic regression is used when the goal is to predict status on a single dichotomous variable (a categorical variable with two levels). Note that an extended version of logistic regression is used when a single outcome variable has more than two categories and is referred to as multinomial or polytomous logistic regression.

Answer 274

A

49 The man’s symptoms are characteristic of apraxia.
a. CORRECT The condition described in this question is a type of ideomotor apraxia. It is caused by damage to the left posterior parietal lobe and, consequently, is also known as left parietal apraxia. Additional information about apraxia is provided in the Physiological Psychology and Psychopharmacology chapter of the written study materials.

Answer 275

A

50 The slope of a regression line in a criterion-related validity study indicates the degree of correlation between the predictor and the criterion.
a. Incorrect It is the predictor cutoff scores of the two groups that help determine whether there is unfairness, not the slope of the regression line.
b. CORRECT If the slope of the regression line for two different groups differs, this suggests that there may be differential validity (different validity coefficients for different groups). Additional information on unfairness and differential validity is provided in the Industrial-Organizational Psychology chapter of the written study materials.
c. Incorrect Incremental validity refers to decision-making accuracy and, although it is affected by a predictor’s validity, its magnitude is not determined by comparing the slopes of two different groups.
d. Incorrect Convergent validity refers to the degree of correlation between two measures that assess the same trait using different techniques.

Answer 276

A

51 Even if you are unfamiliar with cognitive-behavioral family therapy, familiarity with cognitive-behavioral therapy in general should have helped you select the correct answer to this question
d. CORRECT Schemas are a key concept in cognitive-behavioral therapy and in cognitive-behavioral family therapy. However, in the latter, they are conceptualized more narrowly as the cognitive frameworks that family members have about family functioning. See A. Schwebel and M. Fine, Understanding and helping the family: A cognitive-behavioral model, Hillsdale, NJ, Erlbaum, 1994.

Answer 277

A

52 To answer this, you have to know that the serial position effect refers to the tendency to forget items in the middle of a list (versus the beginning and end of the list).
c. CORRECT Studies on memory and forgetting have shown that people tend to remember information presented in the beginning and, in some cases, end of a list better than that presented in the middle. If this finding is extended to a study session, it predicts that a student should pay most attention to the information reviewed in the middle of the study session since that is the information that is most likely to be forgotten.

Answer 278

A

53 For the exam, you want to be able to distinguish retroactive and proactive interference. These are described in the Learning Theory chapter of the written study materials.
a. CORRECT Comparing the performance of the participants in the two groups will provide information on retroactive interference, which occurs when recently learned information interferes with the ability to recall previously learned information. (Subjects in the second group are asked to count backwards in order to keep them from rehearsing the list.)
b. Incorrect Proactive interference occurs when prior learning interferes with the learning or recall of subsequent (new) learning.
c. Incorrect Overlearning refers to practicing information past the point of mastery.
d. Incorrect Cue-dependent forgetting occurs when cues needed to recall information are inadequate.

Answer 279

A

54 The serial position effect is the tendency to recall items at the beginning and end of a list better than items in the middle of the list.
a. CORRECT Enhanced recall of items at the beginning of a list is referred to as the primacy effect, while enhanced recall of items at the end of a list is called the recency effect.

Answer 280

A

55 This issue is addressed in Standard 2.02 of the Ethics Code.
c. CORRECT Standard 2.02 states: “In emergencies, when psychologists provide services to individuals for whom other mental health services are not available and for which psychologists have not obtained the necessary training, psychologists may provide such services in order to ensure the services are not denied. The services are discontinued as soon as the emergency has ended or appropriate services are available.”

Answer 281

A

56 Although there are many approaches to anger management training, most programs are based on a cognitive-behavioral approach that emphasizes the individual’s perceptions, feelings, and behaviors.
d. CORRECT One problem with most anger management training programs is that they focus on the individual and ignore the role of interpersonal or systemic factors. The importance of broadening the focus is supported by research showing that targeting individual, family, peer, and community relationships increases the effectiveness of anger management programs (e.g., E. Morley and S. B. Rossman, Helping at-risk youth: Lessons from community-based initiatives, Washington, D.C., The Urban Institute, 1997).

Answer 282

A

57 Self-talk (talking aloud to oneself) is also referred to as private speech and is exhibited by children ages 4 through 9. Vygotsky considered children’s self-talk to be an essential contributor to cognitive development.
a. Incorrect Piaget viewed self-talk as nonsocial and as a manifestation of egocentrism. Vygotsky disagreed with Piaget’s view.
b. CORRECT Vygotsky believed that the self-talk of young children helps them integrate language with thought and thought with action. According to Vygotsky, children use self-talk to guide their actions, especially when working on difficult or confusing tasks.
c. Incorrect Vygotsky viewed self-talk as communication with oneself, not as rehearsal for communication with others.
d. Incorrect Prelinguistic speech refers to crying, cooing, babbling, and imitation of the speech of others.

Answer 283

A

58 Perry and colleagues recognize the role of parenting practices in the development of aggression in children. However, much of their research has looked at the cognitive characteristics of aggressive children.
d. CORRECT Research by Perry et al. found that highly aggressive children tend to show little regret or remorse following their aggressive acts.

Answer 284

A

59 Interhemispheric communication refers to communication between the right and left hemispheres of the brain.
a. Incorrect The precentral gyrus is located in the frontal lobe and contains the motor cortex.
b. Incorrect The arcuate fasciculus connects Wernicke’s area to Broca’s area.
c. Incorrect The cingulate gyrus is part of the limbic system and is involved in the processing and formation of emotions.
d. CORRECT The corpus callosum is the primary bundle of nerve fibers connecting the left and right hemispheres. Its role in transferring information between the hemispheres was identified in the 1950s by Myers and Sperry.

Answer 285

A

60 Studies have generally found that both sexes use different adjectives to describe men and women, and they tend to describe men in more favorable terms than women.
d. CORRECT I. K. Broverman, et al. found that male and female mental health professionals tend to attach more favorable characteristics to “healthy males” than to “healthy females.” For instance, they found that healthy females were described by mental health professionals of both sexes as submissive, dependent, and passive, while healthy adults and healthy males were described as independent, active, and competitive (Sex-role stereotypes and clinical judgments of mental health, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 34,, 1-7, 1970).

Answer 286

A

61 Sue and Zane argue that therapy outcome for members of minority groups is enhanced by two factors – credibility and giving [S. Sue and N. Zane, The role of culture and cultural techniques in psychotherapy: A critique and reformulation, American Psychologist, 42(1), 37-45, 1987].
a. CORRECT Gift giving is an important ritual in interpersonal relations in Asian cultures, but Sue and Zane feel that, in therapy, it is useful for other minority clients as well, especially for reducing premature termination from treatment. In therapy, giving can take several forms including normalization of the client’s problems and instillation of hope.

Answer 287

A

62 For the exam, you want to be familiar with the characteristics of Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development. This information is provided in the Lifespan Development chapter of the written study materials.
c. CORRECT Piaget described centration as characteristic of the preoperational stage and as one of the reasons why young children cannot conserve.

Answer 288

A

63 Research has shown that boys receive more criticism, whereas girls receive more praise during their elementary school years.
b. CORRECT Furthermore, the nature of the criticism varies: boys are more often criticized for incorrect behavior and girls are more often criticized for a lack of ability.

Answer 289

A

64 For the exam, you want to know that the item difficulty index (p) indicates the number of examinees who answered the item correctly and ranges from 0 to 1.0, with 0 indicating that none of the examinees answered the item correctly and 1.0 indicating that all of the examinees answered the item correctly.
c. CORRECT For many tests, items with a moderate difficulty level (close to .50) are preferred for several reasons – i.e., a moderate difficulty level increases score variability, helps ensure that scores will be normally distributed, and helps maximize the test’s reliability.

Answer 290

A

65 Migraine headaches are classified as common or classic.
a. Incorrect Classic migraines begin with an aura.
b. Incorrect Migraines involve throbbing pain.
c. CORRECT A number of things can exacerbate the pain of a migraine including lifting or bending over. In contrast to classic migraines, common migraines do not begin with an aura.
d. Incorrect This sounds more like a cluster headache than a migraine headache.

Answer 291

A

66 ERG theory proposes that we have three basic needs: existence, relatedness, and growth.
a. CORRECT Alderfer modified Maslow’s need hierarchy theory so that it better corresponds to research showing that humans have three (rather than five) distinct needs and that more than one need can act as a motivator at any point in time.

Answer 292

A

67 Being familiar with the major characteristics of each of the personality disorders listed in the answers to this question would have helped you identify the correct response.
a. CORRECT As noted in the DSM-IV-TR, Histrionic and Antisocial Personality Disorders share several features – i.e., impulsivity, superficiality, recklessness, and manipulativeness. However, with regard to the latter, people with Histrionic Personality Disorder engage in manipulative behaviors to gain nurturance, while those with Antisocial Personality Disorder do so to gain power or material gratification.
b. Incorrect Individuals with Borderline Personality Disorder engage in manipulative behaviors and, like those with Histrionic Personality Disorder, do so to gain nurturance.

Answer 293

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68 In a study similar to the one described in this question (the “Robber’s Cave” study), Sherif and his colleagues (1961) first established intergroup conflict by putting two groups of campers in competition for rewards that only one group could obtain. They then tried various methods for reducing the conflict they had created.
a. CORRECT Sherif, et al. found that conflict between groups was best resolved when groups were united in the pursuit of a “superordinate” goal that could be achieved only through cooperation.
b. Incorrect This is the method Sherif, et al. used to create conflict between groups.
c. Incorrect Increasing interpersonal contact under positive conditions only provided members of the groups with more opportunities to express hostility toward one another.
d. Incorrect Introducing a third group as a common enemy simply widened the scope of hostility.

Answer 294

A

69 An important thing to remember about goal-setting theory is that it predicts that acceptance of goals is considered to be of paramount importance.
a. Incorrect Although participation in goals can increase one’s acceptance (and intentions), it is not considered necessary.
b. CORRECT Acceptance is the critical factor: A person must consciously accept the goals and intend to achieve them.
c. Incorrect This is not a prediction made by goal-setting theory (although it would contribute to a person’s acceptance of goals).
d. Incorrect This is also not a prediction of goal-setting theory.

Answer 295

A

70 If you can get past the somewhat awkward language used in the responses to this question, the question is not all that difficult as long as you know that a regression equation is used to predict a single Y score from a single obtained (known) X score.
a. CORRECT The regression line is essentially a “running mean” and predicts the mean Y (dependent variable) score obtained by individuals in the validation or tryout sample for each value of X (independent variable). Consequently, for an individual examinee, the equation for the regression line predicts the most likely Y score based on that examinee’s obtained score on X.

Answer 296

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71 This situation is addressed in the Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing(AERA, APA, & NCME, 1999).
c. CORRECT Standard 8.11 of the Standards states that, in cases of misconduct by a test taker (e.g., suspected cheating), the test taker should be notified and “given a timely opportunity to provide evidence that the score should not be cancelled or withheld.” In addition, Standard 8.13 states that, in this situation, the test taker is entitled to “some form of procedural due process protection.” In other words, the test taker must be given an opportunity to respond to the charge and be provided with information about the procedures that will be followed before any action against him/her is taken.

Answer 297

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72 For the exam, you’ll want to be famiiar with the similar and distinguishing features of the disorders listed in the answers to this question, and this information is provided in the Abnormal Psychology chapter of the written study materials.
a. Incorrect Specific Phobia is characterized by a fear of a circumscribed object or situation that is not indicative of a diagnosis of Agoraphobia or Social Phobia.
b. CORRECT As its name implies, Social Phobia involves a persistent fear of one or more situations involving scrutiny by others or in which the presence of others will result in humiliation or embarrassment. This is consistent with the information given about Elsie – i.e., her primary symptom is a fear of speaking in front of people.
c. Incorrect Elsie’s symptoms are not suggestive of Panic Disorder, which requires two or more unexpected panic attacks with at least one attack being followed by one month of persistent concern about having another attack, worry about the implications of the attack, or a significant change in behavior related to the attack. (A person with a Social Phobia can, however, experience panic attacks.)
d. Incorrect Elsie’s symptoms are not suggestive of Panic Disorder.

Answer 298

A

73 A leniency bias occurs when a rater rates all ratees very positively regardless of their actual level of performance. Likert-type scales are most susceptible to leniency and other rater biases.
a. Incorrect BARS is a type of rating scale. Although it was developed to help increase rater accuracy, the research has not been particularly favorable.
b. Incorrect Peer ratings would not overcome the problem of leniency.
c. CORRECT A forced choice scale presents items that have been identified as being of equal social desirability in dyads or triads and requires the rater to pick the item that best describes the ratee. Because of its format, it eliminates the leniency bias.
d. Incorrect A BIB – biographical information blank – is not a rating scale.

Answer 299

A

74 Behavioral assessment is used as both a diagnostic and evaluative tool to guide decisions related to interventions and to assess their effectiveness.
a. Incorrect This is characteristic of behavioral assessment.
b. CORRECT Behavioral assessments focus on samples of overt behaviors and do not view or interpret them as signs of underlying phenomena.
c. Incorrect This is characteristic of behavioral assessment.
d. Incorrect This is characteristic of behavioral assessment.

Answer 300

A

75 As defined in the DSM-IV-TR, Adjustment Disorder is “a psychological response to an identifiable stressor or stressors that results in the development of clinically significant emotional or behavioral symptoms” (p. 679).
b. CORRECT The DSM requires that symptoms develop within three months of the onset of the stressor and that symptoms do not persist for more than six months after the stressor or its consequences have ended.

Answer 301

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76 A major problem with subjective rating scales is that they are susceptible to rater biases and thus may not provide accurate information about an employee’s job performance. However, biases can be controlled by using certain types of subjective rating scales.
a. Incorrect The paired comparison method requires the rater to compare each employee with each other employee and, therefore, does eliminate response biases.
b. CORRECT Likert-type scales and other graphic rating scales are very susceptible to rater biases, especially when the dimensions of job behavior being rated are very global.
c. Incorrect The forced distribution is a method of controlling rater biases.
d. Incorrect Like the paired comparison and forced distribution methods, ranking is a relative technique and helps reduce rating biases.

Answer 302

A

77 The research on biofeedback is far from consistent, but biofeedback does appear to have positive effects for several problems including hypertension.
c. CORRECT The research has shown that, for most disorders that it has been applied to, biofeedback has beneficial effects, but these effects do not exceed those associated with other treatments. For hypertension, biofeedback seems to be about as effective as relaxation training and self-monitoring.

Answer 303

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78 The T-distribution has a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10, which means that a T-score of 70 is two standard deviations above the mean.
d. CORRECT In a normal distribution (which is assumed for MMPI scores), about 97% of scores fall below the score that is two standard deviations above the mean.

Answer 304

A

79 Migraine headaches are more common in females and have been linked with certain personality characteristics.
a. CORRECT The risk for migraine is higher for females than males; the onset of migraines is between puberty and mid-life; and personality characteristics that have been linked to migraines include perfectionism, neatness, restraint, and ambitiousness.

Answer 305

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80 Otitis media (OM) is a middle ear disease. When chronic, it often causes mild to moderate hearing loss.
c. CORRECT The hearing loss resulting from OM has been linked to attention problems (especially attention to language) and resulting language deficits, behavioral problems, and lower school achievement. See, e.g., L. Feagans and A. Proctor, The effects of mild illness in infancy on later development: The sample case of the effects of otitis media (middle ear effusion), in C. B. Fisher and R. M. Learner (Eds.), Applied developmental psychology, Cambridge, MA, McGraw-Hill, 1994.

Answer 306

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81 The functions described in this question are examples of our executive (higher-order) cognitive functions.
a. CORRECT The prefrontal cortex is part of the frontal lobe and plays an important role in our executive cognitive functions. The results of recent research suggest that the lack of impulse control and poor judgment associated with adolescence are due to incomplete development of this area of the brain.
b. Incorrect The entorhinal cortex is located in the ventromedial part of the temporal lobe. It plays an important role in memory and is one of the first areas of the brain to be affected by Alzheimer’s dementia.
c. Incorrect The corpus callosum is the largest bundle of fibers connecting the two hemispheres of the brain and is not responsible for the functions listed in the question.
d. Incorrect The striatum consists of the putamen and caudate nucleus, which are part of the basal ganglia. The basal ganglia are involved in motor control and several other functions (but not the functions listed in the question).

Answer 307

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82 The data analysis for the study described in this question will involve comparing the mean number of TV viewing hours for the high school students to the national mean.
a. CORRECT The t-test is used to compare two means, and when one of the means is a sample mean and the other is a known population mean, the appropriate t-test is the single-sample t-test.
b. Incorrect The independent samples t-test is the appropriate t-test for comparing means obtained from two independent samples.
c. Incorrect The single-sample chi-square test is used to compare the number (frequency) of cases in each category when a study includes a single variable.
d. Incorrect The multiple-sample chi-square test is used to compare the number (frequency) of cases in each category when a study includes two or more variables.

Answer 308

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83 The investigator is using a within-subjects design that involves having each participant receive all levels of the independent variable.
a. Incorrect The term “analogue” is used in the context of research design to refer to the investigation of a well-defined research question in well-controlled conditions.
b. Incorrect The dismantling strategy is used to determine the effects of each component of a multi-component treatment and involves administering different components to different groups of participants.
c. CORRECT Counterbalanced designs are within-subjects designs that help control order or practice effects by administering the levels of the independent variable to different subjects (or groups of subjects) in a different order.
d. Incorrect The Solomon four-group design is used to evaluate the impact of pretesting on a study’s internal and external validity.

Answer 309

A

84 Decision-making strategies have been categorized in terms of several basic types. One strategy is referred to as rational decision-making; as its name implies, it involves examining alternatives in a rational way to identify the best one.
a. Incorrect Social desirability is a type of response style that affects how an individual responds to test items and is not relevant to decision-making strategies.
b. Incorrect Although this is true in some cases, it is not an accurate generalization.
c. Incorrect This has not been identified by the research on rational decision-making as a cause of bad decisions.
d. CORRECT Herbert Simon has proposed that rational decision-making often fails because the decision-maker often “satisfices” (rather than “maximizes”); i.e., he/she chooses the first satisfactory alternative rather than continue to search for the optimal alternative due primarily to inadequate information about the problem and alternative solutions, to a lack of time and money, and to limits on the decision-maker’s own intelligence.

Answer 310

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85 According to the multi-component model, working memory consists of a central executive and three subsystems – the phonological loop, the visuo-spatial sketchpad, and the episodic buffer.
c. CORRECT The central executive is the primary component of working memory and acts as an “attentional control system.” Additional information about this model is provided in the Learning Theory chapter of the written study materials.

Answer 311

A

86 The K-scale is one of the MMPI-2’s validity scales. It was originally developed as a measure of clinical defensiveness and has since been found to have positive correlations with education level and socioeconomic status.
a. CORRECT A suppressor variable is a variable that correlates with scores on a test but is irrelevant to what is being measured by the test. Suppressor variables are sometimes used in scoring a test to remove variability in scores due to irrelevant factors. On the MMPI-2, an examinee’s K-scale score is used as a correction factor for scores on the clinical scales.
b. Incorrect A mediator variable is a variable that causes (is responsible for) the relationship between independent and dependent variables.
c. Incorrect The VRIN and TRIN scales are measures of response consistency.
d. Incorrect The K scale score is not used as a measure of psychosis.

Answer 312

A

87 As described in the Test Construction chapter of the written study materials, when factors are orthogonal (uncorrelated), a test’s factor loadings can be squared and summed to calculate the communality (the amount of variability in test scores explained by the identified factors).
b. CORRECT Test A’s communality is equal to .40 squared (.16) plus .30 squared (.09), which is .25.

Answer 313

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88 Reinforcers are classified as primary or secondary.
a. Incorrect This answer does not describe secondary reinforcers.
b. CORRECT Primary (unconditioned) reinforcers are inherently reinforcing, while secondary (conditioned) reinforcers acquire their reinforcing value through their association with one or more primary reinforcers. Money is an example of a secondary reinforcer.
c. Incorrect When using the Premack Principle, a high-frequency behavior is used as a reinforcer for a low-frequency behavior to increase the low-frequency behavior.
d. Incorrect This answer describes negative reinforcement.

Answer 314

A

89 Studies have shown that, among children and adolescents, about 50% of intelligence test score variability can be attributed to genetics and that, for adults, this figure is 70 to 80%.
a. Incorrect This is the correlation reported for identical twins reared together.
b. Incorrect This is the correlation reported for identical twins reared apart.
c. Incorrect This is the correlation reported for biological siblings reared together.
d. CORRECT The reported correlation coefficient for unrelated individuals reared together is close to .30. See, e.g., D. Meyers, Psychology, New York: Worth, 1998. Note: Although information on “unrelated individuals reared together” is not presented in the Psychological Assessment chapter, you may had to use the process of elimination to identify this as the correct answer. Alternatively, you may have recalled that the correlation for an adoptive parent and child (who are “unrelated individuals”) is .18, which would have helped you identify this as the correct response.

Answer 315

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90 For the exam, you want to be familiar with the uses of all of the techniques listed in the answers to this question.
a. CORRECT Survival analysis is used to analyze the amount of time that passes before a particular event occurs (i.e., to analyze “time-to-event” data). For example, it would be useful for analyzing time until first relapse following treatment, time until a particular skill is acquired, or time until symptoms develop following exposure to a disease.
b. Incorrect As its name suggests, trend analysis is used to identify patterns (trends). For example, statistically significant trends can be detected with the analysis of variance when the independent variable is quantitative. In this situation, the analysis would indicate if there is a statistically significant linear or nonlinear relationship between the independent and dependent variables.
c. Incorrect Time-series analysis is used to analyze data collected over time. As an example, it could be used to analyze data from a within-group research study in which the dependent variable was measured multiple times before and after the independent variable was applied.
d. Incorrect Cluster analysis is used to divide people, events, or variables into meaningful groups (clusters) based on data collected on those variables. For instance, cluster analysis could be used to identify subgroups of patients with Major Depressive Disorder in terms of predominant symptoms and help-seeking behaviors.

Answer 316

A

91 For the exam, you want to be familiar with the correlation coefficients listed in the answers to this question.
a. Incorrect The contingency coefficient is used when both variables are measured on a nominal scale.
b. Incorrect The biserial coefficient is the appropriate correlation coefficient when one variable is continuous and the other is an artificial dichotomy.
c. Incorrect The phi coefficient is used when both variables are true dichotomies.
d. CORRECT The Spearman rank-order correlation coefficient is also known as Spearman rho and is used when both variables are ranks.

Answer 317

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92 Yalom notes that “whether co-therapists should openly express disagreement during a group session is an issue of some controversy” (1985, p. 420). However, he believes that, in general, disagreement can be useful.
b. CORRECT Yalom believes that disagreements between co-therapists may be inappropriate during the first few meetings of a therapy group but, in later sessions, can contribute to treatment by providing a “model-setting experience” for group members that shows them how disagreements can be resolved.
d. Incorrect Yalom does not qualify his support for disagreement with the requirement that it be an explicit group norm.

Answer 318

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93 For the exam, you want to be familiar with all of the tests listed in the answers to this question. Additional information about these tests is provided in the Psychological Assessment chapter of the written study materials.
a. CORRECT The Wide Range Achievement Test (WRAT) is a rapid screening device for assessing reading, spelling, and math skills and was designed to be used to assist in the diagnosis of a learning disability.
b. Incorrect The Differential Aptitude Test (DAT) assesses job-related abilities and broad intellectual skills and is used for vocational counseling.
c. Incorrect The Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) is a measure of receptive vocabulary that provides a nonverbal estimate of intelligence.
d. Incorrect The Cognitive Assessment System (CAS) is a measure of basic cognitive processes central to learning.

Answer 319

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94 There is nothing in the question that says the minority clients have problems that are unfamiliar to the therapist, that their well-being will be jeopardized by seeing this therapist, or that there is any other reason why a referral would be the best course of action.
a. Incorrect Of the responses given, this is not the best one. In certain situations, admitting a lack of expertise is appropriate, but as a general strategy for a particular kind of client, it would not be a good policy.
b. CORRECT This is always a good course of action in any situation involving uncertainty about one’s competence.
c. Incorrect This would be insufficient.
d. Incorrect This is not really a wrong answer but is not suggested by the conditions of the question. You’d want to consider this course of action in situations where it would be clearly in the best interests of the clients to do so.

Answer 320

A

95 A diagnosis of Alcohol Withdrawal is made when cessation of (or reduction in) heavy, prolonged alcohol consumption results in at least two characteristic symptoms.
a. Incorrect This describes Amphetamine Withdrawal.
b. CORRECT These are characteristic symptoms of Alcohol Withdrawal.
c. Incorrect These are symptoms of Alcohol Intoxication.
d. Incorrect These symptoms are associated with Opioid Withdrawal.

Answer 321

A

96 Research comparing on-time, early, and late physical maturation in adolescence has found that the effects differ for boys and girls. Note, however, that the effects of late (and early) maturation decline over time so that, in adulthood, early, on-time, and late maturers are essentially indistinguishable.
c. CORRECT For adolescent boys, early physical maturation is associated with a number of benefits including greater popularity with peers and better overall adjustment. In contrast, for girls, early physical maturation has been linked to lower academic achievement and a higher risk for sexually precocious behavior and drug use.

Answer 322

A

97 Yalom describes the beginning of a new therapy group as involving three formative stages.
a. CORRECT According to Yalom, the third stage of group therapy is characterized by a growing sense of group cohesiveness, which leads to greater participation in the group and increased adherence to group norms.

Answer 323

A

98 This question is difficult to answer because none of the responses describes an entirely inappropriate action. However, only one response addresses APA requirements.
d. CORRECT This response addresses the requirements of APA’s Ethics Code and Rules and Procedures – i.e., both documents require psychologists to cooperate with the Ethics Committee. Specifically, Part II, Standard 8.2 of the Rules and Procedures requires psychologists to respond to charges of unethical conduct personally and Standard 9 requires full cooperation “in a timely fashion.” How Dr. Looby responds to the client’s charges – e.g., by talking to the client, discussing the matter with the staff – depends on the situation.

Answer 324

A

99 Harlow is best known for his research on early attachment and its consequences in infant monkeys.
b. CORRECT Harlow and his colleagues found that infant monkeys preferred physical contact with a soft terrycloth surrogate mother to contact with a hard wire surrogate that provided food. They concluded that these results indicate that contact (tactile) comfort is most critical for attachment.

Answer 325

A

100 This issue is addressed in the APA’s Guidelines for Child Custody Evaluations in Family Law Proceedings.
d. CORRECT The Guidelines states that psychologists must avoid multiple relationships. For example, they should avoid assuming an evaluative role in custody cases where they already have established a therapeutic relationship with the child and/or the child’s parents.

Answer 326

A

101 Research on the persuasiveness of messages has found that, in general, the first presenter is most influential.
a. CORRECT The primacy effect is usually stronger than the recency effect, although the advantage of going first or last is affected by several factors. For example, there is more likely to be a primacy effect when the messages are presented back-to-back and there is a delay before a decision must be made. Additional information on recency and primacy effects is provided in the Social Psychology chapter of the written study materials.

Answer 327

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102 Manual-guided treatments provide manuals that specify the theoretical underpinnings of the treatment and treatment goals and present specific therapeutic guidelines and strategies.
a. CORRECT Treatment manuals were initially developed to standardize treatments so that their effects could be empirically evaluated and to provide training guidelines for therapists.
b. Incorrect The research on this issue is inconsistent and but has generally not found manual guided treatments to have substantially better outcomes than treatments that are not guided by the use of a manual.
c. Incorrect This has not been identified as an outcome of the use of treatment manuals.
d. Incorrect This is not one of the benefits of treatment manuals.

Answer 328

A

103 Hersey and Blanchard’s situational leadership model proposes that a leader is most effective when his/her leadership style matches the subordinate’s ability and motivation (willingness to accept responsibility), and they distinguish between four styles – telling, selling, participating, and delegating.
a. Incorrect A telling style is most effective for employees low in both ability and motivation.
b. Incorrect A selling style is most effective for employees who are low in ability and high in motivation.
c. CORRECT According to Hersey and Blanchard, a participative leadership style is most effective when subordinates have high levels of ability and low levels of motivation.
d. Incorrect A delegating style is most effective for employees who are high in both ability and motivation.

Answer 329

A

104 This issue is addressed in Standard 9.09(c) of the Ethics Code.
c. CORRECT According to the Code, “psychologists retain responsibility for the appropriate application, interpretation, and use of assessment instruments, whether they score and interpret such tests themselves or use automated or other services.”

Answer 330

A

105 The therapist has given the couple a task that will help them focus on the positive aspects of their relationship.
d. CORRECT In the context of solution-focused therapy, this assignment is an example of a “formula task.” Its purpose is to help the couple identify positive aspects of their relationship that, in turn, can lead to solutions to their marital difficulties.

Answer 331

A

106 A psychologist is required to report suspected or known cases of child abuse. From the information presented in this question, however, there is no reason to suspect that abuse has actually occurred.
b. CORRECT This is the best response of those given. Obviously, the man’s fantasies are a “red flag” that must be taken seriously and dealt with directly.

Answer 332

A

107 For the exam, you want to be familiar with the key concepts and strategies associated with each of the family therapies listed in the answers to this question.
a. CORRECT Haley, a leading contributor to strategic family therapy, considered the initial interview with the family to be an important determinant of the course of therapy and divided it into the four stages listed in this question.

Answer 333

A

108 Under certain circumstances, supervisors may be legally responsible for the actions of their supervisees.
a. CORRECT The determination of vicarious liability ordinarily rests on the disparity in training and experience between the supervisor and supervisee and the level of responsibility the supervisor has for the supervisee’s actions.

Answer 334

A

109 Terminating therapy with a client in this situation is addressed in Standard 10.10(b) of the APA’s Ethics Code.
c. CORRECT Standard 10.10(b) states that “psychologists may terminate therapy when threatened or otherwise endangered by the client/patient or another person with whom the client/patient has a relationship.” In addition, prohibitions against breaching client confidentiality do not apply if the psychologist needs to contact the police or others to obtain protection for him/herself (see, e.g., C. B. Fisher, Decoding the Ethics Code: A practical guide for psychologists, Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage Publications, 2003).

Answer 335

A

110 There are two types of regression coefficients in multiple regression: b weights (or values) and beta coefficients.
a. CORRECT A b weight is unstandardized and reflects the unit of measure of the predictor, which means that the b weight for each predictor represents a different metric. For example, the b weight for height would be in inches, while the b weight for weight would be in pounds. In contrast, beta coefficients are standardized (with a mean of 0 and standard deviation of 1) so that the beta coefficients for all predictors are in the same metric and can be compared.

Answer 336

A

111 Alcohol consumption by a woman during pregnancy can have detrimental effects on the developing fetus, with the severity and extent of the effects depending on the amount of alcohol consumed and the time during which it is consumed.
a. CORRECT There does not appear to be any safe time for alcohol consumption during pregnancy. However, the worst effects overall (i.e., for many different aspects of development) are associated with drinking during the first trimester.

Answer 337

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112 Eysenck (1952) based his conclusions about the effectiveness of psychotherapy on 24 outcome studies.
b. CORRECT Eysenck concluded that the effects of psychotherapy are “small or nonexistent” and that any apparent positive effects may be due to spontaneous remission. Eysenck’s conclusions were criticized on methodological grounds.

Answer 338

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113 If you’re not familiar with Singh and Young’s research, you may have been able to identify the correct answer to this question by considering the women who appear in advertising and men’s magazines.
a. CORRECT D. Singh and R. K. Young found that large breasts, narrow hips and low waist-to-hip ratio were consistently rated by men as more attractive, healthy, and desirable for a romantic relationship [Body weight, waist-to-hip ratio, breasts, and hips: Role in judgments of female attractiveness and desirability for relationships, Ethology and Sociobiology, 16(6), 483-507, 1995].

Answer 339

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114 The studies have linked early attachment to a number of behaviors, including aggression in childhood.
a. Incorrect The ambivalent attachment pattern is relatively rare, and the research has not linked it to aggressiveness in childhood.
b. Incorrect Although some studies found a link between the avoidant attachment pattern and aggression for boys (but not for girls), other studies have not found a consistent link between the avoidant pattern and agression for boys or girls. In addition, while a disorganized avoidant pattern (a pattern that combines behaviors associated with the disorganized and avoidant types) has been linked an increased risk for aggression, an organized avoidant pattern has not.
c. CORRECT The research has most consistently linked aggression to the disorganized attachment pattern. See, e.g., K. Lyons-Ruth, Attachment relationships among children with aggressive behavior problems: The role of early disorganized attachment patterns, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64(1), 64-73, 1996.
d. Incorrect Disorganized secure is not one of the attachment patterns identified by the researchers.

Answer 340

A

115 The name of the disorder — Acute Stress Disorder — should have helped you identify the correct answer to this question.
a. CORRECT The symptoms of Acute Stress Disorder must occur within four weeks of the traumatic event and must resolve within that four week period. When symptoms last for one month or more and meet the criteria for PTSD, the diagnosis is changed to PTSD.
b. Incorrect Both disorders are precipitated by a very severe trauma.
c. Incorrect These are symptoms of both disorders.
d. Incorrect This is also characteristic of both disorders.

Answer 341

A

116 To identify the correct answer to this question, you have to be aware that colorblindness is a recessive trait that is carried on the X chromosome.
a. Incorrect For a son to be colorblind, he would have to inherit the colorblind gene from his mother. This will not occur in this case since there is no history of colorblindness in Alice’s family.
b. Incorrect For a daughter to be colorblind, she would have to inherit the colorblind gene from her father and her mother. Since there’s no history of colorblindness in Alice’s family, this would not occur. (However, a daughter would carry the trait if she inherits the gene from her father.)
c. Incorrect See explanation for answers a and b.
d. CORRECT Since the gene for colorblindness is carried on the X chromosome, colorblindness would have to come from the mother for sons and from both the mother and father for daughters. However, since there’s no history of colorblindness in the mother’s family, this will not occur.

Answer 342

A

117 As long as you have gate-control theory associated with response to pain, you would have been able to quickly identify the correct answer to this question.
a. CORRECT Gate-control theory explains why rubbing your elbow after accidentally hitting it against a hard surface helps reduce the sensation of pain.
b. Incorrect This answer describes synaptic transmission.
c. Incorrect This describes the interference theory of forgetting.
d. Incorrect This describes elaborative rehearsal and other effective memory strategies.

Answer 343

A

118 Much research has been conducted on communicator, audience, and message characteristics that influence persuadibility. Though you should be familiar with such research, you can also sometimes use logic or your own experience to derive answers to questions such as this one.
a. Incorrect “Accidental” messages are associated with greater attitude change than intended messages.
b. CORRECT Research suggests that listeners are better able to resist a persuasive message if they have been forewarned about its content.
c. Incorrect A communicator arguing against his/her own best interest is more likely to change the attitudes of listeners than a communicator arguing to advance his/her own interests.
d. Incorrect A moderate discrepancy in position between the listener and communicator is associated with greater attitude change than either a high or low discrepancy.

Answer 344

A

119 Researchers have used a number of techniques to investigate self-recognition in babies including mirrors, photos, and use of the words “I” and “me.”
a. CORRECT In a frequently cited study investigating the emergence of self-recognition, J. Brooks-Gunn and M. Lewis had mothers wipe the noses of their babies, ages 9 to 24 months, with a red dye, and then place the babies in front of a mirror. Results indicated that about 30% of the 18-month-old babies recognized themselves in the mirror (i.e., they rubbed the red spot on their own noses when they saw their reflection), while 60% of the 21-month-old babies did so (Social cognition and the acquisition of self, New York, Plenum, 1979).

Answer 345

A

120 When choosing tests for a test battery that will be used to predict status on a criterion, each test should correlate highly with the criterion but not with the other tests in the battery in order to provide the most useful (nonredundant) information.
a. CORRECT By computing the multiple regression equation so that each test is weighted in direct proportion to its correlation with the criterion and in inverse proportion to its correlation with other tests, the test with the highest criterion-related validity and the least amount of overlap (correlation) with the other tests will be given the largest weight, while the test with the lowest criterion-related validity and the most overlap with the other tests will be given the smallest weight.

Answer 346

A

121 There are many different types of seizures. Each involves a different etiology and combination of symptoms.
a. Incorrect Petit mal (absence) seizures involve a loss of consciousness without prominent motor symptoms.
b. Incorrect Atonic seizures involve a sudden loss of muscle tone that causes the individual to fall down.
c. Incorrect Clonic seizures are characterized by jerky movements.
d. CORRECT A simple partial seizure begins on one side of the brain and, at least initially, affects only one side of the body. It does not involve a loss of consciousness.

Answer 347

A

122 The man is exhibiting a false belief and is unwilling to consider that the belief is untrue. This is the definition of a delusion.
a. Incorrect A delusion of being controlled involves the belief that one’s feelings, thoughts, impulses, or actions are not one’s own but are being imposed by an external force.
b. CORRECT Delusions of reference involve the belief that events, objects, or other people in one’s immediate environment have particular and unusual significance.
c. Incorrect Magical thinking is characterized by the belief that one’s thoughts, words, or actions might or will cause or prevent a specific outcome in a way that defies normal laws of cause and effect.
d. Incorrect Obsessions are recurrent, persistent, and senseless ideas, thoughts, images, or impulses that are experienced as ego-dystonic.

Answer 348

A

123 Shaping involves reinforcing successive approximations to the target behavior.
c. CORRECT Shaping is useful for establishing a new behavior or increasing a behavior that the individual rarely performs when the behavior is complex or difficult.

Answer 349

A

124 Although children show awareness of racial differences by age 3 or 4, a sophisticated understanding of race does not develop until later.
c. CORRECT This is the finding reported by M. N. Alejandro-Wright for both White and African-American children, and it is consistent with the work of other investigators (The children’s conception of racial classification: A socio-cognitive developmental model, in M. B. Spencer et al. (Eds.),Beginnings: The social and affective development of Black children, Hillsdale, NJ, Erlbaum, 1985).

Answer 350

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125 Although this issue is not explicitly addressed in the Ethics Code, the “spirit” of the Code dictates that confidential information be treated with care.
c. CORRECT When a client’s therapy fee has been paid by an insurance company, it is likely that the client has already signed a waiver on his/her insurance form. In addition, therapists are expected to cooperate with peer reviews. Therefore, this is the best response. A therapist would be required to provide information to the insurance company as requested, but the therapist should release only relevant information and should take steps to ensure that confidentiality will be safeguarded.

Answer 351

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126 Although the original 1974 Tarasoff decision established a “duty to warn” the intended victim of a therapy client, that decision was superceded by the 1976 rehearing of the case which established a “duty to protect” the intended victim.
b. CORRECT According to 1976 California Supreme Court ruling, a psychotherapist has a duty to protect an intended victim of a therapy client by taking one of several actions: warning “the intended victim or others likely to apprise the victim of the danger, … [notifying] the police, or … [taking] whatever other steps are reasonably necessary under the circumstances.”

Answer 352

A

127 Several models have been developed to predict when people will act in ways that benefit their health.
a. Incorrect These are components of the Information-Motivation-Behavioral Skills model of AIDS prevention.
b. CORRECT The Health Belief Model is based on the premise that perceived severity of consequences, perceived susceptibility to consequences, and perceived benefits of preventive behavior all contribute to health behavior.
c. Incorrect Habit is not a component of the Health Belief Model.
d. Incorrect This sounds more like the Theory of Reasoned Action.

Answer 353

A

128 Meta-analysis was originally used by Karl Pearson in 1904 to evaluate the extent to which smallpox inoculation increased survival rates. At that time, the technique was not known as “meta-analysis.”
c. CORRECT It was not until the 1970s that the term “meta-analysis” was introduced by Smith and Glass who also refined the technique and were the first to apply it to psychotherapy outcome studies. See M. L. Smith and G. V. Glass, Meta-analysis of psychotherapy outcome studies, American Psychologist, 1977, 32, 752-760.

Answer 354

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129 Equity theory is a cognitive theory of motivation that emphasizes the impact of the individual’s beliefs about the equity of the situation in terms of inputs and outcomes. When a person perceives the situation to be equitable, he/she will be satisfied and motivated.
d. CORRECT According to equity theory, a person compares his/her input/outcome ratio to that of others. If he/she perceives the ratios to be similar, this has positive effects on satisfaction and motivation.

Answer 355

A

130 The Big Five personality traits – i.e., conscientiousness, extroversion/introversion, openness to experience, emotional stability, and agreeableness – were originally identified through factor analyses of personality traits included in the dictionary.
c. CORRECT The lexical approach is atheoretical and is based on the assumption that all socially-relevant personality traits have been incorporated into language. For the Big Five, this initially involved identifing the personality traits listed in the dictionary.

Answer 356

A

131 Standard 3.05(a) of APA’s Ethics Code states that a psychologist “refrains from entering into a multiple relationship if the multiple relationship could reasonably be expected to impair the psychologist’s objectivity, competence, or effectiveness in performing his or her functions as a psychologist, or otherwise risks exploitation or harm to the person with whom the professional relationship exists.”
a. Incorrect This situation clearly constitutes a multiple relationship, which is prohibited by the Ethics Code.
b. Incorrect Regardless of whether or not the assistant pays for treatment, the situation would constitute a multiple relationship.
c. Incorrect Solicitation, or lack thereof, has no bearing on the inappropriateness of establishing a multiple relationship.
d. CORRECT Accepting an assistant, or any other employee, as a client would represent a multiple relationship, as defined above. Such relationships should be avoided when possible.

Answer 357

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132 This issue is addressed in Standard 8.08 of the Ethics Code.
c. CORRECT Research participants should be promptly provided with “appropriate information about the nature, results, and conclusions of the research.” When there must be a delay in providing such information, “psychologists take reasonable measures to reduce the risk of harm.”

Answer 358

A

133 IPSRT was developed specifically as a treatment for Bipolar Disorder. See, e.g., E. Frank, H. A. Swartz, and D. J. Kupfer, Interpersonal and social rhythm therapy: Managing the chaos of Bipolar Disorder, Biological Psychiatry, 2000, 48, 593-604.
b. CORRECT As described by Frank et al., the development of IPSRT was based on the premise that people with Bipolar Disorder “have a genetic predisposition to circadian rhythm and sleep-wake cycle abnormalities that may be responsible, in part, for the symptomatic manifestations of the illness” (p. 593). IPSRT is ordinarily used in conjunction with lithium or other mood stabilizer.

Answer 359

A

134 The information presented in the question suggests that Edgar’s symptoms are the result of two specific stressors: his father’s rejection and the loss of his friend/lover.
a. CORRECT Adjustment Disorder is diagnosed when a person”s symptoms are a reaction to an identifiable psychosocial stressor; when symptoms have persisted for no more than six months since the termination of the stressor or its consequences; and when the symptoms are either interfering with the person’s occupational and/or social functioning or are in excess of what might be expected.
b. Incorrect In adults, a diagnosis of Dysthymic Disorder requires a duration of symptoms of at least two years.
c. Incorrect Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) involves the development of specific symptoms (re-experiencing of the trauma, avoidance of stimuli associated with the trauma, and increased arousal) following exposure to a trauma that involves experiencing or witnessing threatened or actual death, severe injury, or a threat to one”s personal integrity. Edgar’s situation and symptoms are not characteristic of PTSD.
d. Incorrect The symptoms of Acute Stress Disorder are similar to those of PTSD but are of shorter duration.

Answer 360

A

135 Bereavement is included in the DSM-IV-TR with Other Conditions That May be a Focus of Clinical Attention.
b. CORRECT The DSM notes that the duration of “normal” bereavement varies from individual to individual but states that a diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder should “generally not be given” until the person’s symptoms persist for two months or more after the loss of a loved one or include certain symptoms (i.e., the ones listed in this question).

Answer 361

A

136 The “zone of proximal development” is a key concept in Vygotsky”s theory of cognitive development.
a. CORRECT As described by Vygotsky, the zone of proximal development refers to the gap between what the child can currently do alone and what he/she can do with the assistance of a more skilled person.

Answer 362

A

137 Older adults with severe memory impairments have been found to exhibit a significant improvement in memory consolidation following administration of yeast RNA (Cameron, 1958). Although this research result has not always been replicated in humans, it has been consistently found in animals.
a. Incorrect This is the abbreviation for the lateral geniculate nucleus in the brain.
b. Incorrect THC, the active ingredient in marijuana, has not been found to improve memory.
c. CORRECT As noted above, there is evidence that RNA is associated with memory consolidation.
d. Incorrect GABA, an inhibitory neurotransmitter found in the central nervous system, has not been linked with improved memory.

Answer 363

A

138 The symptoms caused by a tumor in the frontal lobe depend on its location. The symptoms given in the question are characteristic of orbitofrontal disinhibition syndrome, which is produced by lesions in the orbitofrontal area of the prefrontal cortex and is also known as pseudopsychopathy.
a. Incorrect These symptoms are consistent with dorsal convexity dysexecutive syndrome, which is caused by lesions in the dorsolateral area.
b. CORRECT These symptoms are consistent with orbitofrontal disinhibition syndrome.
c. Incorrect These symptoms are characteristic of mesial frontal apathetic syndrome, which is caused by damage to the mediofrontal area.
d. Incorrect These symptoms are suggestive of a temporal lobe tumor.

Answer 364

A

139 The interpretation of a client’s transferences is an important part of psychodynamic psychotherapy.
a. CORRECT Negative transference involves the projection of negative emotions onto the therapist and may manifest itself several ways including making direct, negative comments about the effectiveness of therapy or being late for or missing appointments.
b. Incorrect Transference is a form of resistance and, consequently, is not likely to increase a client’s willingness to talk about anxiety-arousing events.
c. Incorrect This describes the psychodynamic technique of free association and is not how a client would be likely to manifest transference.
d. Incorrect Unrealistic positive expectations for the outcomes of therapy are more likely to be a manifestation of positive transference.

Answer 365

A

140 Moffitt (1993) distinguishes between two types of Conduct Disorder – life-course persistent and adolescent-limited.
a. CORRECT Moffitt describes the adolescent-limited type of Conduct Disorder as a temporary form of antisocial behavior that reflects a “maturity gap” between the adolescent’s biological maturity and lack of opportunities for adult privileges and rewards.
b. Incorrect Patterson (1992) uses a coercive family interaction model to explain aggressive behaviors in children.
c. Incorrect Moffitt attributes the life-course persistent type of Conduct Disorder to neurological impairment, a difficult temperament, and certain adverse environmental circumstances.
d. Incorrect Elkind (1984) attributes certain behaviors of adolescents (e.g., the belief that one is unique and not subject to natural laws that govern others) to adolescent egocentrism.

Answer 366

A

141 Major Depressive Disorder is associated with several abnormalities in the sleep cycle.
a. Incorrect Reduced Stage 3 and Stage 4 sleep is characteristic of depression.
b. CORRECT Depression is associated with decreased (not increased) slow-wave sleep.
c. Incorrect Decreased REM latency (earlier onset of REM sleep) is characteristic of depression.
d. Incorrect Decreased sleep continuity is common in individuals with Major Depressive Disorder.

Answer 367

A

142 Hypoglycemia may be a condition by itself or may be a complication of diabetes, severe liver disease, insulinoma (a pancreatic tumor that produces insulin), or other disorder or a consequence of using certain drugs.
a. CORRECT Hypoglycemia is an abnormally low level of blood glucose (sugar) that reduces the brain’s ability to function properly.
b. Incorrect Excessive salt intake may result in high blood pressure.
c. Incorrect Symptoms of dehydration (too little water) include thirst, fatigue, irritability, muscle weakness or cramps, headache, dizziness, nausea, forgetfulness, confusion, and, in severe cases, diminished consciousness, lowered blood pressure, and a rapid, feeble pulse.
d. Incorrect A low insulin level is associated with a high level of blood glucose.

Answer 368

A

143 Standard 3.10(b) of the APA’s Ethics Code is relevant to this situation.
d. CORRECT This answer is consistent with Standard 3.10(b), which states: “For persons who are legally incapable of giving informed consent, psychologists nevertheless (1) provide an appropriate explanation, (2) seek the individual’s assent, (3) consider such persons’ preferences and best interests, and (4) obtain appropriate permission from a legally authorized person, if such substitute consent is permitted or required by law.” This requirement applies to minors and to adults who have been declared legally incompetent.

Answer 369

A

144 The woman’s symptoms are collectively referred to as “anticholinergic side effects” and are caused by interference with acetylcholine activity.
d. CORRECT A drug that increases activity at acetylcholine receptors would be appropriate in this situation. Cholinergic agonists (e.g., bethanechol) work by binding to and stimulating acetylcholine receptors.

Answer 370

A

145 Interoceptive exposure has been found useful for reducing anxiety associated with panic attacks, PTSD, and other anxiety-related disorders.
b. CORRECT Interoceptive exposure involves exposing the individual to internal bodily sensations (e.g., elevated heart rate, hyperventilation) associated with a panic attack or other anxiety response by having him/her inhale carbon dioxide, spin in a chair, etc.

Answer 371

A

146 This is one of those questions you may have been able to answer correctly even if you had incomplete information – i.e., if you knew that the goal of Gestalt therapy is to achieve conscious awareness, you would have been able to identify response a as the correct answer.
a. CORRECT Contact, conscious awareness, and experimentation are key targets in Gestalt therapy. Contact refers to being in touch with what is happening in the here-and-now; awareness refers to focused attention in situations requiring it; and experimentation is the act of trying something new in order to increase understanding.

Answer 372

A

147 Even if you are unfamiliar with the research in this area, it makes sense that the less the fatigue, the greater the productivity.
a. CORRECT Studies on the effects of rest breaks have indicated that such breaks actually increase productivity despite reduced time on the job, presumably due to decreased fatigue.
b. Incorrect There is no evidence that rest breaks cause a decrease in output.
c. Incorrect Rest breaks do appear to cause an increase in productivity.
d. Incorrect Rest breaks do not decrease productivity.

Answer 373

A

148 The APA’s Ethics Code warns against becoming involved in multiple relationships. However, it does not directly address this particular situation.
c. CORRECT This response is most consistent with the spirit of Standard 3.05(b) of the Ethics Code which states, “If a psychologist finds that, due to unforeseen factors, a potentially harmful multiple relationship has arisen, the psychologist takes reasonable steps to resolve it with due regard for the best interests of the affected person and maximal compliance with the Ethics Code.” It may be necessary, eventually, to refer the client to another therapist or end the relationship with Billy Bob, but neither of these would be the best initial action.

Answer 374

A

149 The Bender Visual-Motor Gestalt Test is a brief assessment of visual-motor integration that may also provide interpretive information about an individual’s development and neuropsychological functioning.
a. CORRECT The Bender-Gestalt is considered to be a useful screener for neuropsychological impairment. Additional information about the Bender-Gestalt is provided in the Psychological Assessment chapter of the written study materials.

Answer 375

A

150 The approach-avoidance conflict is an intraindividual conflict that occurs when a goal or alternative has both positive and negative qualities. For information on other types of intraindividual conflict, see the Social Psychology chapter of the written study materials.
c. CORRECT As distance from the goal decreases, the strength of both the “approach gradient” and the “avoidance gradient” increases. However, the strength of the avoidance gradient increases more rapidly, meaning that, as you get closer to the goal, the more likely that you will choose to avoid it.

Answer 376

A

151 Studies investigating the effects of parental sexual orientation on children’s adjustment have found that the nature of the parent-child relationship is more important than a parent’s sexual orientation.
d. CORRECT The studies have found that children of homosexual and heterosexual parents are fairly indistinguishable in terms of psychosocial adjustment, gender identity development, and sexual orientation.

Answer 377

A

152 A realistic job preview involves providing job applicants with accurate information about the job and the organization.
a. CORRECT Research on realistic job previews has confirmed that they help reduce turnover which, in turn, reduces costs related to selection and training.

Answer 378

A

153 As its name suggests, structural family therapy is concerned with restructuring the family.
b. CORRECT Before the family’s structure can be altered, its homeostatic state must be unbalanced so that family members are more susceptible to change. This is accomplished by interjecting some type of stress into the family.

Answer 379

A

154 Testing the limits was one of the early methods used to obtain additional qualitative information about an examinee’s abilities.
c. CORRECT Testing the limits is done after the entire test has been administered under standardized conditions. It is used to obtain additional information about an examinee and may involve providing cues or asking questions.

Answer 380

A

155 Flooding and implosive therapy both involve exposing an individual to the CS without the US.
a. Incorrect Mediated generalization is another name for stimulus generalization, which involves responding to similar stimuli with the same conditioned response.
b. Incorrect As its name implies, graded desensitization involves a gradual exposure to the feared stimulus. Flooding and implosive therapy both involve exposure to a high intensity stimulus.
c. Incorrect Counterconditioning entails presenting a US that is incompatible with the CS so that the current response (e.g., anxiety) is eventually replaced by the desired response (e.g., relaxation).
d. CORRECT Classical extinction is used to extinguish (eliminate) a conditioned response and involves presenting the CS without the US.

Answer 381

A

156 Tolman demonstrated latent learning in his experiments with rats and mazes. Some rats were allowed to freely explore mazes for ten days, but did not display any proficiency in solving the maze until reinforcement was offered for doing so. This phenomenon suggests that, reinforcement is more of a factor in the performance than the learning of a response.
b. Incorrect A Gestalt learning theorist might say this.
c. Incorrect A person who views learning as a function of operant conditioning (e.g., positive reinforcement) might say this.
d. CORRECT In this case, the student has learned algebra but is not displaying that knowledge until reinforcement (a good grade) is provided for doing so. Therefore, this observation would be congruent with Tolman’s demonstration of latent learning.

Answer 382

A

157 The studies on motor imagination have found that the same areas of the brain that are active during the execution of a motor activity are active when a person is imagining that he/she is engaging in that activity.
c. CORRECT The specific areas that are activated when a person imagines he/she is engaging in a motor activity depend on the specific nature of the activity. However, the areas most likely to be involved include the supplementary motor area, cerebellum, basal ganglia, and parietal lobe (especially the somatosensory cortex).

Answer 383

A

158 One of the most commonly-cited studies on the outcomes for at-risk children is the longitudinal study by E. Werner and R. Smith (Vulnerable but invincible, New York, McGraw-Hill, 1982). That study and others have identified several factors that predict positive outcomes for high risk (vulnerable) children.
a. Incorrect While significantly lower-than-average IQs are associated with a poor outcome, many children with average IQs have a positive outcome.
b. CORRECT Children with positive outcomes tend to be described as very active and socially responsive during infancy, and many studies have found that a positive outcome is likely to the extent that the child is able to successfully elicit attention and appropriate care from his/her caretakers.
c. Incorrect Learning disabilities (with or without special education) are associated with poorer outcomes.
d. Incorrect Many of the mothers in the Werner and Smith study worked outside the home. However, this did not seem to have a negative effect since the children often had close relationships with their grandmothers and/or siblings who acted as caretakers.

Answer 384

A

159 Although the various state and provincial boards have different requirements for licensure, they all set the minimum requirements for licensure.
a. CORRECT Licensing boards establish and monitor entry-level qualifications required to offer services to the public for a fee under the title “psychologist”; by doing so, the boards helps ensure competence.
b. Incorrect The licensing boards do not function to limit access to the profession.
c. Incorrect Although licensing is designed to protect the public, this protection is not accomplished through the collection of fees.
d. Incorrect The APA, not the licensing boards, establishes, monitors, and enforces the ethical principles.

Answer 385

A

160 Selye referred to the body’s physiological reaction to prolonged stress as the general adaptation syndrome (GAS). For the exam, you want to be familiar with the order of the stages and events that occur during each stage. This information is provided in the Physiological Psychology and Psychopharmacology chapter of the written study materials.
d. CORRECT These are the three stages described by Selye and the order in which they occur.

Answer 386

A

161 Of the therapies listed in the answers, only one explicitly targets the problem areas listed in the question.
a. CORRECT Interpersonal therapy (IPT) is a brief structured manual-based therapy that was originally developed as a treatment for depression but has since been applied to other disorders. Its primary targets are the four problem areas listed in this question.

Answer 387

A

162 A test’s reliability is an index of the degree to which scores on the test are free from random error (chance factors) and indicative of examinees’ true scores. The greater the probability that an examinee can answer an item correctly by guessing (i.e., by chance), the lower a test’s reliability.
a. Incorrect The probability that an examinee can guess a correct answer on a 7-response multiple choice test is 14% (1 in 7).
b. Incorrect The probability that an examinee can guess a correct answer on a 3-response multiple choice exam is 33% (1 in 3).
c. CORRECT On a true-false test, the probability that the correct answer can be selected by chance is 50% (1/2). In other words, there is a higher probability that an examinee can guess a correct answer on a true-false test than on the other tests, and thus, an examinee’s score on a true-false test will reflect, to a greater degree, error rather than his/her true score.
d. Incorrect The probability that an examinee can guess a correct answer on a free recall test is close to zero.

Answer 388

A

163 For the exam, you want to be able to distinguish between morphemes and phonemes.
a. CORRECT Morphemes are the smallest unit of sound that has meaning and include words such as “do” and “go” and prefixes and suffixes such as “ful,” “un,” and “ing.”
b. Incorrect Phonemes are the smallest unit of sound understood in a language and include b, v, and th.

Answer 389

A

164 The Premack Principle entails reinforcing a low-frequency behavior with a high-frequency behavior or activity.
b. CORRECT The high-frequency behavior or activity may not be immediately available, which can reduce the effectiveness of the intervention since positive reinforcement is most effective when the reinforcer can be delivered immediately following the target behavior.

Answer 390

A

165 For the exam, you want to be familiar with the definition and effects of elaborative versus maintenance rehearsal and distributed versus massed practice.
a. CORRECT The studies have consistently shown that elaborative rehearsal (making new information meaningful) is more effective in terms of retention and recall than is maintenance rehearsal (rote repetition). The studies have also found that distributed practice (distributing study time over several study sessions) results in better retention than does massed practice (studying all material in a single study session).

Answer 391

A

166 There are many reasons why a court might appoint a psychologist to evaluate a party in a court case. In these situations, privilege is waived, and the individual must be informed of the limits of confidentiality.
c. CORRECT Obviously, the evaluation would serve no useful purpose if the court did not have the right to access the information obtained during the course of the evaluation. Consequently, this is one of the exceptions to the privilege requirement. A psychologist should, however, always inform the individual of the limits of confidentiality in this situation.

Answer 392

A

167 The MMSE was originally developed by Folstein in 1975 as a “practical method for grading the cognitive state.”
c. CORRECT The MMSE measures several aspects of cognitive functioning. The score is derived by considering both age and level of education, with a score of 24 or less (out of 30) suggesting cognitive impairment.

Answer 393

A

168 Behavioral interventions, antidepressants, and antidiuretics are the most common treatments for enuresis.
a. Incorrect Night-lifting involves waking the child periodically throughout the night, walking him/her to the bathroom to urinate, and then walking the child back to the bed. It is considered by some experts to be punishing for both the child and the parent; and it has not been found to be more effective than the night alarm.
b. Incorrect Although some investigators report that EEG (brainwave) biofeedback is useful for treating enuresis, there is more consistent evidence for the effectiveness of the night alarm.
c. Incorrect Bladder strengthening exercises are used to treat enuresis but usually in conjunction with the night alarm or other treatment.
d. CORRECT Of the treatments listed, the night alarm (also known as the bell-and-pad) has been identified as the most effective treatment for nocturnal enuresis. Although relapse is a problem for the night alarm, relapse rates are lower than the rates associated with antidepressants and other drugs.

Answer 394

A

169 This issue is addressed in Standard 5.06 of the APA’s Ethics Code.
d. CORRECT Standard 5.06 states that “psychologists do not engage, directly or through agents, in uninvited in-person solicitation of business from actual or potential therapy clients/patients or other persons who because of their particular circumstances are vulnerable to undue influence. However, this does not preclude (1) attempting to implement appropriate collateral contacts for the purpose of benefiting an already engaged therapy client/patient or (2) providing disaster or community outreach services.” Of the answers given, this one is most consistent with Standard 5.06.

Answer 395

A

170 As its name suggests, an item characteristic curve (ICC) provides information about an item’s characteristics. Additional information about the ICC is provided in the Test Construction chapter of the written study materials.
a. CORRECT This accurately describes the ICC.

Answer 396

A

171 The procedures listed in the answers are methods of score adjustment that are used to take group differences into account when assigning or interpreting scores. They are described in the Test Construction chapter of the written study materials.
d. CORRECT Banding is being used, for example, when a band is defined as 91 to 100 points and examinees who receive scores of 91, 95, and 99 are treated the same.

Answer 397

A

172 Since tests should only be used in the context in which they have been validated, it would not be appropriate to use a test labeled, “For Research Purposes Only,” in the clinical setting.
a. CORRECT You would not use the new test because this test should only be used “For Research Purposes Only.”

Answer 398

A

173 It is very important not to overgeneralize the characteristics of members of culturally diverse groups. However, the licensing exam sometimes includes questions like this one that require you to do so.
a. Incorrect Among Asians and Asian Americans, a smile is more likely to signal embarrassment or confusion than pleasure.
b. Incorrect Asians are generally uncomfortable discussing personal details about family members.
c. Incorrect Avoidance of eye contact is a sign of respect in the Asian culture.
d. CORRECT Although not all Asian and Asian American clients will prefer a direct, structured approach (rather than an indirect, unstructured approach), this is often the preferred strategy.

Answer 399

A

174 Risk and protective factors for recidivism among juvenile offenders was investigated by C. Schwalbe et al. [North Carolina Assessment of Risk (NCAR): Reliability and predictive validity with juvenile offenders, Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 40(1/2), 1-22, 2004.]
a. Incorrect Schwalbe et al. report a correlation of .142 between IQ and re-offense.
b. Incorrect These investigators report a correlation of .065 for SES and re-offense.
c. CORRECT Schwalbe et al. found the strongest correlation (r = -.346) between age at first offense and reoffense (the younger the age the first offense, the higher the risk for recidivism).
d. Incorrect These authors report a correlation of .112 between history of maltreatment and re-offense.

Answer 400

A

175 You may have had to answer this one using the process of elimination.
a. CORRECT Masked depression refers to depression that is manifested primarily as somatic symptoms without obvious cognitive-affective problems.
b. Incorrect Hypochondriasis involves a preoccupation with fears of having a serious disease.
c. Incorrect Malingering is an “intentional production of false or grossly exaggerated physical or psychological symptoms, motivated by external incentives.”
d. Incorrect Pseudodementia is a term used to describe depression in the elderly, which may be mistaken for dementia because of the presence of memory loss and other cognitive impairments.

Answer 401

A

176 In the situation described in this question, the child will no longer be reinforced for engaging in temper tantrums; and, as a result, his tantrums will cease.
a. Incorrect Shaping is a type of positive reinforcement in which successive approximations to the desired response are reinforced.
b. Incorrect Negative reinforcement involves removing or withholding a stimulus following a behavior in order to increase the behavior.
c. CORRECT Extinction involves removing reinforcement from a previously reinforced behavior to reduce or eliminate it. Extinction has been found to be an effective method for reducing a child’s temper tantrums.
d. Incorrect Overcorrection is used to eliminate an undesirable behavior and establish more appropriate or desirable ones.

Answer 402

A

177 Standard 10.04 of the APA’s Ethics Code applies to this situation.
c. CORRECT This answer is most consistent with the requirements of Standard 10.04. Dr. Lopez should discuss the issue with Glenn, determine if there is a duplication of services (e.g., Glenn may be seeing a behavioral therapist who is helping him stop smoking), and, if appropriate, consult with the other therapist after obtaining Glenn’s permission to do so. Of course, if the two therapists are providing duplicate services, Glenn will have to eventually choose between them, but that is not the best initial action.

Answer 403

A

178 Although ECT was originally used as a treatment for Schizophrenia, it is now used primarily as a treatment for severely depressed individuals who have not responded to other forms of treatment.
a. Incorrect Because ECT is less effective than pharmacological treatments for Schizophrenia, it is no longer considered a useful treatment for this disorder.
b. Incorrect The research has found ECT to be less effective for mania than for depression.
c. CORRECT Although its effects are still not understood, ECT continues to be used to treat depression, especially severe forms involving suicidal preoccupation and vegetative symptoms. Some studies suggest that ECT is more effective in these cases than are antidepressant drugs.
d. Incorrect See explanation for response c.

Answer 404

A

179 George Kelly developed Personal Construct Therapy (PCT) in the 1950s as both a theory of personality and approach to therapy.
b. CORRECT Personal Construct Therapy (also known as “constructive alternativism”) is based on the premise that people construe (construct) their own experiences. His approach was very influential in the development of narrative-constructivist approaches to therapy. Additional information about Personal Construct Therapy is provided in the Clinical Psychology chapter of the written study materials.

Answer 405

A

180 Dementia has a number of causes. In older adults, Alzheimer’s disease is the most frequent cause.
a. Incorrect Although the risk for Vascular Dementia increases with increasing age, this form of dementia is less common than Alzheimer’s disease.
b. CORRECT It has been estimated that 40 to 50% of nursing home admissions are due to Alzheimer’s disease. In addition, 10% of all older adults in the U. S. and 48% of those over 85 have this disorder.

Answer 406

A

181 This is an easy question as long as you know that the WAIS-IV Full Scale IQ has a mean of 100 and standard deviation of 15.
a. CORRECT A score of 85 is one standard deviation below the mean (100 – 15 = 85).

Answer 407

A

182 Research on intergroup hostility has contributed greatly to the understanding of the variables that contribute to prejudice. One of the most consistent findings is that intergroup hostilities (e.g., prejudice) can be reduced by having groups work on a common goal (Cook, 1978; Sherif, 1966).
a. CORRECT When children are required to cooperate in order to achieve a common (“superordinate”) goal, prejudice is likely to decrease.
b. Incorrect Sherif (1966), for example, found that the introduction of a common enemy merely widened the scope of conflict.
c. Incorrect Research has generally not supported the notion that increased contact alone is sufficient to reduce prejudice. In fact, Sherif (1966) found that increased contact under pleasant circumstances only provided more opportunities for the expression of hostility.
d. Incorrect Research has not supported the notion that prejudice can be reduced simply if children are provided with norms that prescribe courtesy and friendliness.

Answer 408

A

183 A standard score is a norm-referenced score that indicates an examinee’s performance in terms of standard deviation units (e.g., a z score of 1.0 indicates a raw score that is one standard deviation above the mean).
a. Incorrect WAIS IQ scores are standard scores – e.g., a WAIS IQ of 115 indicates a score that is one standard deviation above the mean of the norm group.
b. CORRECT Percentages are not standard scores.
c. Incorrect A z score is a standard score.
d. Incorrect A T score is also a standard score – e.g., a T score of 40 indicates a score that is one standard deviation below the mean.

Answer 409

A

184 Researchers interested in work-related communication distinguish between two types of communication networks – centralized and decentralized. The characteristics and outcomes associated with these networks are described in the Industrial-Organizational Psychology chapter of the written study materials.
c. CORRECT The research indicates that decentralized networks, in which no one individual has greater access to information, are best for complex, unstructured tasks that have a number of different solutions. Centralized networks, on the other hand, are better for simple, structured tasks.

Answer 410

A

185 Swann et al. (1989) conclude that people prefer feedback that is consistent with their own self-beliefs.
c. CORRECT Research assessing the validity of self-verification theory has, among other things, confirmed that depressed people and people with low self-esteem prefer evaluations that are consistent with their own negative self-evaluations.

Answer 411

A

186 The apparent movement of a stationary light in a dark room is referred to as the autokinetic effect.
a. CORRECT Sherif (1935) used the autokinetic effect to study conformity. He found that estimates of movement varied widely when a participant made an estimate alone but conformed to the estimates of other people when a participant was asked to provide an estimate after hearing the estimates of others.

Answer 412

A

187 Assimilation is the process of interpreting the environment in terms of existing cognitive schemas, while accommodation is the process of altering existing schemas to fit new environmental experiences.
a. Incorrect Although Piaget used the term organization in his description of cognitive development, it refers to the internal rearrangement and integration of schemas.
b. CORRECT Adaptation involves building schemas as the result of direct interactions with the environment. It consists of the two processes known as assimilation and accommodation.
c. Incorrect Decentration is a cognitive operation that contributes to the ability to conserve, which emerges during the concrete operational stage.
d. Incorrect Piaget used the term decalage to refer to developmental phenomena that are uniform for all children.

Answer 413

A

188 Organization development encompasses a variety of techniques.
a. Incorrect This sounds more like sensitivity training.
b. Incorrect This is an assumption underlying the technique known as team building.
c. Incorrect This describes an assumption underlying organizational grid training.
d. CORRECT The survey feedback technique involves collecting data about the strengths and weaknesses of an organization from employees at all levels; providing employees with the results of the survey; and helping employees use the data to identify ways to overcome current problems.

Answer 414

A

189 To identify the correct answer to this question, you need to be familiar with the areas under the normal curve and know that T scores have a mean of 50 and standard deviation of 10.
a. Incorrect See explanation for response c.
b. Incorrect See explanation for response c.
c. CORRECT T scores of 30 and 70 are two standard deviations below and above the mean and, in a normal distribution, about 95% of scores fall between the scores that are plus and minus two standard deviations from the mean.
d. Incorrect See explanation for response c.

Answer 415

A

190 Stepwise multiple regression is a type of multiple regression.
a. CORRECT The results of a stepwise multiple regression analysis indicate the fewest number of predictors needed to obtain maximally accurate predictions. It involves either adding or subtracting one predictor at a time and calculating the multiple correlation coefficient to determine the effects of having more or less predictors.

Answer 416

A

191 In this situation, the researcher is measuring the effects of the treatment over time for a single-group of participants.
c. CORRECT Cook and Campbell (1979) refer to this type of design as an interrupted time series design. It is a single-group design in which the DV is measured at regular intervals before and after the treatment is applied.

Answer 417

A

2.192 In statistics, alpha is the probability of making a Type I error, which refers to concluding that the null hypothesis is false when it is actually true; while beta is the probability of making a Type II error, which refers to concluding that the null hypothesis is true when it is actually false.
d. CORRECT In decision theory, a false positive occurs when a predictor indicates an effect (e.g., a diagnosis) when, in fact, there is none – e.g., the predictor tells you that you have a disease when you don’t have it. Therefore, a false positive is similar to an alpha (Type I) error in inferential statistics. In contrast, a false negative occurs when a predictor indicates no effect (e.g., an absence of a diagnosis) when, in fact, there is an effect – e.g., the predictor says you do not have a disease when you do have it. Therefore, a false negative is similar to a beta (Type II) error in inferential statistics.
[Note that the experts differ with regard to the analogy between alpha and beta errors and false positives and false negatives. However, since this question explicitly compares an alpha error to a false positive, it is accurate to compare a beta error to a false negative.]

Answer 418

A

193 Knowing that T. A. Cleary’s model is known as the regression model of test bias would have helped you identify the correct answer to this question.
b. CORRECT According to the Cleary model, if a test has the same regression line for members of both groups, the test is not biased even it if has different means for the groups. (Test bias: Prediction of grades of Negro and white students in integrated colleges, Journal of Educational Measurement, 5,115-124, 1968.)

Answer 419

A

194 You’re likely to encounter two or three questions on the exam that, like this one, require you to identify the correct description of a condition or disorder.
a. Incorrect This describes dystonia.
b. Incorrect This is akinesia.
c. CORRECT Akathisia is an extrapyramidal side effect of the neuroleptic drugs and a symptom of Parkinson’s disease and involves an unpleasant feeling of restlessness and need to move.
d. Incorrect See explanation for response c.

Answer 420

A

195 As a treatment for alcohol dependence, naltrexone exerts its therapeutic effects by blocking the craving for and reinforcing effects of alcohol.
a. Incorrect These side effects are characteristic of carbamazepine, an anti-seizure drug that is also used to treat bipolar disorder.
b. Incorrect These are possible side effects of the MAOI inhibitors.
c. Incorrect These are possible side effects of the beta blocker propranolol.
d. CORRECT These are potential side effects of naltrexone. Note, however, that most people experience few side effects when taking naltrexone as a treatment for alcohol dependence.

Answer 421

A

196 The impact of moderate to severe head trauma on memory was originally described by Theodore Ribot in 1882.
d. CORRECT Head trauma is most likely to affect more recent long-term memories. When memories begin to return, however, those that are most remote are recovered first. For example, if you forget everything that happened to you during the year prior to a head trauma, once you begin to recover your “lost” memories, you will first recall things that occurred 12 months prior to the trauma, than 11 months prior to the trauma, and so on.

Answer 422

A

197 Seizures are categorized as “generalized” or “partial.” Generalized seizures are caused by electrical impulses throughout the entire brain, while partial seizures are produced – at least initially – by electrical impulses in a specific area in the brain.
a. Incorrect A grand mal seizure is a type of generalized seizure. It involves unconsciousness, convulsions, and muscle rigidity.
b. CORRECT Complex partial seizures are called “complex” because they impair consciousness and “partial” because they begin in a limited area of the brain, most often the temporal lobe. Because of the involvement of the temporal lobe, these seizures are also known as temporal lobe epilepsy.
c. Incorrect A myoclonic seizure is a type of generalized seizure. Its primary symptoms are brief jerky contractions of muscles in different parts of the body, most often in the arms and legs.
d. Incorrect Absence seizures are a type of generalized seizure and involve a brief loss of consciousness with few or no other symptoms.

Answer 423

A

198 Methylphenidate is the primary treatment for ADHD. The studies suggest, however, that it may be contraindicated in some cases.
a. CORRECT The research on this issue is far from consistent, but there is some agreement among experts that caution is necessary when prescribing methylphenidate for children with existing tics or a family history of tics since the drug may elicit or exacerbate the condition.

Answer 424

A

199 Flashbulb memory refers to a vivid recollection of an emotionally-charged event.
c. CORRECT The amygdala, which is part of the limbic system, is believed to add the emotional component to our memories and, therefore, to be active in the formation of flashbulb memories.

Answer 425

A

200 The hippocampus and adjacent areas in the temporal lobe are involved in memory.
a. CORRECT The effects of lesions in these areas of the brain were demonstrated in the case of H.M. who exhibited profound impairments in the ability to consolidate declarative memories (i.e., following ablation of these areas to control H.M.’s epilepsy, he was unable to form new memories of facts and events).

Answer 426

A

201 Multiple sclerosis (MS) is caused by demyelination of nerve fibers in the central nervous system. Although its symptoms vary from individual to individual, the progression of symptoms usually follows a predictable pattern.
a. Incorrect Visual problems are common initial symptoms of MS.
b. Incorrect Fatigue (especially fatigue that worsens in the afternoon) is a common initial symptom of this disorder.
c. CORRECT It is estimated that up to 70% of people with MS develop some type of cognitive dysfunction, and this most often involves impairments in attention, recent memory, and information processing speed. While some of these individuals experience cognitive problems in the early stages of the disorder, the majority do not do so until they have had the disease for an extended period. Therefore, of the answers given, this one is the best response.
d. Incorrect Sensory and motor problems are initial signs of MS and most often affect the legs.

Answer 427

A

202 Prenatal cocaine exposure is associated with both physical and behavioral problems in childhood.
a. CORRECT This is the opposite of what is true. Early exposure to cocaine is associated with oversensitivity to environmental stimuli, even stimuli of low intensity.
b. Incorrect This is one of the reasons why these children often exhibit disturbances in attachment.
c. Incorrect Cocaine-exposed children often have an unusual pattern of motor development as the result of excessive muscle tone.
d. Incorrect This is true about these children.

Answer 428

A

203 Like much research in psychology, studies on the outcomes of child sexual abuse have not produced consistent results.
d. CORRECT Currently, there is no clear consensus about the outcomes of child sexual abuse for male and female victims. A number of studies have found no consistent gender differences; but, when differences are found, the outcomes are worse for females than for males.

Answer 429

A

204 Kohlberg’s theory distinguishes between three levels of moral development (preconventional, conventional, and postconventional) that each consist of two stages. See the Lifespan Development chapter for additional information about Kohberg’s theory.
a. CORRECT Stage 5 is the first stage in the postconventional level. People in this stage consider social contracts and democratically-chosen laws when making moral judgments.
b. Incorrect Internalized universal moral principles underlie the judgments made by people in Stage 6.
c. Incorrect People in Stage 4 base their moral judgments on existing rules and laws..
d. Incorrect An actor’s intentions are of concern to people in Piaget’s autonomous stage of moral development.

Answer 430

A

205 Rutter identified six factors that are most predictive of child psychopathology.
d. CORRECT The six risk factors identified by Rutter are severe marital discord, low SES, large family size or overcrowdedness, parental criminality, maternal psychopathology, and placement of a child outside the home.

Answer 431

A

206 Each intermittent schedule of reinforcement is associated with a different pattern of responding.
a. CORRECT On a fixed interval (FI) schedule, the subject stops responding once the reinforcement is delivered and then begins responding again toward the end of the interval. This produces a “scallop” in the cumulative recording.

Answer 432

A

207 While some behavioral techniques are designed specifically to either decrease or increase a behavior, others attempt to accomplish both goals.
a. Incorrect Response cost is used to decrease an undesirable behavior.
b. Incorrect Implosive therapy is used to extinguish a conditioned response and does not attempt to deliberately substitute an alternative response (although this may, of course, occur).
c. CORRECT “Contingency” refers to the consequence of a behavior, and contingency management involves identifying and applying punishments for undesirable behaviors and identifying and applying reinforcements for desirable ones.
d. Incorrect When using negative practice, the person is required to deliberately repeat the undesirable behavior. It has been found to be an effective treatment for tics.

Answer 433

A

208 From the perspective of operant conditioning, new behaviors are acquired as the result of reinforcement.
a. CORRECT With chaining, each response in the chain of responses required to learn and perform a complex behavior serves as a reinforcement for the previous response in the chain.
b. Incorrect A behavior is said to be under “stimulus control” when it is elicited by the presence of some stimuli but not others.
c. Incorrect Higher-order conditioning is a form of classical conditioning involving the pairing of a second neutral stimulus with a conditioned stimulus so that the second neutral stimulus also elicits the conditioned response.
d. Incorrect Stimulus generalization is occurring when stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus also elicit the conditioned response. It can explain how behaviors can occur in situations outside the context in which they were originally learned.

Answer 434

A

209 Baddeley (1986) proposed that working memory consists of three components: a visuospatial sketchpad that maintains visual images, an auditory/phonological loop that maintains auditory/verbal information, and a central executive that directs attention and controls and coordinates the visuospatial and auditory/phonological subsystems. Being familiar with these three components would have helped you identify the correct answer to this question.
d. CORRECT Research by Baddeley and others has confirmed that tasks that depend on the central executive – i.e., tasks requiring the reorganization of information or the coordination of information in sensory and auditory channels – are the ones that are most adversely affected by increasing age. Additional information on Baddeley’s model is provided in the Learning Theory chapter of the written study materials.

Answer 435

A

210 Biologically-based phobias are generally viewed as unconditioned responses, while socially-based phobias are considered to be conditioned (learned) responses.
d. CORRECT Of the responses given, this one is best because it parallels the nature of the relationship between biologically- and socially-based phobias.

Answer 436

A

211 Holland’s RIASEC model distinguishes between six vocational personality types, and his hexagon depicts the relationship between the six types: Types that are located next to each other in the hexagon are most similar in terms of characteristics, while those opposite one another are most dissimilar.
a. Incorrect The conventional type is closer (and more similar) to the social type than is the realistic type.
b. Incorrect Reflective is not one of the vocational personality types identified by Holland.
c. CORRECT The relationship between the six types (and their position in the hexagon) is indicated by the acronym RIASEC – realistic, investigative, artistic, social, enterprising, and conventional. The social type is opposite the realistic type in the hexagon, which indicates that it is most dissimilar to that type.
d. Incorrect The enterprising type is adjacent to the social type in the hexagon, which indicates that the two types share some characteristics.

Answer 437

A

212 Any predictor that is more valid for one class or subset of examinees than it is for another is said to have differential validity.
a. Incorrect A suppressor variable is irrelevant to the criterion, but affects criterion scores and thus acts as a source of error and suppresses (reduces) the correlation between the predictor and the criterion.
b. Incorrect In a research study, the dependent variable is measured to see if it is affected by the independent variable. For example, in a study assessing the effects of marijuana on task performance, marijuana is the independent variable and task performance is the dependent variable.
c. CORRECT A moderator variable is a variable that “moderates” the validity of a test i.e., a variable that make a test a better (or worse) predictor for a particular class or subset of examinees. Socioeconomic status is, therefore, a moderator variable in this situation.
d. Incorrect An organismic variable (as opposed to a manipulated variable) is one that can be measured but cannot be manipulated or controlled by the researcher. For example, in a study assessing the relationship between gender and beer consumption, both variables are organismic since the researcher cannot control either the gender or the beer consumption of the subjects.

Answer 438

A

213 The three theories are cognitive theories that view motivation and performance as directly linked to cognitive events.
d. CORRECT The cognitive event in goal-setting theory is the conscious acceptance of the goals; in equity theory it is self-other comparisons; and in expectancy theory it is beliefs related to effort/performance and performance/outcomes.

Answer 439

A

214 This issue is addressed in Paragraph 5 of the Guidelines.
d. CORRECT Paragraph 5(b) states that “effective psychological intervention may be aided by consultation with and/or inclusion of religious/spiritual leaders/practitioners relevant to the client’s cultural and belief systems.” This response is most consistent with this provision.

Answer 440

A

215 Standard 10.10(c) of the Ethics Code applies in this situation. It advises that certain steps be taken, regardless of the reason for the termination.
c. CORRECT None of the responses given is wrong but this one comes closest to the actual language of the Ethics Code and, therefore, is the best answer.

Answer 441

A

216 The physical record is ordinarily the property of the psychologist (or organization where the psychologist works), while the information contained in the record is the property of the client.
d. CORRECT There are situations that require a psychologist to disclose certain information contained in a client’s record (e.g., in cases of known or suspected child abuse), even without the client’s consent. Therefore, this answer is most consistent with ethical guidelines and legal requirements.

Answer 442

A

217 Although parents do have a legal right to examine school records, this does not mean they should necessarily be given a copy of them.
c. CORRECT The action described in this answer is most consistent with Paragraph 2.3.7 of the APA’s General Guidelines for Providers of Psychological Services, requirements related to confidentiality provided in the Ethics Code, and the provisions of the Family Education Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA).

Answer 443

A

218 Rogerian therapists tend to de-emphasize both diagnosis and assessment.
d. CORRECT Rogerian therapists usually reject diagnosis on the ground that it places the therapist in a superior, authoritarian role that can impede the development of autonomy and self-actualization in the client.

Answer 444

A

219 It has been difficult to check the accuracy of “repressed memories” that have been retrieved under hypnosis, and there is not a great deal of empirical research on this topic. However, the research on memory suggests that memories are often constructed (or reconstructed) to some degree rather than simply recalled and that hypnosis can exacerbate this process.
c. CORRECT This is the best conclusion that can be drawn about repressed memories retrieved under hypnosis. While some memories may be accurate, care must be taken in accepting memories retrieved under hypnosis since hypnosis seems to make people particularly susceptible to suggestion and to believing that false memories are, in fact, true.

Answer 445

A

220 Transference is considered a key component of psychoanalysis, and the interpretation of a client’s transference helps guide him/her toward insight.
b. CORRECT From the perspective of psychoanalysis, at the core of transference is resistance, or an unwillingness to relinquish one’s fantasy that one’s infantile wishes will be gratified.

Answer 446

A

221 As noted in the Abnormal Psychology chapter of the written study materials, the risk for a twin when his/her twin has been diagnosed with Schizophrenia is about 48% for monozygotic twins and 17% for dizygotic twins (I. Gottesman, Schizophrenia genesis,New York, W. H. Freeman, 1991).
b. CORRECT Forty-eight is closest to 2-1/2 times 17, so this is the best answer of those given.

Answer 447

A

222 Tolerance is one of the symptoms of Substance Dependence.
c. CORRECT This response accurately describes the DSM-IV-TR’s definition of tolerance.

Answer 448

A

223 Treatment for premature ejaculation usually involves either the stop-start or squeeze technique.
a. Incorrect Premature ejaculation is actually one of the easiest sexual dysfunctions to treat.
b. Incorrect This would more likely be part of the treatment for secondary impotence.
c. Incorrect The diagnosis of premature ejaculation is not based on the amount of time a man can sustain an erection, and maintaining an erection for a particular length of time would probably not be a goal in the treatment of this disorder.
d. CORRECT The start-stop and squeeze techniques are used to help the male gain control over ejaculation and thereby alleviate premature ejaculation.

Answer 449

A

224 DSM-IV-TR describes an hallucination as a “sensory perception that has the compelling sense of reality of a true perception but that occurs without external stimulation of the relevant sensory organ” (p. 823).
a. CORRECT The DSM notes that a person experiencing an hallucination may or may not be aware that the perceived stimulus is not real.

Answer 450

A

225 The role of neurotransmitter abnormalities in the Eating Disorders is complex and, for the exam, you want to be familiar with the information presented in the Abnormal Psychology chapter on the impact of serotonin on the etiology of both Anorexia and Bulimia.
a. CORRECT Bulimia has been linked to low levels of both serotonin and norepinephrine; and several recent studies have confirmed that serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (e.g., duloxetine) are useful for eliminating the binging and purging behaviors associated with this disorder.

Answer 451

A

1 Clozapine is classified as an atypical neuroleptic because it affects different receptors than traditional drugs, has somewhat different effects on symptoms, and causes different side effects.
a. CORRECT This is considered an advantage of clozapine over traditional neuroleptic drugs.
b. Incorrect This is the opposite of what is true.
c. Incorrect Clozapine apparently blocks serotonin and certain dopamine receptors, thereby reducing the activity of these two neurotransmitters.
d. Incorrect A disadvantage of clozapine is that it may cause agranulocytosis.

Answer 452

A

2 In this situation, the supervisor’s knowledge of the employee’s selection test score is “contaminating” his/her rating of the employee on a criterion (job performance) measure.
a. Incorrect Criterion deficiency refers to the degree to which a criterion measure does not measure all aspects of the “ultimate” criterion. The information provided in the question does not indicate that the measure of job performance is deficient in terms of being a thorough measure of performance. It only indicates that the measure is susceptible to criterion contamination.
b. CORRECT The situation described in this question illustrates criterion contamination.
c. Incorrect Criterion relevance refers to the extent to which a criterion measure evaluates the “ultimate” criterion.
d. Incorrect Criterion partiality is a “made up” term.

Answer 453

A

3 The Paraphilias involve intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors related to unusual objects, activities, or situations.
a. Incorrect Scoptophilia is not included in the DSM but refers to obtaining sexual pleasure by watching others having sex.
b. Incorrect Sitophilia is also not included in the DSM but refers to becoming sexually aroused by food.
c. Incorrect Fetishism is characterized by intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors involving the use of nonliving objects (e.g., shoes, gloves)
d. CORRECT The information in the question accurately describes frotteurism.

Answer 454

A

4 S. H. Osipow distinguishes between the four types of theories listed in the responses to this questions (Convergence in theories of career choice and development, Journal of Vocational Behavior, 36, 122-131, 1990).
a. CORRECT The vocational identity theory proposed by Tiedeman and colleagues is classified as a developmental approach. (Super’s theory also represents this approach.)
b. Incorrect Parson’s (1939) and Holland’s (1988) theories are trait-oriented approaches.
c. Incorrect Krumboltz’s (1979) social learning theory is classified by Osipow as a reinforcement-based approach.
d. Incorrect Roe’s (1984) theory emphasizes the role of personality.

Answer 455

A

5 Different experts have labeled the different levels or categories of acculturation somewhat differently, but most distinguish between at least four levels – assimilated, integrated (bicultural), separated, and marginal.
a. Incorrect The term “fused” refers to the melting pot position in which the two separate cultures cannot be distinguished.
b. Incorrect Separation occurs when the individual is immersed in his/her own ethnic culture and is not part of the larger (dominant) culture.
c. Incorrect An assimilated individual has given up his/her own ethnic culture and identifies with the larger (dominant) culture.
d. CORRECT The bicultural individual has adopted both cultures. Biculturalism can be alternating (as in Manuel’s case) or blended.

Answer 456

A

6 For the licensing exam, you want to be familiar with the primary functions of each lobe of the cerebral cortex. These are described in the Physiological Psychology and Pharmacology chapter of the written study materials.
a. Incorrect The frontal lobe mediates motor functions, language production, personality, and executive cognitive functions.
b. Incorrect The occipital lobe is responsible for vision and visual perception.
c. CORRECT The parietal lobe receives tactile input and mediates visuospatial functions, reading, and calculation.
d. Incorrect The temporal lobe is responsible for audition, language comprehension, and memory.

Answer 457

A

7 This issue is addressed in Section 1.7 of the APA’s General Guidelines for Providers of Psychological Services.
b. CORRECT Section 1.7 states that “psychologists who change or add a specialty meet the same requirements with respect to subject matter and professional skills that apply to doctoral education, training, and experience in the new specialty.” In other words, the psychologist would have to complete relevant courses and requirements for supervised practice.

Answer 458

A

8 As noted in the Statistics and Research Design chapter of the written study materials, adding or subtracting a constant to each score changes the mean and multiplying or dividing by a constant changes both the mean and the standard deviation.
a. CORRECT Adding a constant only affects the mean and other measures of central tendency. It does not affect the variability (spread) of scores in the distribution.

Answer 459

A

9 The important thing to note in the description of the man’s speech is that he does eventually get back to the point.
a. CORRECT Circumstantiality refers to speech that is indirect and delayed in reaching the point because of unnecessary, tedious details and parenthetical remarks.
b. Incorrect Loosening of associations involves a complete lack of connectedness between utterances and the loss of the original point.
c. Incorrect Confabulation involves a fabrication of facts or events to compensate for memory loss.
d. Incorrect Derailment is another term for loosening of associations.

Answer 460

A

10 A needs assessment is conducted in organizations to determine training needs.
a. Incorrect These are systems in Bronfenbrenner’s ecological model.
b. Incorrect These are the stages in Lewin’s model of planned change.
c. Incorrect These are not the components of a needs assessment.
d. CORRECT The systems approach to needs assessment involves three types of analysis – organization, task/job, and person.

Answer 461

A

11 In his book, The Theory and Practice of Group Therapy, Yalom (1970) distinguishes between 12 therapeutic (curative) factors and discusses the results of research examining the importance of these factors for group therapists and for group therapy members.
a. CORRECT Although the results vary somewhat from study to study, these four factors are usually the most highly rated ones by group therapy members.
b. Incorrect Identification is usually among the factors that are rated least important.
c. Incorrect Family re-enactment is also rated as less important by group members.
d. Incorrect As noted above, identification is not rated as being particularly important by group members.

Answer 462

A

12 For the exam, you want to be able to distinguish between primary, secondary, and tertiary preventions so that you can answer questions like this one. Additional information about these approaches is provided in the Clinical Psychology chapter of the written study materials.
a. Incorrect As defined by most experts, primary preventions are offered to groups of individuals rather than to specific individuals who have been identified as being at high-risk for a disorder.
b. CORRECT Secondary preventions are offered to specific individuals who have been identified as being at high risk by some type of screening procedure.
c. Incorrect Tertiary preventions are for people who have already developed a disorder and are aimed at reducing relapse and other negative consequences.
d. Incorrect This is not a type of prevention.

Answer 463

A

13 Most of the research has reported a relationship between job loss and mental and physical health problems.
a. CORRECT Several studies have found rates of depression and other neurotic disorders to be about twice as high among the unemployed.
b. Incorrect See explanation for response a.
c. Incorrect This is not always true and, therefore, not the best response.
d. Incorrect A small percentage of people report an improvement in mental health following job loss (less than 10%) and it is often only transitory.

Answer 464

A

14 Mention of the SCN may have “thrown” you, but what you need to know to answer this question is which region of the brain controls circadian rhythms.
b. CORRECT A good rule of thumb is, “when in doubt, go with the hypothalamus.” Although very small in size, the hypothalamus is involved in a variety of important functions including control of circadian rhythms.

Answer 465

A

15 To answer this question, you need to know that phenothiazines are “typical” antipsychotic drugs, which are better at alleviating the positive (versus the negative) symptoms of Schizophrenia.
a. CORRECT The positive symptoms include delusions, hallucinations, and agitation.
b. Incorrect Social withdrawal is a negative symptom.
c. Incorrect Anergia is a negative symptom and refers to reduced activity.
d. Incorrect Since the term thought disorder includes both positive and negative symptoms, this is not the best response.

Answer 466

A

16 Deaux and Emswiller (1974) found that attributions related to achievement vary, depending on the sex of the achiever. Specifically, they found that (1) both males and females viewed ability as the cause of success for males on traditionally masculine tasks, (2) both males and females viewed luck as the cause of success for females on traditionally masculine tasks, (3) both males and females viewed ability as the cause of success for males and females on traditionally feminine tasks.
d. CORRECT This response is in line with the research mentioned above. Jack’s success in both fixing a transmission (a traditionally masculine task) and decorating (a traditionally feminine task) will be attributed to ability; Jane’s success in sewing (a traditionally feminine task) will be attributed to ability, but her success in cutting down a tree (a traditionally masculine task) will be attributed to luck.

Answer 467

A

17 Howard et al. (1986) found that the positive relationship between therapy duration and therapy outcome “levels off” at about the 26th therapy session.
c. CORRECT These investigators report that about 75% of therapy clients show “measurable improvement” by 26 sessions; and, at 52 sessions, this number increases to only about 85%.

Answer 468

A

18 The APA’s guidelines require psychologists to avoid dual (multiple) relationships.
d. CORRECT This type of situation is addressed in the Guidelines for Forensic Psychologists and the Ethics Code, which require psychologists to avoid dual relationships whenever objectivity, exploitation, and other issues related to effectiveness are of concern, which would be the case in this situation. The two roles – therapist and forensic evaluator – clearly conflict and should be avoided.

Answer 469

A

19 A careful reading of this question reveals that it is describing “backwards conditioning.”
d. CORRECT Backwards conditioning rarely works: For classical conditioning to be effective, the conditioned stimulus must be presented before the unconditioned stimulus.

Answer 470

A

20 For the exam, you want to be familiar with all of the phenomena listed in the answers to this question. Additional information on them is provided in the Social Psychology chapter of the written study materials.
a. Incorrect According to self-verification theory, people are motivated to maintain a stable self-concept and do so by seeking information that confirms the self-concept, even when that information is negative.
b. CORRECT As its name implies, the self-serving bias is the tendency to take responsibility for our actions when the actions have positive outcomes (i.e., to make dispositional attributions) but to blame external events for our actions when they have negative outcomes (i.e., to make situational attributions).
c. Incorrect The confirmation bias is the tendency to pay attention only to information that confirms our current beliefs.
d. Incorrect The self-fulfilling prophecy effect occurs when expectations about our own behavior or the behavior of others increases the likelihood that the behavior will actually occur.

Answer 471

A

21 For the exam, you want to be familiar with the characteristics of the four levels of Mental Retardation.
a. Incorrect This is a better description of Moderate Mental Retardation.
b. CORRECT This is an accurate description of individuals with Mild Mental Retardation whose IQs are between approximately 50 and 70.
c. Incorrect This is true about people with Profound Mental Retardation.
d. Incorrect This is more characteristic of people who have received a diagnosis of Moderate or Severe Mental Retardation.

Answer 472

A

22 The performance appraisal techniques used in organizations differ not only in terms of the ways in which they are developed and executed but also in the amount and type of feedback they provide to employees.
a. Incorrect The forced-choice technique requires the rater to pick the statements from several statements that are most and least descriptive of the employee. Although this technique helps reduce certain rater biases, it is less useful than BARS for providing employees with feedback about their job performance.
b. Incorrect The forced-distribution technique requires the rater to assign a certain percentage of employees to one of several predetermined categories (e.g., highest 10%, next highest 20%, middle 40%, and so on). It does not generate the kind of information that is useful for feedback purposes.
c. CORRECT BARS (behaviorally-anchored rating scale) is a graphic rating scale in which an employee’s performance on several dimensions is rated in terms of specific behaviors. This format facilitates providing the employee with feedback about acceptable and unacceptable work-related behaviors.
d. Incorrect A BIB (biographical information blank) is not a performance appraisal technique but, instead, a method for collecting biographical data from job applicants.

Answer 473

A

23 As discussed in the Statistics and Research Design chapter of the written study materials, restriction in the range of scores has the effect of lowering a correlation coefficient.
b. CORRECT Since the reliability and validity coefficients are correlation coefficients, their magnitude will be adversely affected (i.e., will be lowered) by a restriction in range of scores.

Answer 474

A

24 This is a difficult question because it requires you to be familiar with a specific research study. However, even if you’re not familiar with the Colder et al. study, you may have been able to identify the correct answer since it makes sense that parents who provide harsh discipline are modeling harsh (aggressive) behaviors that their children are likely to imitate. If you encounter a question on unfamiliar research on the exam, keep in mind that most psychological research produces results that are consistent with “common sense.”
b. CORRECT C. Colder, J. E. Lochman, and K. C. Wells found that two groups of boys were at greater risk for aggressive behavior – those who were fearful and had parents who provided high levels of harsh discipline and those who were highly active and had parents who provided low levels of monitoring (The moderating effects of children’s fear and activity level on relations between parenting practices and childhood symptomatology, Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 25, 251-263, 1997).

Answer 475

A

25 Cataplexy is a symptom of Narcolepsy.
a. Incorrect Cataplexy occurs alone or at the onset of a sleep attack.
b. Incorrect This answer describes catalepsy (waxy flexibility), not cataplexy.
c. Incorrect This is the opposite of what is true. Full consciousness is preserved during an episode of cataplexy.
d. CORRECT In most cases, an episode of cataplexy is triggered by anger, surprise, laughter, or other strong emotion.

Answer 476

A

26 One of the problems with memories recalled under hypnosis is that people tend to be more certain about the accuracy of those memories, whether they are true or false.
c. CORRECT The research has shown that people are often more willing to accept false memories when those memories have been retrieved under hypnosis.

Answer 477

A

27 Publication credit is addressed in Standard 8.12 of the Ethics Code.
b. CORRECT Standard 8.12 states that publication credits “accurately reflect the relative scientific or professional contributions of the individuals involved, regardless of their relative status…. Except under exceptional circumstances, a student is listed as principal author on any multiple-authored article that is substantially based on the student’s doctoral dissertation.” While the student should be listed as first author, the advisor’s contribution appears to be sufficient to warrant being listed as the second author.

Answer 478

A

28 The psychologist should not mislead the insurance company about the appropriate form of treatment for the couple since doing so would constitute insurance fraud.
a. Incorrect This would not be appropriate because individual therapy is not indicated.
b. Incorrect Standard 6.06 of the Ethics Code states: “In their reports to payors for services or sources of research funding, psychologists take reasonable steps to ensure the accurate reporting of the nature of the service provided or research conducted, the fees, charges, or payments, and where applicable, the identity of the provider, the findings, and the diagnosis.”
c. CORRECT The psychologist should make a request to the insurance company for marital therapy.

Answer 479

A

29 Several studies have found regulated breathing to be effective for people who stutter.
c. CORRECT Regulated breathing involves instructing the person to stop speaking when a stuttering episode occurs and to take a deep breath before continuing. It is often combined with awareness training and social support and, in this format, is referred to as “habit reversal.”

Answer 480

A

30 Advocacy consultation, unlike other consultation modes, focuses on social systems rather than individuals or small groups.
d. CORRECT As noted by J. C. Conoley (Consultation in schools: Theory, research, procedures, Academic Press, New York, 1981), a distinctive characteristic of advocacy consultation is that it is based on an “explicit value orientation that targets social change in the direction of power equalization” (p. 162).

Answer 481

A

31 The research study described in this question has two independent variables – type of treatment and time.
c. CORRECT Treatment is a between-groups variable in this study – participants are assigned to one of the three treatments. Time is a within-subjects variable – all participants are evaluated on the dependent variable at four different times. When a study includes both between-groups and within-subjects variables, it is referred to as a mixed design.
d. Incorrect A counterbalanced design is a type of within-subjects design.

Answer 482

A

32 A leaderless group discussion is a simulation technique that is often used as part of an assessment center. Leaderless group discussions and other simulations are frequently included in management development programs.
c. CORRECT Knowing that assessment centers are used for the hiring, promotion, and training of managerial-level employees would have helped you identify the correct answer to this question. A leaderless group discussion (as part of an assessment center or alone) provides information about an individual’s communication, decision-making, and leadership skills to determine his/her potential as a manager.

Answer 483

A

33 Ways to reduce bias in language are addressed in the APA’s Publication Manual.
a. Incorrect Non-white is improper. The actual race/ethnicity is preferable.
b. Incorrect “Participant with a disability” would be more appropriate.
c. CORRECT This is an acceptable way to describe an individual who has a mental disorder.
d. Incorrect The word “suffering” is inappropriate. “A person with (or who has) multiple sclerosis” would be better.

Answer 484

A

34 For the exam, you want to be familiar with the off-the-job and on-the-job training techniques that are described in the Industrial-Organizational Psychology chapter of the written study materials so that you can answer questions like this one.
b. CORRECT As its name suggests, cross-training involves training an employee to perform other tasks (usually tasks related to his/her current job). Cross-training benefits the employer by increasing the flexibility of employees and the employees by increasing their interest and motivation.

Answer 485

A

35 For the exam, you want to be familiar with all of the phenomena listed in the answers to this question. These are described in the Learning Theory chapter of the written study materials.
c. CORRECT Tolman’s notion of cognitive maps was derived from his research in which rats were allowed to explore a maze without being reinforced for doing so. The results indicated that the animals had learned something about the maze – i.e., they had formed cognitive maps. This led Tolman to conclude that learning can occur without apparent changes or improvements in behavior and he referred to this as latent learning.

Answer 486

A

36 External validity refers to the generalizability of the results of a research study.
a. Incorrect A parametric test increases statistical power, but it doesn’t increase the generalizability of the research results.
b. Incorrect A smaller alpha will reduce the probability of making a Type I error, but it will not increase the generalizability of the study’s results.
c. Incorrect Narrowing the range of participants in terms of the target characteristic would limit the generalizability of the results. For example, if the target characteristic is self-esteem and the study includes only people with average self-esteem, it would not be possible to generalize the study’s results to people with high and low self-esteem.
d. CORRECT The best way to maximize the generalizability of a study’s results is to randomly select participants from the population so that the sample of participants is representative of the population in terms of all relevant characteristics.

Answer 487

A

37 Mood symptoms, especially dysthymia and depression, are early symptoms in about 40% of cases of Huntington”s disease.
a. CORRECT Early reports linked Huntington’s disease to psychotic symptoms, but more recent, better-controlled studies have found that affective symptoms are more common and are often the first signs of the disorder.

Answer 488

A

38 Mediation is the most used third-party option. A neutral third party (mediator) uses various tactics to facilitate voluntary agreement between the disputants. Remember you are looking for a statement that is not true.
a. CORRECT Because the mediator has no formal powers, he or she cannot impose a settlement.
b. Incorrect A mediator serves as a neutral facilitator, and thus does not advocate for either participant.
c. Incorrect Mediation is voluntary.
d. Incorrect Arbitration is the final and most formal settlement technique.

Answer 489

A

39 A child’s adjustment to the divorce of his/her parents has been linked to a number of factors. Additional information on this topic is provided in the Lifespan Development chapter of the written study materials.
c. CORRECT One of the more consistent findings of the research is that children have fewer problems when their parents are able to control their anger and keep fights in front of the children to a minimum.

Answer 490

A

40 Continued use of a substance despite recurrent problems due to that use is characteristic of both Substance Abuse and Substance Dependence.
c. CORRECT This is listed in the DSM as a symptom for both Substance Dependence and Substance Abuse. More specifically, the existence of physiological or psychological problems caused or exacerbated by use is characteristic of Substance Dependence, while social or interpersonal problems caused or exacerbated by use are characteristic of Substance Abuse.

Answer 491

A

41 For the exam, you want to be familiar with all of the terms listed in the answers to this question.
a. Incorrect Scaffolding is a term you want to have linked with Vygotsky, who described it as the support that is given to a child by teachers, parents, and others within the child’s zone of proximal development.
b. Incorrect Symbolic thought develops at the end of the sensorimotor stage and is the ability to form internal representations of absent objects and past events. It provides the basis for the preoperational child’s ability to learn through the use of language, mental images, and other symbols.
c. CORRECT Animism is characteristic of the preoperational stage and is the belief that inanimate objects have lifelike characteristics.
d. Incorrect Decentration is one of the abilities that makes it possible for concrete operational children to conserve and occurs when the child is able to consider more than one characteristic of an object at a time.

Answer 492

A

42 As noted in the Abnormal Psychology chapter of the written study maerials, Schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders share a number of characteristics. However, one distinguishing feature is the duration of symptoms.
a. Incorrect A diagnosis of Schizophrenia requires a duration of symptoms for at least six months.
b. Incorrect Schizoid Personality Disorder, like other personality disorders, is characterized by a persistent (long-term) pattern of dysfunctional behaviors. This man has had symptoms for only five weeks.
c. Incorrect The name “Schizoaffective” tells you that this disorder combines symptoms of schizophrenia and the affective (mood) disorders. The symptoms given in this question do not suggest a mood disturbance.
d. CORRECT Symptoms of Schizophreniform Disorder are similar to those associated with Schizophrenia but have a duration of less than six months.

Answer 493

A

43 Knowing that Tiedeman and O’Hara emphasize the role of the ego in career development would have helped you identify the correct answer to this question.
a. CORRECT Tiedeman and O’Hara’s theory is classified as a cognitive-developmental theory that is consistent with the work of Erikson, Bruner, Piaget, and Allport. It views career development as being an aspect of ego identity development and as a process that continues throughout the lifespan.

Answer 494

A

44 For the exam, you want to be familiar with the difference between equifinality and multifinality which are concepts that are derived from general systems theory and have been used to explain the development of psychopathology, certain physical illnesses, and other phenomena.
a. Incorrect Multifinality predicts that the same initial circumstance or condition may lead to different outcomes.
b. CORRECT Equifinality predicts that different circumstances or conditions may lead to the same outcome.
c. Incorrect In the context of systems theory, negative feedback reduces deviation and helps a system maintain the status quo.
d. Incorrect Positive feedback is the opposite of negative feedback and disrupts a system by amplifying deviation or change.

Answer 495

A

45 Knowing that Schaie conducted research on the effects of age on six mental abilities may have helped you identify the correct answer to this question.
c. CORRECT Schaie used a cross-sequential research design to examine the effects of age on six primary mental abilities (verbal ability, inductive reasoning, verbal memory, spatial orientation, numeric ability, and perceptual speed). Schaie’s research found that the effects of increasing age differed for each ability, thereby confirming Thurstone’s theory that intelligence consists of several broad factors rather than a single “g” factor.

Answer 496

A

46 The Ethics Code requires psychologists to provide only services that are within “the boundaries of their competence.” However, it is acceptable to provide new services when certain conditions are met (Standard 2.01). Note that none of the responses to this question is optimal, so you have to pick the best one of those given.
a. Incorrect The lack of another psychologist is certainly a consideration in this situation, but, even in the absence of another psychologist, seeing the clients without getting necessary supervision or consultation would not be acceptable.
b. Incorrect This would not be acceptable if more effective treatments for the clients’ problems were available.
c. CORRECT It is perfectly acceptable for psychologists to acquire new skills during the course of their practice as long as they obtain adequate training, supervision, or consultation. Of course, consultation might not be sufficient in certain situations, but, of the responses given, this is the best choice. Note that nothing in the Code suggests that consultation must be in-person.
d. Incorrect Not providing services at all would not be the best course of action in most situations if the clients had no other professional they could see.

Answer 497

A

47 The term “identical elements” refers to similarities in the learning and performance environments.
c. CORRECT Transfer of training is maximized when learning conditions are similar to performance conditions (i.e., when they are similar in terms of task, equipment, environment, etc.).

Answer 498

A

48 This question is apparently asking about competence to stand trial.
a. CORRECT A psychologist may be asked to evaluate a person’s current mental status to determine if he/she is competent to stand trial (i.e., is able to understand court procedures and the charge against him/her).
b. Incorrect A psychologist would determine the person’s status at the time of the crime in order to support the insanity defense.

Answer 499

A

49 This question is asking about a situation in which the views of group members become increasingly extreme due to their participation in the group.
a. Incorrect Individuation occurs when a person feels “anonymous” as a member of a group.
b. Incorrect A social trap is a conflict that occurs when behavior has positive short-term consequences but negative long-term consequences.
c. CORRECT Group polarization refers to the tendency of people to make more extreme decisions when acting as members of a group than they would have made as individuals.
d. Incorrect Group contagion refers to the transmission of emotion through a crowd or group.

Answer 500

A

50 This question is asking about infantile amnesia, which is described in the Lifespan Development chapter of the written study materials.
d. CORRECT Babies begin forming long-term memories for past events by the time they are several months of age. However, adults are usually unable to recall events that occurred prior to three or four years of age.

Answer 501

A

51 Although children vary considerably in motor and other aspects of development, some generalizations can be made.
b. CORRECT At about 9 to 10 months, most babies are able to take a few steps while holding onto furniture. This is followed, at about 12 to 13 months, by the ability to walk without help or support.

Answer 502

A

52 Research on the outcomes of divorce for boys and girls have found that, in some cases, the outcomes change over time.
b. CORRECT In the context of the effects of divorce on children, the term “sleeper effect” refers to the tendency of girls who do not initially show significant negative effects of the divorce to develop a number of problems in adolescence, including increased noncompliance and conflict with their mothers, antisocial behaviors, decreased self-esteem, and difficulties related to sexual behavior.

Answer 503

A

53 The fastest rate of vocabulary increase occurs between the ages of 30 and 36 months. During this period, the child’s vocabulary increases from 300-400 words to about 1000 words.
a. Incorrect See explanation for response c.
b. Incorrect At 27 months, the child’s vocabulary consists of about 300-400 words.
c. CORRECT As noted above, the child’s vocabulary more than doubles during this period.
d. Incorrect Between the ages of 36 to 42 months, the child’s grammatical accuracy and sentence complexity increases. His/her vocabulary also increases but the rate of increase is not as great as between 30 and 36 months

Answer 504

A

54 The three symptoms listed have been identified as the core features of job burnout.
a. Incorrect Chronic boredom (“underload”) might induce symptoms similar to these, but this triad of symptoms has been specifically linked to burnout.
b. Incorrect The research has not linked these symptoms to low morale, which may or may not be associated with burnout.
c. Incorrect Role conflicts are a source of stress and are likely to produce unpleasant symptoms but these three have not been linked to role conflicts.
d. CORRECT These are the three components of job burnout identified by S. E. Jackson, R. L. Schwab, and R. S. Schuler (Toward an understanding of the burnout phenomenon,Journal of Applied Psychology, 71, 630-540, 1986).

Answer 505

A

55 Obviously you can’t force a client to continue seeing you, but you should discuss your reservations about his termination.
c. CORRECT If you believe it would not be good for the client to quit at this time, you should discuss this with him. If he still wants to leave, then you’d want to assure him that he can come back and/or give him appropriate referrals.

Answer 506

A

56 Atkinson et al.’s (1993) model distinguishes between five stages: conformity, dissonance, resistance-immersion, introspection, and integrative awareness.
a. Incorrect Atkinson et al. do not view assimilation as the outcome of successful identity development.
b. Incorrect Although successful identity development does involve developing an ethnic identity, that identity is not necessarily reflective of the individual’s cultural/racial background in all ways. Instead, the individual chooses which elements he/she wants to incorporate into his/her identity.
c. Incorrect Atkinson’s model does not propose that being “culture-free” is an optimal state.
d. CORRECT Like most cultural/racial identity development models, the Atkinson et al. model describes the final stage as one of integration – i.e., of accepting one’s own minority culture while also recognizing and incorporating the positive contributions of the majority culture. They refer to this as adopting a multicultural perspective.

Answer 507

A

57 As described in the Test Construction chapter of the written study materials, the optimal item difficulty depends on several factors, including the likelihood that an examinee can choose the correct answer by guessing.
c. CORRECT The optimal item difficulty is helfway between 100% of examinees answering the item correctly and the likelihood of answering the item correctly by chance alone. For true-false items, the probability of choosing the correct answer by chance is .50, so the optimal difficulty level is .75.

Answer 508

A

58 Sexual harassment laws and policies vary somewhat from jurisdiction to jurisdiction but Bertrand’s comments are likely to be grounds for a sexual harassment suit if he continues to make them.
a. Incorrect Sexual comments do not have to be “sufficiently severe to be considered abusive” for a claim of sexual harassment.
b. CORRECT If the comments are not severe and the harasser stops when asked to do so, it is unlikely that they would be found sufficient for a legal claim of sexual harassment. For additional information, see the discussion on sexual harassment in the Ethics and Professional Issues chapter of the written study materials.
c. Incorrect Although Bertrand’s comments are likely to be considered offensive, it is unlikely that Sandy would have grounds for a legal claim against him if he stops making those comments when asked to do so.
d. Incorrect If Bertrand does not stop making offensive comments when asked to do so, the court might use the “reasonable woman” standard to determine if the comments represent sexual harassment.

Answer 509

A

59 This topic was addressed in a review of the research on women and work (S. D. Phillips and A. R. Imhoff, Women and career development: A decade of research, Annual Review of Psychology, 48, 31-59, 1997).
c. CORRECT Empirical research suggests that, overall, dual roles for women have positive effects on self-esteem and other aspects of well-being.

Answer 510

A

60 For the exam, you want to be familiar with all of the tests listed in the answers to this question. Additional information about them is provided in the Psychological Assessment chapter of the written study materials.
a. CORRECT Raven’s Standard Progressive Matrices can be administered without the use of language, and it doesn’t require language to respond to test items. It is appropriate for individuals age six and older.
b. Incorrect The Slosson Intelligence Test is a screening test of intelligence and is not appropriate for individuals with limited language proficiency.
c. Incorrect The Bayley Scales are used to assess infant development.
d. Incorrect The Cognitive Abilities Test (CogAT) is measure of reasoning ability that is often used to determine a student’s eligibility for placement in a gifted/talented program.

Answer 511

A

61 This is a straightforward question that requires you to be familiar with the diagnostic criteria for Panic Disorder.
a. CORRECT For a diagnosis of Panic Disorder, the individual must have had at least one unexpected (uncued) panic attack, with at least one attack being followed by characteristic symptoms for a duration of one month or more. The diagnosis of Panic Disorder with Agoraphobia also requires the presence of the characteristic symptoms of Agoraphobia.

Answer 512

A

62 For the exam, you want to have the Bonferroni test associated with planned (a priori) comparisons.
b. CORRECT The greater the number of planned comparisons, the greater the likelihood that a Type I error will be made. The Bonferroni test controls this possibility by reducing the level of alpha for each comparison.
c. Incorrect The Bonferroni test takes the place of the omnibus test (ANOVA) and post-hoc comparisons.

Answer 513

A

63 Knowing that vision is mediated by the occipital lobe would have helped you narrow the choices to responses a and b.
a. CORRECT Peripheral vision is mediated by the anterior occipital lobe, while central vision is mediated by the posterior occipital lobe.

Answer 514

A

64 For the exam, you want to be familiar with the difference between formative and summative evaluations so that you can answer questions like this one.
a. Incorrect A summative evaluation is conducted after a training program has been developed and administered to trainees in order to assess the program’s outcomes.
b. CORRECT Formative evaluations are conducted while a training program is being developed (“formed”) to obtain the information needed to determine what modifications are required.
c. Incorrect A needs assessment is conducted to determine if performance problems can be alleviated by providing training and, if so, to identify the content of a training program.
d. Incorrect A functional assessment (also known as a functional behavioral assessment) is conducted to identify the functions that a behavior serves in order to identify ways of modifying that behavior.

Answer 515

A

65 For the licensing exam, you want to be familiar with the definitions of the terms listed in the responses to this question.
a. CORRECT An illusion is a misperception of reality (e.g., misperceiving a coffee mug as a rodent).
b. Incorrect A delusion is a false belief about reality that is firmly held regardless of evidence to the contrary.
c. Incorrect While an illusion is elicited by an actual stimulus, an hallucination is a sensory perception in the absence of an external stimulus. Since this women is “misperceiving things,” this suggests she is experiencing illusions rather than hallucinations.
d. Incorrect Derealization is an alteration in the sense of self – i.e., the sense that one is detached from one’s mind or body.

Answer 516

A

66 Vascular Dementia is a preventable disorder in many cases because it is preceded by a number of known treatable factors.
a. Incorrect The cause of Alzheimer’s remains unclear.
b. Incorrect Parkinson’s Disease is due to a degeneration of cells in the substantia nigra. The cause of this degeneration is unknown.
c. CORRECT Hypertension, diabetes, and cigarette smoking are high risk factors for Vascular Dementia. Interventions aimed at these factors can successfully prevent this form of dementia.
d. Incorrect The cause of Pick’s Disease is also unknown at this time.

Answer 517

A

67 J. M. Gottman has conducted research on couples for over 30 years with the goal of developing an empirical basis for identifying interventions for couples experiencing conflict. His research has identified factors that are associated with satisfactory and unsatisfactory relationships (What predicts divorce?, Hillsdale, NJ, Erlbaum, 1994).
d. CORRECT Gottman has concluded that couples in happy, stable relationships have about a 5:1 ratio of positive-to-negative exchanges, while couples in unstable, unhappy relationships have positivity ratios that are lower than 1:1. He also found that the risk for divorce for unhappy couples is increased when they exhibit four behaviors: criticism, defensiveness, contempt, and stonewalling.

Answer 518

A

68 Strategic family therapy is most associated with Jay Haley, who was strongly influenced by the communication school of family therapy and by the work of Milton Erickson.
a. Incorrect Haley focuses more on the present, especially communication patterns occurring in the present.
b. Incorrect This is not characteristic of strategic family therapy.
c. CORRECT Haley relies heavily on paradoxical techniques (like the one described in this response), which are also employed by communication family therapists and Milton Erickson.
d. Incorrect This sounds more like Bowenian family therapy.

Answer 519

A

69 Ho, Boyd-Franklin, and others recommend that interventions with African-American clients (especially those from low-income backgrounds) incorporate multiple systems including the immediate family, extended family, social service agencies, and church.
a. CORRECT While Boyd-Franklin refers to this approach as a “multisystems model,” Ho uses the term “ecostructural.” See, e.g., M. K. Ho, Family therapy with ethnic minorities, Newbury Park, Sage, 1987.

Answer 520

A

70 Knowing that nicotinic receptors are a type of acetylcholine receptor would have helped you choose the correct response to this question.
d. CORRECT There is evidence that the nicotine in tobacco exerts its effects on physiology and behavior by binding to nicotinic receptors in the brain.

Answer 521

A

71 According to the multistore model of memory, memory has three components – sensory, short-term, and long-term. Additional information about these components is provided in the Learning Theory chapter of the written study materials.
a. Incorrect Short-term memory has a limited capacity and a limited duration.
b. CORRECT Sensory memory contains information collected from all senses but retains that information for a very brief period (probably .5 second).
c. Incorrect Some authors use the term primary memory as a name for short-term memory.
d. Incorrect The term secondary memory refers to long-term memory which has a very large capacity and a very long duration.

Answer 522

A

72 As its name implies, advocacy consultation involves acting as an advocate. It is a political form of consultation that has, as its primary goal, social change.
c. CORRECT The individuals listed in responses a, b, and d might be the clients in advocacy consultation, but this answer is best because it includes these individuals as well as others who may be disenfranchised.

Answer 523

A

73 In general, the tricyclic antidepressants are more sedating than the SSRIs and certain other newer antidepressants.
a. Incorrect Prozac (fluoxetine) is an SSRI and is less likely than Pamelor to produce sedation.
b. Incorrect Wellbutrin (bupropion) is an NDRI and is less likely than Pamelor to produce sedation.
c. Incorrect Zoloft (sertraline) is an SSRI and is less likely than Pamelor to produce sedation.
d. CORRECT Pamelor (nortriptyline) is a tricyclic antidepressant and, of the antidepressants listed in the answers, is most likely to produce sedation.

Answer 524

A

74 D. A. Nadler (Feedback and Organizational Development: Using Data-Based Methods, Reading, MA, Addison-Wesley, 1977) identifies four commonly used data collection methods in organizational development: interviews, questionnaires, observations, and secondary (archival) sources. A description of these methods is provided in the Industrial-Organizational Psychology chapter of the written study materials.
b. CORRECT Nadler recommends using multiple methods to ensure that the collected data is complete and unbiased. However, of the four techniques, questionnaires are most useful for collecting quantitative data from a large number of individuals.

Answer 525

A

75 The standard error of the mean is the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of means and serves as an index of sampling error.
a. CORRECT As the population standard deviation increases, the chance of sampling error also increases. Knowing the formula for the standard error of the mean would have helped you choose the correct answer to this question – the standard error equals the population standard deviation divided by the square root of the sample size. Thus, the standard error increases as the numerator increases or the denominator decreases.

Answer 526

A

76 Methods of prevention are often categorized as primary, secondary, or tertiary. Additional information on the three methods of prevention is provided in the Clinical Psychology chapter.
a. Incorrect Primary preventions are designed to keep a problem from developing.
b. Incorrect Secondary preventions are aimed at early identification and intervention.
c. CORRECT The goal of tertiary preventions is to prevent a problem from becoming chronic or to prevent relapse.

Answer 527

A

77 In this situation, the students are reacting to a restriction placed on their access to a particular book.
c. CORRECT The tendency to act in ways opposite of what is required or requested (especially when one feels that one’s freedom is being threatened) is referred to as psychological reactance.

Answer 528

A

78 The outcomes of crowding have been linked to a number of individual and environmental characteristics.
a. Incorrect Men do tend to be more adversely affected by crowding.
b. Incorrect Children are less affected by crowding than adults.
c. CORRECT This is the opposite of what is true – people are less willing to discuss intimate topics and to seek social support in crowded situations. See, e.g., G. W. Evans et al., Residential density and psychological health: The mediation effects of social support, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 994-999, 1989.
d. Incorrect Living and working in crowded conditions is associated with more health problems.

Answer 529

A

79 During the initial alarm stage of the GAS, the hypothalamus activates the adrenal medulla to increase its release of epinephrine.
a. Incorrect Thyroxine is secreted by the thyroid gland and controls the rate of metabolism and plays a role in protein synthesis.
b. Incorrect Melatonin is secreted by the pineal gland and plays a role in the sleep-wake cycle.
c. CORRECT Epinephrine (which is also referred to as adrenaline) is a hormone and neurotransmitter. It is released by the adrenal medulla during the alarm stage of the GAS and is responsible for the body’s “fight-or-flight” response.
d. Incorrect Insulin is secreted by the pancreas and is responsible for the uptake and use of glucose.

Answer 530

A

80 Ritalin, a CNS stimulant, has been found to have a “paradoxical effect” in children and adults with and without ADHD.
c. CORRECT Using a drug is usually not the best strategy for confirming or ruling out a diagnosis. It is not useful in ADHD because, as noted above, individuals with or without the disorder have a similar response to the drug.

Answer 531

A

81 The research has generally found that Asian Americans underutilize traditional mental health services.
a. CORRECT Asian Americans often adhere to traditional cultural values that encourage the resolution of problems within the family. Reasons for preferring assistance from family members include the stigma associated with mental illness and seeking outside help and a lack of culturally competent mental health services.

Answer 532

A

82 As its name implies, Minuchin’s structural family therapy focuses on the structural characteristics of the family.
a. Incorrect Although communication patterns provide clues about family structure, this is not the best response of those given.
b. Incorrect This sounds more like Bowenian family therapy.
c. CORRECT Minuchin considered maladaptive behavior to be the result of overly rigid or permeable boundaries between family members.
d. Incorrect Exceptions are of interest to solution-focused therapists.

Answer 533

A

83 An arrest warrant does not constitute an exception to the therapist-client privilege.
d. CORRECT In order to provide any information about the client (including the fact that he/she is a client) would require either a signed release from the client or a court-order.

Answer 534

A

84 Research on African American families has generally found that African American men and women are less concerned about sex-role stereotypes than White men and women. However, the power structure of the African American family is not substantially different from that found in many White families.
a. Incorrect A number of investigators have pointed out that African American and White husbands exercise the same degree of family decision-making power and that the matriarchal African American family is, in fact, a myth.
b. Incorrect If anything, the opposite is true because of their de-emphasis on sex-role stereotypes and social conditions that have made it easier for African American women to succeed educationally and economically than African American men.
c. CORRECT According to Billingsley, an important aspect of the cultural heritage of African American families is a de-emphasis on rigid sex-linked stereotypes (Black Families in White America, Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1969).
d. Incorrect In terms of decision-making, there does not seem to be much difference between African American and White families.

Answer 535

A

85 As its name implies, fetal alcohol syndrome is caused by prenatal exposure to alcohol and affects multiple areas of development.
d. CORRECT The severity of the symptoms of FAS depends on the degree of prenatal exposure to alcohol. However, regardless of their severity, most symptoms are irreversible.

Answer 536

A

86 Criterion contamination occurs when a rater’s knowledge of a ratee’s performance on the predictor biases how the rater scores the ratee on the criterion.
a. CORRECT A subjectively scored measure of job performance (criterion measure) is susceptible to a variety of rater biases, including the bias that produces criterion contamination.

Answer 537

A

87 A number of biases have been identified by investigators interested in decision-making and memory.
a. Incorrect Cognitive consistency theory predicts that behaviors that are inconsistent with an established attitude are susceptible to change.
b. CORRECT A confirmation bias (Silverman, 1992) is the tendency to believe and pay attention to experiences that support our views and ignore experiences that discredit them.
c. Incorrect The halo bias occurs when a person’s status or performance on one dimension affects how a rater rates him/her on all other dimensions.
d. Incorrect A self-serving bias occurs when a person attributes positive outcomes to internal (dispositional) factors and negative outcomes to external (situational) factors.

Answer 538

A

88 This question describes a situation in which an individual is no longer responding to a punishment or other stimulus because of repeated exposure to it.
d. CORRECT This is the definition of habituation.

Answer 539

A

89 To answer this question, you need to know that aversion therapy is a type of counterconditioning that is used to eliminate undesirable behaviors by pairing the stimulus associated with the undesirable behavior with a stimulus that produces an unpleasant reaction.
a. Incorrect Knowing that aversion therapy is a type of classical conditioning (counterconditioning) would have helped you eliminate answers a and b since punishment and reinforcement are associated with operant conditioning.
b. Incorrect See explanation for response a.
c. Incorrect When using aversion therapy to eliminate a shoe fetish, the shoe is the conditioned stimulus (CS).
d. CORRECT The shoe is the conditioned stimulus and is paired with electric shock or other stimulus that naturally produces an unpleasant reaction so that, eventually, the shoe also produces the unpleasant reaction. The electric shock or other stimulus that naturally produces an unpleasant reaction is the unconditioned stimulus (US).

Answer 540

A

90 Being familiar with the major concerns and assumptions of Bowen’s extended family systems therapy would have helped you identify the correct answer to this question even if you’re unfamiliar with a genogram.
a. CORRECT As originally described by Bowen, a genogram is a schematic diagram of a family’s relationships and usually includes at least three generations. A primary purpose of a genogram is to identify behavior patterns that recur in the family.
b. Incorrect See explanation for response a.
c. Incorrect This describes an ecomap. Although some authors use the terms ecomap and genogram interchangeably, this question is asking specifically about the use of a genogram by a Bowenian therapist, so response a is the best answer.
d. Incorrect See explanation for response a.

Answer 541

A

91 For people who are depressed, cognitive tasks requiring greater effort (e.g., recall tasks) are most likely to be impaired; while, for people with dementia, cognitive deficits are apparent on both effortful and automatic tasks. Additional information on the characteristics that distinguish dementia and depression (pseudodementia) is provided in the Abnormal Psychology chapter of the written study materials.
b. CORRECT Recognition tasks require less effort than recall tasks and are less likely to be affected by depression. However, dementia is associated with impaired performance on recall and recognition tasks.

Answer 542

A

92 Knowing that the actor-observer effect refers to the types of attributions that people make (i.e., dispositional versus situational attributions) would have allowed you to eliminate answers c and d.
a. CORRECT Research on attribution of cause has found that we tend to attribute the behaviors of others to dispositional factors (which is referred to as the fundamental attribution bias). However, when making attributions about our own behaviors, we tend to attribute them to situational factors. The difference when making attributions about our own behaviors and the behaviors of others is referred to as the actor-observer effect.

Answer 543

A

93 The mixed standard scale (Blanz and Ghiselli, 1971) was originally designed to reduce rater biases. Note that, if you’re unfamiliar with this technique, you may have been able to identify it as the correct answer to this question using the process of elimination.
a. Incorrect See explanation for response d. (Although the mixed standard scale uses critical incidents, it is not the same as the “critical incident technique.”)
d. CORRECT When using the mixed standard scale, three critical incidents representing good, average, and poor performance for several dimensions of job performance are identified. They are then listed in the rating scale in a random order, and the rater indicates, for each incident, whether the rater’s performance is equal to, worse than, or better than the described behavior.

Answer 544

A

94 Dementia and delirium share a number of features including impairments in memory, hallucinations, delusions, and depression.
a. Incorrect Impaired memory is characteristic of both disorders and, therefore, would not be useful for distinguishing between them.
b. Incorrect Hallucinations may be present in both dementia and delirium.
c. CORRECT Disturbances in consciousness (typically a reduced level of consciousness) is the key feature of delirium but is not characteristic of dementia. In dementia, the patient is alert. Reduced consciousness, therefore, would indicate delirium but not dementia.
d. Incorrect Depression may be present in both disorders.

Answer 545

A

95 Socratic questioning (dialogue) involves asking questions designed to help the client identify and replace maladaptive beliefs.
a. CORRECT Examples of Socratic questions include “Is there any evidence for this belief?” and “What are the advantages and disadvantages of thinking this way?”
b. Incorrect Exception questions are used by solution-focused therapies to help identify times in a client’s life that were not problematic.
c. Incorrect Circular questions are used by Milan systemic therapists to help family members recognize similiarities and differences in their perceptions.
d. Incorrect Scaling questions are used by solution-focused therapists to measure changes in attitude, motivation, feelings, etc.

Answer 546

A

96 The effects of teratogens on fetal development depend on several factors including the type and amount of the substance, the duration of exposure, the time of exposure, and the mother’s physiological condition.
a. CORRECT Teratogens can have a negative effect on fetal development during the entire pregnancy, but their consequences are much more severe during critical periods of development when the organ system is growing most rapidly. The critical period varies from organ to organ, but generally occurs within the first eight weeks of development. (An exception is the central nervous system, which has a critical period that extends into the 16th week of development.)

Answer 547

A

97 Anosognosia is most often caused by brain trauma that affects the right hemisphere of the brain. It involves a lack of awareness of symptoms on the left side of one’s body.
c. CORRECT Anosognosia is defined as a deficit in self-awareness and, more specifically, awareness of one’s own symptoms.

Answer 548

A

98 To answer this question correctly, you need to know that an interaction occurs when the effects of one independent variable differ for different levels of another independent variable.
c. CORRECT Because the interaction is significant, this means that the effects of training type may differ for different levels of self-efficacy –e.g., training method #1 might be most effective for people with low self-efficacy, while training method #2 might be most effective for people with high self-efficacy.

Answer 549

A

99 The impact of maternal employment on child development has been found to be affected by several factors including the gender of the child and the family’s socioeconomic status.
b. Incorrect Maternal employment has been associated with positive outcomes for cognitive development for boys from low-SES families but possibly negative oucomes for boys from higher-SES families.
d. CORRECT One of the more consistent findings about maternal employment is that the children of working mothers have more flexible ideas about what behaviors are acceptable for males and females.

Answer 550

A

100 The Buckley Amendment is another name for the Family Education Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA).
b. CORRECT Among other things, the Buckley Amendment states that any school district may be denied federal funds if parents of students (or other legal guardians) or students who have reached the age of majority are not given access to their school records. It also prohibits disclosure of school records to unauthorized individuals without parental consent. See the chapter on ethics and professional issues in the written study materials for additional information on the Buckley Amendment.

Answer 551

A

101 This question is typical of the differential diagnosis questions you’re likely to encounter on the exam.
a. CORRECT Sleep and appetite disturbances, physical complaints, and concern about one’s physical health in the absence of a physical explanation for one’s symptoms are most suggestive of Major Depressive Disorder.
b. Incorrect Conversion Disorder involves symptoms suggestive of a neurological disorder or general medical condition but that are believed to be due to or maintained by psychological factors (i.e., to primary and secondary gain). An individual with Conversion Disorder is often indifferent to his/her symptoms.
c. Incorrect Cyclothymic Disorder involves depressive and hypomanic episodes that have persisted for at least 2 years.
d. Incorrect Somatization Disorder has an onset prior to age 30 and involves the presence of multiple somatic symptoms that have persisted for several years and cannot be explained by physical factors. The onset and duration of Anna’s symptoms do not support a diagnosis of Somatization Disorder.

Answer 552

A

102 Helms’s six identity statuses are contact, disintegration, reintegration, pseudo-independence, immersion/emersion, and autonomy. For the exam, you want to be familiar with the order and characteristics of the six statuses, and this information is provided in the Clinical Psychology chapter of the written study materials.
d. CORRECT Contact is the first status in Helms’s model. It is characterized by a lack of awareness of racial identity and often by racist attitudes and beliefs.

Answer 553

A

103 Retroactive and proactive interference provide an alternative explanation to trace decay theory for the inability to recall previously acquired information.
d. CORRECT Proactive interference occurs when previously learned information hinders the ability to recall information learned more recently; while retroactive interference occurs when information acquired more recently hinders the ability to recall previously acquired information.

Answer 554

A

104 Knowing the formula for the standard error of estimate may have helped you identify the correct answer to this question. The formula is given in the Test Construction chapter of the written study materials.
c. CORRECT The standard error of estimate equals the standard deviation of Y (the criterion) times the square root of 1 minus the validity coefficient squared. When the validity coefficient is 1, the standard error equals 0 (there is no error), and when the validity coefficient is 0, the standard error equals the standard deviation of the criterion scores.

Answer 555

A

105 The method of assigning letter grades described in this question involves treating examinees who obtain scores within certain limits (“bands”) as being equivalent in terms of test performance.
a. CORRECT Banding is one way to reduce the impact of score differences that are due to fluctuations in scores that do not provide meaningful information about differences between examinees.

Answer 556

A

106 Data on ambulatory medical care visits in the United States is collected yearly by the National Center on Health Statistics and released in several reports [S. Raofi and S. M. Schappert, Medication therapy in ambulatory medical care: United States, 2003-04,Vital Health Stat, 13(163), 2006].
a. CORRECT The surveys have consistently shown that, overall, central nervous system medications are most frequently provided, prescribed, or continued at ambulatory care visits in primary care offices, followed by medical specialty offices. There are a few exceptions to this general conclusion for specific types of CNS medications, however – e.g., antipsychotics and antimanics are more often provided or prescribed in medical specialty offices, which include the offices of psychiatrists and neurologists.

Answer 557

A

107 The research has found that several factors are determinants of sexual activity in old age. These factors include physical health, the availability of a partner, and past sexual activity.
a. CORRECT Once again, past behavior is a good predictor of future behavior: The research indicates that sexual activity in mid-life and earlier is a good predictor of activity in old age, especially for males.
b. Incorrect This is not as good a predictor as past activity, especially for males.
c. Incorrect Interest often exceeds activity.
d. Incorrect This is not as good a predictor as past activity.

Answer 558

A

108 Horn and Cattell distinguished between crystallized and fluid intelligence.
a. Incorrect This describes crystallized intelligence.
b. CORRECT As defined by Horn and Cattell, fluid intelligence refers to the ability to solve novel problems that do not reflect formal schooling. Note that, more recently, the term fluid intelligence has been narrowed by some experts to mean reasoning ability.
c. Incorrect This is not consistent with Horn and Cattell’s definition of fluid intelligence.
d. Incorrect This also does not define fluid intelligence.

Answer 559

A

109 Behavioral approaches to family therapy combine principles of operant conditioning, social learning theory, and social exchange theory.
d. CORRECT Behavioral family therapies focus on observable behaviors and use contingent reinforcement and other behavioral techniques to modify behaviors, especially those related to problem-solving and communication.

Answer 560

A

110 The accuracy of a predictor can be described in terms of its sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value.
a. Incorrect A predictor’s positive predictive value indicates the probability that an individual identified as a positive is a true positive. It is calculated by dividing the number of true positives by the number of true and false positives.
b. Incorrect A predictor’s negative predictive value indicates the probability that an individual identified as a negative is a true negative. It is calculated by dividing the number of true negatives by the number of true and false negatives.
c. CORRECT A predictor’s sensitivity refers to the proportion of individuals in the validation sample who have the characteristic measured by the predictor and were accurately identified by the predictor as having that characteristic. It provides an index of the predictor’s ability to identify true positives. Sensitivity is calculated by dividing the number of true positives by the number of true positives plus false negatives.
d. Incorrect A predictor’s specificity refers to the proportion of individuals in the validation sample without the characteristic measured by the predictor who were correctly identified by the predictor as not having that characteristic. It provides an index of the predictor’s ability to identify true negatives. Specificity is calculated by dividing the number of true negatives by the number of true negatives plus false positives.

Answer 561

A

111 A person achieves primary gain by keeping an internal conflict or need out of awareness.
a. CORRECT The DSM identifies two mechanisms that may be related to Conversion Disorder: primary gain and secondary gain. Primary gain is achieved through the symbolic expression of an underlying conflict in a physical symptom such as paralysis or blindness.

Answer 562

A

112 The exam may include a couple of questions that simply require you to have a name linked to a theory or therapeutic approach. Like this one, these questions will ask about a well-known person.
a. CORRECT For the exam, you want to have the name Perls associated with Gestalt therapy.
b. Incorrect William Glasser was the founder of reality therapy.
c. Incorrect Steve de Shazer and Insoo Kim Berg were co-founders of solution-focused brief therapy.
d. Incorrect Eric Berne was the founder of transactional analysis.

Answer 563

A

113 As long as you are familiar with the major functions of the various neurotransmitters, you wouldn’t have to be familiar with research using mice to have identified the correct response to this question.
c. CORRECT Research by B. A. Rocha et al. [Cocaine self-administration in dopamine-transporter knockout mice, Nature, 1(2), 132-137, 1998] confirmed that dopamine plays an important role in cocaine addiction. It also found that other neurotransmitters–especially serotonin–are involved.

Answer 564

A

114 Research has identified a number of biases that impact our judgments and decisions.
a. Incorrect Functional fixedness refers to the tendency to think of objects only in terms of their usual functions.
b. Incorrect Belief perseverance is the tendency to continue adhering to a belief even when the belief has been discredited.
c. Incorrect The self-serving bias is the tendency to make attributions about oneself that maintain one’s self-esteem – e.g., to attribute positive outcomes to dispositional factors but negative outcomes to situational factors.
d. CORRECT The confirmation bias occurs when we commit ourselves to one explanation or hypothesis about a phenomenon without adequately considering or testing other possibilities.

Answer 565

A

115 According to social comparison theory, people evaluate their own attitudes, abilities, and emotions by comparing themselves with similar others.
a. CORRECT Social comparison theory applies to a variety of situations but, as noted in the Social Psychology chapter of the written study materials, seems to be particularly applicable to situations that lack objective standards (i.e., to uncertain situations).

Answer 566

A

116 Drawing a scattergram (like the one in the Test Construction chapter) would have helped you identify the correct answer to this question.
a. CORRECT Sensitivity refers to the proportion of people with the condition who are correctly identified by the test and is calculated by dividing the true positives by the true positives plus false negatives. When the sensitivity is high, this means that most of the people with the disorder will be identified as having the disorder by the test (i.e., there will be few false negatives) but that there will be some people without the disorder who will also be identified as having the disorder (i.e., there will be some false positives).
d. Incorrect Specificity refers to the proportion of people who do not have the condition who are correctly identified by the test. When a test has high specificity, there is a high chance of false negatives and low chance of false positives.

Answer 567

A

117 The age at which conformity to peer pressure peaks varies somewhat for different types of behavior but, for most behaviors, it is most intense at around age 14 or 15.
b. CORRECT Peer pressure increases during preadolescence, peaks during early adolescence (ages 13 to 15), and then gradually declines.

Answer 568

A

118 Termination of therapy is addressed in Standard 10.10 of the Ethics Code.
d. CORRECT Standard 10.10 states that “psychologists terminate therapy when it becomes reasonably clear that the client/patient no longer needs the service, is not likely to benefit, or is being harmed by continued service…. Except where precluded by the actions of clients/patients or third-party payors, prior to termination psychologists provide pretermination counseling and suggest alternative service providers as appropriate.”

Answer 569

A

119 Vygotsky’s theory of cognitive development has had the greatest impact on educational theories and strategies.
a. CORRECT Brown and Palinscar’s (1989) reciprocal teaching method emphasizes the child’s ability to learn from others and was strongly influenced by Vygotsky’s approach to cognitive development (A. L. Brown and A. S. Palinscar, Guided, cooperative learning and individual knowledge acquisition,Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ, 1989).

Answer 570

A

120 Beck distinguishes between a number of cognitive phenomena including voluntary thoughts, automatic thoughts, cognitive schemas, and cognitive distortions.
a. Incorrect Automatic thoughts are less accessible and more stable than voluntary thoughts.
b. CORRECT This response is consistent with Beck’s definition of automatic thoughts.
c. Incorrect This describes cognitive distortions.
d. Incorrect Automatic thoughts may be rational or irrational in the sense that they may be accurate or inaccurate. Treatment focuses on irrational (inaccurate) automatic thoughts.

Answer 571

A

121 The reticular activating system (RAS) is a complex, net-like system of nuclei and fibers that extends from the spinal cord into the brain.
a. Incorrect Damage to the hippocampus is associated with deficits in explicit memory.
b. CORRECT Damage to the RAS disrupts the sleep-wake cycle and can produce a permanent, coma-like state.
c. Incorrect Damage to the cerebellum would cause impaired balance and coordination.
d. Incorrect Kluver-Bucy syndrome is characterized by reduced fear, increased docility, compulsive oral behaviors, altered dietary habits, an inability to recognize visual stimuli, and hypersexuality. It is caused by lesions in amygdala, hippocampus, and certain areas of the temporal lobe.

Answer 572

A

122 The DSM distinguishes between positive and negative symptoms of Schizophrenia. Negative symptoms include restrictions in the range and intensity of emotional expression (affective flattening), in the fluency and productivity of thought and speech (alogia), and in the initiation of goal-directed behavior (avolition).
a. Incorrect Catatonic behavior is categorized in the DSM as a positive symptom.
b. Incorrect Derealization is not a diagnostic criterion for Schizophrenia and is not categorized as a positive or negative symptom.
c. Incorrect Disorganized speech is a positive symptom of Schizophrenia.
d. CORRECT As noted above, avolition is classified as a negative symptom.

Answer 573

A

123 Admission rates to psychiatric hospitals have been linked to a number of demographic characteristics including gender, age, and marital status.
a. CORRECT Admission rates to state and country psychiatric hospitals are higher for males than for females. In addition, psychiatric inpatients are more likely to be single (never married) and between the ages of 25 and 44.

Answer 574

A

124 Certain aspects of memory are more likely than others to be adversely affected during the early stages of Alzheimer’s dementia.
a. Incorrect Impairments in working memory are evident in the early stages of Alzheimer’s dementia.
b. CORRECT Procedural memory is not substantially affected by mild to moderate Alzheimer’s dementia, although it may show impairments in the later stages.
c. Incorrect Deficits in episodic memory are the most obvious memory deficits in the early stages of Alzheimer’s dementia.
d. Incorrect Deficits in certain aspects of semantic memory are usually evident in the early stages of Alzheimer’s dementia and become more severe and widespread as the disease progresses.

Answer 575

A

125 Communication networks are often described as centralized or decentralized. The most effective network depends on several factors, including the characteristics of the task.
a. CORRECT As its name implies, a centralized network requires all communication to pass through a central person. It is most effective for simple tasks but is less efficient when the task is complex.
b. Incorrect A decentralized network is more efficient when the task is complex.

Answer 576

A

126 According to DSM-IV-TR, the essential features of Delirium (which is almost always caused by a general medical condition or substance use) include a reduced ability to maintain attention to external stimuli, disturbances of consciousness, and cognitive and perceptual disturbances.
a. CORRECT A difference between Delirium and the psychotic disorders is that the symptoms of Delirium tend to be random and haphazard while the symptoms of the psychotic disorders are often systematized.
b. Incorrect The onset of Delirium is usually rapid.
c. Incorrect Delirium is associated with a clouding of consciousness and a fluctuating course.
d. Incorrect Hallucinations and delusions may be present in Delirium; however, they are less systematized (i.e., more random and haphazard) than those associated with the psychotic disorders.

Answer 577

A

127 Alzheimer’s dementia is a degenerative disease with symptoms that become progressively worse over time.
a. Incorrect These symptoms are more common during the first two to three years of the disorder.
b. CORRECT These are characteristic symptoms during the 3rd through 10th years.
c. Incorrect These are late-stage symptoms (8 to 12 years).
d. Incorrect Severely impaired intellectual functioning, limb rigidity, and apathy are also later symptoms; and seizures are not necessarily associated with this disorder.

Answer 578

A

128 The gonadotrophins are released by the pituitary gland as the result of signals from the hypothalamus. The gonadotrophins stimulate the gonads to release their hormones (estrogen in females, androgens in males).
a. Incorrect Although the adrenal glands do release estrogen (and androgens), they are not responsible for the cyclic pattern of hormone release by the gonads.
b. Incorrect The pituitary does release the gonadotrophins but as the result of signals from the hypothalamus.
c. CORRECT The hypothalamus responds to existing hormone levels and triggers events that regulate the female hormonal cycle.
d. Incorrect It is the hypothalamus, not the thalamus, that is responsible for the hormonal cycle in females.

Answer 579

A

129 There has been a myriad of research investigating the relationship between job satisfaction and various measures of job performance. The most consistent finding is that job satisfaction is inversely related to absenteeism and turnover.
a. CORRECT Job satisfaction has consistently been found to be inversely correlated with both turnover and absenteeism (although it appears to have a slightly stronger relationship with turnover than absenteeism).
b. Incorrect Conversely, job satisfaction tends to increase with age.
c. Incorrect Conversely, individuals with higher levels of education tend to have higher levels of satisfaction.
d. Incorrect The results of research investigating the differences between males and females have been inconsistent. Some studies indicate that males tend to be more satisfied, while others indicate that females are more satisfied.

Answer 580

A

130 Researchers have compared the effectiveness of biofeedback and relaxation training for a number of disorders including those listed in the answers to this question.
d. CORRECT As noted in the Learning Theory chapter of the written study materials, the research has found relaxation training to be as effective or more effective than biofeedback for lower back pain, hypertension, and insomnia. However, thermal biofeedback is more effective for Raynaud’s disease.

Answer 581

A

131 One of the most consistent findings is that, for adolescents, living in a single-parent family increases the risk for suicide.
d. CORRECT The linkage between a single-parent family and risk for a suicide in adolescents was recently confirmed in a large-scale study in Sweden, which compared 65,085 children from single-parent homes with 921,257 children from two-parent homes and found that the rate of suicide attempts was 2 times greater for girls from single-parent homes and 2.3 times greater for boys from single-parent homes [G. R. Weitoft et al., Mortality, severe morbidity, and injury in children living with single parents in Sweden: A population-based study, The Lancet, 361(9354), 289-295, 2003].

Answer 582

A

132 “Pill-rolling” involves rubbing the thumb against the index finger and is a common early symptom of Parkinson’s disease.
a. CORRECT Rest (resting) tremor occurs in a body part that is in a resting state and completely supported against gravity. “Pill-rolling” is the most common rest tremor associated with Parkinson’s disease.
b. Incorrect Essential tremor is the most common type of tremor and includes postural or kinetic tremors that are largely symmetric and involve the hands and forearms and for which there is no explanation for their cause. Essential tremor is often exacerbated by stress or anxiety.
c. Incorrect Orthostatic tremor is characterized by rhythmic contractions of the muscles in the trunk and legs after standing up.
d. Incorrect A kinetic tremor occurs during voluntary movement.

Answer 583

A

133 According to the DSM-IV-TR, stuttering involves a disturbance in the normal fluency and time patterning of speech.
c. Incorrect By definition, stuttering interferes with communication.
d. CORRECT The DSM-IV-TR stipulates that a diagnosis of stuttering should not be made unless the disturbance is inappropriate for the individual’s age. Stuttering is virtually indistinguishable from the normal dysfluency that occurs in many children around age 2. For this reason, when stuttering occurs prior to age 2 1/2, it should be viewed as normal childhood dysfluency.

Answer 584

A

134 | Holland distinguished between six occupational themes and conceptualized them as being similar to one another to varying degrees. Additional information about the six occupational themes is provided in the Industrial-Organizational Psychology chapter of the written study materials.
a. Incorrect Agricultural work is consistent with the realistic theme.
b. Incorrect Bookkeeper is associated with the conventional theme, which is similar to the realistic theme.
c. Incorrect Technical writer is associated with the investigative theme, which is also similar to the realistic theme.
d. CORRECT Social work is an appropriate career for people who score highest on the social theme, which is the most dissimilar from the realistic theme.

Answer 585

A

135 | Overall, confidentiality in an EAP is dealt with in the same way it is handled elsewhere.
c. CORRECT The confidentiality of clients of EAPs may be breached only in legally defined situations – e.g., when the client signs a release or is believed to be a danger to him/herself or others. Therefore, the psychologist would not even want to say anything that indicates whether or not she is seeing the employee (answer d).

Answer 586

A

136 | Research on brain plasticity has shown that left hemisphere damage during early childhood does not usually produce clinically significant language dysfunction.
c. CORRECT A young child who sustains damage to the language areas in the left hemisphere may show delays in language development but, in most cases, will eventually exhibit language abilities within the low-normal to normal range due to the assumption of language functions by the right hemisphere. However, the child may also experience deficits in some right-hemisphere functions and/or a drop in IQ. See, e.g., D. Riva and L. Cazzaniga, Late effects of unilateral brain lesions sustained before and after age one, Neuropsychologia, 24, 423-428, 1986.

Answer 587

A

137 | Sexual relationships with former therapy clients are addressed in Standard 10.08 of the APA’s Ethics Code, and additional information about this issue is provided in the Ethics and Professional Issues chapter of the written study materials.
c. CORRECT Standard 10.08 prohibits psychologists from becoming sexually involved with former therapy clients within two years of termininating the professional relationship and, even then, the relationship may be acceptable only in “the most unusual circumstances.”

Answer 588

A

138 | Piaget used the term horizontal decalage to describe the gradual development that occurs within a stage – e.g., the gradual mastery of operations during the concrete operational stage.
a. Incorrect This describes transductive reasoning.
b. Incorrect This describes Vygotsky’s zone of proximal development.
c. Incorrect This describes E. Gibson’s theory regarding perceptual development in infants.
d. CORRECT Of the responses given, only this one describes Piaget’s notion of horizontal decalage.

Answer 589

A

139 | To answer this question, you must know which of the neurotransmitters listed is involved in the control of the skeletal muscles. Alternatively, you might be able to choose the right answer through a process of elimination.
a. CORRECT Acetylcholine is found in the peripheral nervous system, the spinal cord, and certain regions of the brain. In the peripheral nervous system, it activates both muscles and glands. The venom of the black widow spider is believed to work by causing a continuous flow of acetylcholine into the neuromuscular junction, resulting in uncontrollable muscle contractions.
b. Incorrect Norepinephrine, a catecholamine, is most associated with personality, mood, and drive states.
c. Incorrect Enkephalin, one of the endogenous morphine substances found in the brain, is believed to be involved in the mediation of pain.
d. Incorrect Serotonin is believed to be involved in the suppression of the ARAS, the regulation of temperature, hunger, and aggression, and the affective disorders and schizophrenia.

Answer 590

A

140 | If you were unfamiliar with the disorder being asked about by this question, you may have been able to identify the correct answer through the process of elimination.
a. Incorrect Gerstmann’s syndrome is caused by damage to certain areas of the parietal lobe and involves a combination of finger agnosia, right-left confusion, agraphia, and acalculia.
b. Incorrect Cushing’s syndrome is caused by excessively high levels of cortisol resulting from the use of glucocorticoids or an abnormality in the pituitary or adrenal gland.
c. Incorrect Wernicke’s encephalopathy is caused by lesions in certain areas of the brain, especially the thalamus and mammillary bodies, often as the result of a thiamine deficiency.
d. CORRECT Metabolic encephalopathy is a state of global brain dysfunction. Its symptoms range from impairments in executive functioning to agitated delirium to coma.

Answer 591

A

141 | The nature of the memory loss associated with Amnestic Disorder due to a General Medical Condition depends on the disorder’s etiology. However, some generalizations can be made.
a. CORRECT According to the DSM-IV-TR, “the ability to learn and recall new information is always affected in an amnestic disorder, whereas problems remembering previously learned information occur more variably, depending on the location and severity of the brain damage” (2000, p. 172).

Answer 592

A

142 | The language in this question is nearly identical to that found in the EEOC’s Uniform Guidelines.
a. Incorrect Test bias is a possible cause of adverse impact but is not the best answer to this question.
b. CORRECT As defined by the EEOC, adverse impact is suggested when there is a difference between groups in terms of rates of selection, promotion, etc.
c. Incorrect Criterion deficiency refers to the extent to which a criterion measure does not assess all of the aspects of the ultimate (accurate and complete) criterion.
d. Incorrect Situational specificity is occurring when validity information is specific to a particular circumstance and does not generalize to other circumstances.

Answer 593

A

143 | To answer this question correctly, you have to recognize that this study includes two independent variables and that one variable is a between-groups variable (type of treatment) while the other is a within-subjects variable (time).
d. CORRECT A design is referred to as “mixed” when it involves at least one between-groups variable and one within-subjects variable.

Answer 594

A

144 | For the exam, you want to be familiar with the three standard errors listed in the answers to this question.
a. Incorrect The standard error of the mean is the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the means. It is calculated by dividing the standard deviation of scores on the variable of interest by the square root of the sample size.
b. CORRECT The standard error of measurement is used to construct a confidence interval around an obtained test score. It is calculated by subtracting the test’s reliability coefficient from 1.0, taking the square root of the result, and then multiplying that number by the test’s standard deviation.
c. Incorrect The standard error of estimate is used to construct a confidence interval around a predicted criterion score. It is calculated by squaring the criterion measure’s validity coefficient and subtracting the result from 1.0, taking the square root of the result, and then multiplying that number by the criterion’s standard deviation.
d. Incorrect See explanation for answer b.

Answer 595

A

145 | GAD is characterized by “excessive anxiety and worry … about a number of events and activities” (DSM-IV-TR, p. 472).
a. CORRECT In contrast to individuals with nonpathological anxiety, those with GAD are more likely to report that they cannot control their worrying (e.g., cannot “put off” worrying until a later time).
b. Incorrect This is the opposite of what is true.
c. Incorrect People with GAD ordinarily don’t experience their anxiety as ego-syntonic but, instead, experience their worrying as distressing.
d. Incorrect People with GAD often “self-medicate” to reduce their symptoms, and comorbid substance-related disorders are common.

Answer 596

A

146 | The three disorders listed in the question are all genetic disorders.
a. CORRECT All three disorders are caused by an autosomal dominant gene, which means that they occur in the presence of only one gene on a chromosome that is not a sex (X or Y) chromosome.

Answer 597

A

147 | Flooding involves exposing the client to high anxiety-arousing situations. When using this technique, the client’s anxiety level is regularly monitored to determine the progress of the exposure during a single session and over multiple sessions. Only one of the instruments listed in the answers is useful for this purpose.
a. CORRECT When using SUDS (Subjective Units of Distress Scale), the client rates his/her level of anxiety on a scale ranging from 1 to 100 (or, alternatively, from 1 to 10) at regular intervals during exposure. In general, a single exposure session should be continued until a 50% reduction in anxiety level occurs. See, e.g., J. Rosqvist, Exposure treatments for anxiety disorders, Boca Raton, FL, CRC Press, 2005. Note that being familiar with SUDS would have helped you identify this as the correct answer even if you’re unfamiliar with its use in conjunction with flooding.
b. Incorrect The SCID (Structured Clinical Interview for DSM) is a semi-structured diagnostic interview that is useful for deriving a client’s diagnosis.
c. Incorrect The MMSE (Mini Mental State Exam) is a screening test for cognitive impairment in older adults.
d. Incorrect The BDI (Beck Depression Inventory) is useful for assessing and monitoring severity of depressive symptoms

Answer 598

A

148 | This situation is not explicitly covered by the Ethics Code. However, several Standards and General Principles are applicable. Principle A, for example, states that “psychologists seek to safeguard the welfare and rights of those with whom they interact professionally and other affected persons.”
d. CORRECT Standard 5.01 also applies to this situation. It states that “psychologists do not knowingly make public statements that are false, deceptive, or fraudulent concerning their research, practice, or other work activities or those of persons or organizations with which they are affiliated.” Agreeing with the company’s decision to publish only supportive data would be supporting a form of deception (and would not be in the best interests of the potential users of the drug). Therefore, this response is most consistent with the “spirit” of the Ethics Code.

Answer 599

A

149 | Sleep apnea involves brief, repeated interruptions in breathing during sleep that last for 10 seconds or more. The most common type is obstructive sleep apnea, which is caused by a relaxation of soft tissue at the back of the throat that blocks the passage of air in the nose and throat. (The other two types are central and mixed sleep apnea.)
a. Incorrect Tracheostomy is a type of surgery that is sometimes used to alleviate severe forms of sleep apnea when other treatments have failed.
b. Incorrect Oral appliances (e.g., dental appliances that reposition the lower jaw and tongue) are generally less effective than CPAP and are sometimes used to treat mild cases of obstructive sleep apnea.
c. Incorrect ASV is an airflow device that is used to treat central and mixed sleep apnea.
d. CORRECT CPAP involves the use of a nasal mask that produces a continuous flow of air that forces the airways open. It is the most common treatment for moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea.

Answer 600

A

150 | Knowing that Vygotsky’s theory of cognitive development emphasizes social and cultural influences would have helped you identify the correct answer to this question.
a. Incorrect Neo-Piagetian theories are often classified as a type of information-processing theory. They combine the information-processing and Piagetian approaches and focus on development within specific domains of knowledge and skills.
b. Incorrect Information-processing theories view cognitive development as involving changes in the ways that information is processed and distinguish between different types of processes such as memory, understanding and producing language, and problem-solving.
c. Incorrect The biological-maturationist approach views genetic and biological factors as the primary determinants of development.
d. CORRECT As its name implies, the contextual approach focuses on the specific contexts in which cognitive development occurs. For Vygotsky, the sociocultural context is the most important influence, and he proposed that cognitive development depends on the individual’s interactions with other people (i.e., interactions with others in his/her social and cultural milieu).

Answer 601

A

151 | Standard 6.02(c) of the APA’s Ethics Code requires psychologists to make sure that the confidentiality of their records is protected in the event of their withdrawal from a position.
a. CORRECT Of the responses given, this one makes the most sense, especially since the director is a mental health professional.
b. Incorrect This might cause inconvenience to the clients and may be inconsistent with the clinic’s policy.
c. Incorrect This may violate clinic policy and would not be the best way to ensure that client confidentiality is maintained. It is your responsibility, as a psychologist, to ensure the security of client records.
d. Incorrect Obviously, this is wrong.

Answer 602

A

152 | Harlow and Zimmerman (1959) compared the role of contact comfort and feeding in the development of attachment in infant rhesus monkeys.
c. CORRECT Harlow and Zimmerman found that contact (tactile) comfort was more important than feeding for the development of attachment. Their research was subsequently applied to attachment in human infants.

Answer 603

A

153 | The serial position effect is used to support the distinction between long- and short-term memory stores. It occurs when people are asked to recall a list of words immediately after reading the list, and they recall words in the beginning of the list (primacy effect) and end of the list (recency effect) better than words in the middle of the list.
c. CORRECT The primacy effect apparently occurs because words at the beginning of the list have been transferred to long-term memory, while the recency effect is due to the fact that the words at the end of the list are still in short-term memory.

Answer 604

A

154 | The Specialty Guidelines for Forensic Psychologists apply to this case. Even if you’re not familiar with those guidelines, you may have felt that it wouldn’t be right to use the information you collected for a specific purpose to your personal advantage.
d. CORRECT Standard IV.E.3 states that, after conducting a forensic evaluation, psychologists “may not use the evaluation work product for other purposes without explicit waiver to do so by the client or the client’s legal representative.”

Answer 605

A

155 | In its early stages, dementia due to HIV disease resembles dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease.
a. CORRECT In contrast to Alzheimer’s dementia, dementia due to HIV disease is rarely associated with aphasia.
b. Incorrect For many types of dementia – including dementia due to HIV disease – early symptoms are often those associated with primary psychiatric disorders (e.g., depression, irritability, or mania).
c. Incorrect Psychomotor slowing is a common early sign of dementia due to HIV disease.
d. Incorrect Forgetfulness is a common early sign of dementia due to HIV disease and other forms of dementia.

Answer 606

A

156 | Baumgartner’s six phases are: diagnosis, post-diagnosis turning point, immersion, post-immersion turning point, integration, and disclosure (which is not a final stage but occurs throughout the other five stages). (L. M. Baumgartner, The incorporation of HIV/AIDS into identity over time: Transformational tales continued, 2001 AERC Proceedings, retrieved June 12, 2006, from www.edst.educ.ubc.ca/aerc/2001/2001baumgartner.htm.)
d. CORRECT Baumgartner describes the incorporation of an HIV/AIDS diagnosis as a transformational learning process. Her research found that the final phase of this process involves incorporating the HIV/AIDS diagnosis into one’s identity and balancing one’s HIV/AIDS status with other life activities, commitments, etc.

Answer 607

A

157 | In this situation, the friend is seeing a connection between two unrelated events.
a. Incorrect See explanation for response b.
b. CORRECT The tendency to see a connection when there is none is referred to as the “illusory correlation.” The illusory correlation is most likely when we perceive the co-occurrence of noticeable events (e.g., picnic and rain).
c. Incorrect See explanation for response b.

Answer 608

A

158 | Several large-scale studies have compared the rates of mental health disorders among gay/lesbian and heterosexual adults and their use of mental health services.
a. CORRECT This answer is consistent, for example, with the results of a national survey summarized by S. D. Cochran, J. G. Sullivan, and V. M. Mays [Prevalence of mental disorders, psychological distress, and mental health services use by lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults in the United States, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 2003, 71(1), 53-61]. Note, however, that higher rates of mental health morbidity apply only to certain disorders – e.g., depression and panic attacks for gay men and generalized anxiety disorder for lesbian women.

Answer 609

A

159 | In this situation, the student is relating new (or less familiar information) to information that she is already familiar with in order to improve her ability to recall the new information.
a. CORRECT Elaborative rehearsal is a type of rehearsal that involves relating new information to information that is already stored in long-term memory (i.e., to familiar information). It significantly improves the ability to store and retrieve new information.
b. Incorrect State dependent memory refers to memory that is dependent on the similarity of one’s physiological state in the learning and performance situations.
c. Incorrect Overlearning involves practicing a newly acquired skill beyond the point of mastery.
d. Incorrect Providing identical elements (similar conditions) in the training and performance situations is useful for promoting transfer-of-training.

Answer 610

A

160 | This question is asking about a factor that threatens a study’s external – but not internal – validity. Additional information on threats to external and internal validity is provided in the Statistics and Research Design chapter of the written study materials.
a. CORRECT Anything that threatens a study’s internal validity will also threaten its external validity, but this question is asking about a factor that threatens external validity only. Of the threats listed, only multiple treatment interference is listed by Campbell and Stanley as a direct threat to external validity.
b. Incorrect Statistical regression is a threat to internal validity.
c. Incorrect Maturation is a threat to internal validity.
d. Incorrect Attrition is also a threat to a study’s internal validity.

Answer 611

A

161 | Standard 5.05 of the Ethics Code does not prohibit the use of testimonials but prohibits psychologists from soliciting them from “current therapy clients/patients or other persons who … are vulnerable to undue influence.”
d. CORRECT The testimonials described in this question do not violate the provisions of Standard 5.05. In addition, they do not appear to be false, decptive, or misleading and, therefore, do not violate other requirements of the Ethics Code.

Answer 612

A

162 | Research by Sue et al. (1991) and others has produced inconsistent results with regard to the impact of therapist-client matching and treatment outcomes.
c. CORRECT For example, Sue et al. found that therapist-client matching in terms of race/ethnicity improved outcomes for Asian and Hispanic clients and reduced premature termination rates for Caucasian clients.

Answer 613

A

163 | The reminiscence bump is the tendency for older adults to have greater recall for events that occurred from about age 10 to 30.
b. CORRECT Several explanations have been offered for the reminiscence bump. A recent explanation is that it occurs because people develop a sense of identity during these years and events that occurred during this period are more easily recalled because they have been incorporated into the person’s sense of self.

Answer 614

A

164 | The situation described in this question is not directly addressed by the APA’s Ethics Code. However, one of the answers is most consistent with the “spirit” of the Code.
a. CORRECT This response is most consistent with the requirements of the Ethics Code. Specifically, Standard 3.04 states that psychologists “take reasonable steps to avoid harming their clients/patients.” Contacting the client prior to releasing the requested information to the attorney would help ensure that the client is not harmed.
b. Incorrect Releasing only relevant information is always the best action but, before making a decision about releasing the requested information, you’d want to discuss the issue with the client given that he said he would never want you to release personal information under any circumstance. Therefore, answer a is the best response.
c. Incorrect Because of the client’s statement to you about the release of personal information, you would want to check with him to make sure he understands what information will be released and how that information will be used. You would also want to see a copy of the release before providing the attorney with the requested information.
d. Incorrect There is no information given in the question suggesting that it would be necessary to obtain a court order before releasing the requested information to the attorney.

Answer 615

A

165 | In a study designed to compare factors that contribute to lapses versus temptation, S. Shiffman et al. examined a number of situational and affective variables [First lapses to smoking: Within-subjects analysis of real-time reports, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64(2), 366-379, 1996].
b. CORRECT Based on their comparison of factors that precede relapse and temptation, these investigators conclude that the most common precipitants of relapse are the presence of smoking cues and negative affect.

Answer 616

A

166 | The DSM-IV-TR distinguishes between five types of Schizophrenia: paranoid, disorganized, catatonic, undifferentiated, and residual.
a. Incorrect The undifferentiated type is the appropriate diagnosis when the individual’s symptoms meet Criterion A for Schizophrenia but do not meet the criteria for the paranoid, disorganized, or catatonic type.
b. CORRECT The residual type is diagnosed when the individual does not meet the criteria for the paranoid, disorganized, or catatonic type but has “continuing evidence of the disturbance, as indicated by the presence of negative symptoms or two or more symptoms listed in Criterion A for Schizophrenia, present in an attenuated form” (DSM-IV-TR, p. 317).
c. Incorrect The disorganized type of Schizophrenia is also referred to as hebephrenic Schizophrenia and is characterized by prominent disorganized speech, disorganized behavior, and flat or inappropriate affect.
d. Incorrect Mixed is not a type of Schizophrenia.

Answer 617

A

167 | The Publication Manual states that abbreviations that appear as word entries in the Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary (i.e., those without the label “abbr”) do not require explanation in text.
c. CORRECT You may have been able to recognize this as the correct answer as long as you recalled that “APA” can stand for several organizations including the American Psychological Association and the American Psychiatric Association. Therefore, you would need an explanation the first time that it’s used. The abbreviations listed in the other answers are provided in the Publication Manual as examples of abbreviations that do not require an explanation.

Answer 618

A

168 | Kubler-Ross’ stages, in order, are: denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance.
a. Incorrect This is more characteristic of the second stage (anger).
b. CORRECT This statement best reflects denial, the usual initial response to learning of one’s impending death.
c. Incorrect This statement best reflects the fourth stage (depression).
d. Incorrect This is also more characteristic of the fourth stage.

Answer 619

A

169 | Reciprocal inhibition involves using classical conditioning to replace an undesirable response with an incompatible response. The term reciprocal inhibition is often used interchangeably with counterconditioning.
c. CORRECT Wolpe originally used reciprocal inhibition to reduce anxiety. This involved pairing, in imagination, anxiety-arousing events with relaxation, which is incompatible with anxiety.

Answer 620

A

170 | The MMPI-2 includes several validity scales that measure an examinee’s response sets and test-taking attitudes.
a. Incorrect A high score on the L (Lie) Scale indicates an attempt to present oneself in a favorable light.
b. CORRECT This is an accurate description of the F (Frequency) Scale.
c. Incorrect A high score on the K (Correction) Scale score indicates defensiveness, denial, or a desire to “fake good.”
d. Incorrect D is the Depression Scale of the MMPI-2.

Answer 621

A

171 | Older adults are more susceptible to the toxic effects of drugs (including benziodiazepines), even when the drugs are taken at a relatively low dose.
a. CORRECT These side effects are more common in older(vs. younger) adults.
b. Incorrect These side effects are associated with analgesics and anti-inflammatories.
c. Incorrect These side effects are associated with neuroleptic drugs and are more likely in older than younger adults.
d. Incorrect These are common side effects of lithium.

Answer 622

A

172 | The task described in the question is an example of an “ordeal.”
a. Incorrect Luigi Boscolo is affiliated with the Milan systemic school of family therapy, which is not associated with the use of ordeals.
b. CORRECT For the exam, you should have paradoxical techniques and ordeals associated with Milton Erickson and Jay Haley (who was strongly influenced by Erickson).
c. Incorrect The use of ordeals is more associated with Erickson and Haley than with Minuchin.
d. Incorrect See explanation for response b.

Answer 623

A

173 | Note that this question is asking which test is NOT considered to be a culture-fair test.
a. Incorrect Knowing that the full name of the Leiter-R is the Leiter International Performance Scale – Revised would have helped you identify this as a culture-fair test.
b. Incorrect The KABC-II is considered to be culture fair because verbal instructions and responses are minimal and cultural content has been removed from most items.
c. Incorrect Raven’s Progressive Matrices is a nonverbal measure of intelligence and is considered culture fair because performance on the test is relatively independent of specific educational and cultural learning.
d. CORRECT The Woodcock-Johnson III consists of a measure of cognitive abilities (WJ III COG) and a measure of language and academic achievement (WJ III ACH). It is not considered to be a culture-fair test.

Answer 624

A

174 | Curriculum-based measures are standardized tests that are used to evaluate a student’s performance on items or tasks that are closely linked to the current curriculum.
a. CORRECT A primary use of curriculum-based measures is to evaluate a student’s progress in order to determine if instruction needs to be modified

Answer 625

A

175 | Adverse impact is occurring when a selection procedure is having a negative effect on hiring or other employment decisions about members of a protected minority group.
d. CORRECT When the court has determined that a selection technique is having an adverse impact, it is up to the company to prove that continued use of the technique is a “business necessity.” This involves showing evidence of the procedure’s validity and of a lack of alternative measures that would have less adverse impact.

Answer 626

A

176 | An issue frequently addressed in the literature on managed care is the problem created when the managed care entity decides to discontinue coverage.
a. Incorrect It would be inappropriate both legally and ethically for a psychologist to cooperate immediately with an HMO’s decision if he/she believes that additional care is needed.
b. Incorrect This may not be necessary in this situation and may not even be required in other situations, especially when there are other options.
c. CORRECT Of the responses given, this is the best one. The psychologist should discuss the client’s options with him/her (one of which might be to file an appeal).
d. Incorrect If the psychologist believed that termination of services is contraindicated, he/she could file an appeal with the HMO (not a complaint).

Answer 627

A

177 | Abrupt ciscontinuation of a benzodiazepine may result in “rebound hyperexcitability.”
d. CORRECT A person taking a benzodiazepine for anxiety, for example, may experience rebound anxiety when he or she stops taking the drug, especially when cessation is abrupt rather than gradual. Rebound symptoms are often more severe than the original symptoms.

Answer 628

A

178 | The DSM distinguishes between five types of memory loss associated with Dissociative Amnesia: localized, selective, systematized, continuous, and generalized.
a. Incorrect Localized amnesia involves an inability to recall all events that occurred during a circumscribed period of time.
b. CORRECT Selective amnesia involves an ability to recall some, but not all, of the events that occurred during a circumscribed period of time.
c. Incorrect Systematized amnesia involves a loss of memory for particular types of information (e.g., all memories related to a particular person).
d. Incorrect Transient amnesia refers to a temporary period of memory loss and is not one of the specific types of amnesia associated with Dissociative Amnesia.

Answer 629

A

179 | Olfaction is mediated by several structures of the brain including the amygdala, limbic cortex (pyriform and entorhinal cortex), and the orbitofrontal cortex.
a. Incorrect The insular cortex (insula) is part of the limbic system and is involved in emotions and pain. The septum is also part of the limbic system; it controls emotions and has been identified as a “pleasure area” of the brain.
b. CORRECT The orbitofrontal cortex contains the secondary and tertiary olfactory cortical areas and is involved in the conscious perception of odors; while the amygdala plays an important role in olfactory memory. See, e.g., T. W. Buchanan, D. Tranel, and R. Adolphs, A specific role of the human amygdala in olfactory memory, Learning and Memory, 10, 319-325, 2003.
c. Incorrect The somatosensory cortex is located in the parietal lobe and processes information related to touch. Also, olfaction is the only sensory system that does not send incoming signals directly to the thalamus.
d. Incorrect The cingulate cortex is part of the limbic system and has been linked to several functions including pain perception and reward-based decision making. The medulla is part of the hindbrain and mediates vital bodily functions such as breathing and heartbeat.

Answer 630

A

180 | When administering the Stroop Color-Word Association Test, the examinee names the color of the ink of printed words.
c. CORRECT Development of the Stroop Test was based on the observation that people can read words faster than they can identify and name colors. When words that name colors are printed in a different color ink (e.g., when the word red is printed in blue), the prepotent response is to say red.

Answer 631

A

181 | For the exam, you want to be able to distinguish between retroactive and proactive interference so that you can answer questions like this one. The Learning Theory chapter includes diagrams that may help you distinguish between them.
a. CORRECT Retroactive interference occurs when something learned in the present interferes with the ability to recall something learned in the past.
b. Incorrect Proactive interference occurs when something learned in the past interferes with the ability to learn or recall something learned in the present.

Answer 632

A

182 | This question is asking about the tendency to make dispositional (versus situational) attributions.
d. CORRECT This tendency is referred to as the fundamental attribution bias. In most of the literature, it is described as occurring when an observer makes an attribution about the behavior of another person.

Answer 633

A

183 | Social loafing is one of the possible negative outcomes of group participation.
a. CORRECT Social loafing is the tendency of people to exert less effort when working as a member of a group than they would exert when working alone. It has been attributed to the belief that one’s effort (or lack of effort) will not be recognized or that group outcomes do not depend on one’s effort.

Answer 634

A

184 | Short-term memory is very limited in terms of duration and capacity, but the latter can be expanded by “chunking” information into meaningful units.
b. CORRECT Miller proposed that short-term memory can hold between 5 and 9 units of information and that the ability to hold larger amounts of information is due to chunking information into groups of related items.

Answer 635

A

185 | Overall, the MTA results indicated that the combination treatment or medication management alone are significantly more effective than intensive behavioral treatment alone or routine community care.
c. CORRECT Of the answers given, this is the best one. Medication management alone and the combined treatment were found to have similar effects (and better effects than behavioral treatment alone or routine community care) for alleviating the core symptoms of ADHD. However, the combined treatment was found to be somewhat superior to medication management when other outcomes were considered, but this is not given as an option. See, e.g., P. S. Jensen et al., Findings from the NIMH Multimodal Treatment Study of ADHD (MTA): Implications and applications for primary care providers, Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 2001, 22(1), 60-73.

Answer 636

A

186 | In this situation, you are concurrently seeing a client and a relative of the client in individual therapy.
c. CORRECT This situation is addressed in Standard 3.05(a) of the APA’s Ethics Code and Principle III.33 of the Canadian Code of Ethics. For example, Standard 3.05(a) requires psychologists to refrain “from entering into a multiple relationship if the multiple relationship could reasonably be expected to impair the psychologist’s objectivity, competence, or effectiveness in performing his or her functions as a psychologist, or otherwise risks exploitation or harm to the person with whom the professional relationship exists. It also states: “A multiple relationship occurs when a psychologist is in a professional role with a person and … at the same time is in a relationship with a person closely associated with or related to the person with whom the psychologist has the professional relationship.”

Answer 637

A

187 | EMDR was originally developed as a treatment for PTSD but has since been applied to other disorders including panic attacks, depression, and substance abuse.
d. CORRECT Based on their meta-analysis of the research, Davidson and Parker concluded that “eye movements are unnecessary and that EMDR may be viewed as an imaginal exposure technique” (2001, p. 2). Additional information about EMDR is provided in the Learning Theory chapter of the written study materials.

Answer 638

A

188 | Authoritative parents recognize that they have more knowledge and skills than their children but also view the rights of parent and child as reciprocal.
a. CORRECT You may have had some trouble with this one because we ordinarily think of parental control in a negative sense. However, authoritative parents do exert control over their children but do so through the use of reasoning and placing high (but fair) demands on their children for high performance. The research indicates that, during adolescence, authoritative parenting is associated with better school performance and better social adjustment.

Answer 639

A

189 | Minuchin describes three types of “rigid triangles” that all involve boundary disturbances.
a. Incorrect Minuchin uses the term triangulation to refer to the situation in which the child’s loyalty to one parent means rejection of the other parent.
b. CORRECT As defined by Minuchin, detouring occurs when the tension between husband and wife is reduced through the attention they pay to the child. This attention can involve either blaming the child for the family’s problems (scapegoating) or overprotection of the child who is identified by them as ill or weak.
c. Incorrect A stable coalition occurs when the child and a parent consistently “gang up” against the other parent.
d. Incorrect Marital skew is a term used by Lidz to describe situations in which a dominant partner has serious pathology, while the other partner is dependent and provides support.

Answer 640

A

190 | In this situation, the mother’s “picking-up-her-child” behavior occurs because it is reinforced by the cessation of her child’s whining.
a. Incorrect Positive reinforcement occurs when a behavior increases because of the stimulus that is applied following the behavior.
b. CORRECT The mother’s behavior increases (“reinforcement”) because of the stimulus that is removed following the behavior (“negative”).
c. Incorrect Positive punishment occurs when a behavior decreases because of the application of a stimulus following the behavior.
d. Incorrect Negative punishment occurs when a behavior decreases because of the removal or cessation of a stimulus following the behavior.

Answer 641

A

191 | This issue is addressed by Leland Swenson in Psychology and the law for the helping pofessions, Brooks/Cole, Pacific Grove, CA, 1997.
c. CORRECT Swenson notes that “Any required reporter who knows that another required reporter has not reported must report the evidence of abuse as well as identify the nonreporter” (p. 413).

Answer 642

A

192 | Each of the disorders listed involves abnormalities in motor functioning.
a. CORRECT Parkinson’s disease includes both positive and negative symptoms, and the symptom described in this question is one of the former. Other positive symptoms are involuntary movements and muscular rigidity; negative symptoms include postural fixation, disturbances in equilibrium and locomotion, akinesia, and speech disturbances.
b. Incorrect Huntington’s chorea involves frequent involuntary irregular movements that affect the whole limbs or parts of limbs.
c. Incorrect Multiple sclerosis is a progressive disease that is due to a loss of myelin and that begins with paresthesias, muscle weakness, and visual disturbances.
d. Incorrect Myasthenia gravis means “severe muscle weakness” and is characterized by severe muscle fatigue after muscles have been exercised a few times.

Answer 643

A

193 | P. R. Davidson and K. C. H. Parker summarize the research in their article, Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR): A meta-analysis [Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 69, 305-316, 2001].
b. CORRECT Based on the results of their meta-analysis, these investigators conclude that “eye movements are unnecessary and that EMDR may be viewed as an imaginal exposure technique” (p. 2).

Answer 644

A

194 | The standard error of estimate is affected by the magnitude of the standard deviation of the criterion scores.
c. CORRECT On an abstract level, it makes sense that the chance for error will be greater the greater the variability of the criterion scores. Also, if you look at the formula for the standard error of estimate, you can see that increasing the standard deviation will increase the standard error.

Answer 645

A

195 | Rehm’s self-control theory is based on the assumption that depression is related to six deficits in self-control behavior: selective monitoring of negative events; selective monitoring of immediate (vs. delayed) consequences of behavior; stringent self-evaluative criteria; inaccurate attributions of responsibility; insufficient self-reward; and excessive self-punishment.
a. Incorrect This sounds more like Beck’s version of cognitive therapy.
b. CORRECT According to Rehm, depressed people focus too much on negative events. Treatment attempts to alter this by encouraging clients to recognize the positive events that occur.
c. Incorrect Although Rehm believes that depressed people make inaccurate attributions about responsibility, he doesn’t talk about “irresponsible behaviors.”
d. Incorrect Rehm’s approach does not focus on identifying the antecedents and consequences of maladaptive behaviors.

Answer 646

A

196 | In this situation, the intern is recreating the intern-client relationship in the intern-supervisor relationship.
a. Incorrect Triangulation has several definitions, depending on the context, but is not relevant to the situation described in this question. As defined by Minuchin, triangulation occurs when each parent demands that the child side with him/her against the other parent.
b. Incorrect The therapeutic double bind refers to paradoxical techniques that are used by therapists to elicit a client’s resistance and thereby foster the desired change.
c. Incorrect Diagnostic overshadowing is the tendency to attribute all of a client’s behavioral, social, and emotional problems to one salient characteristic (e.g., race or diagnosis) rather than consider alternative explanations.
d. CORRECT The situation described in this question illustrates parallel process, which involves a combination of transference, countertransference, and projection in the client-supervisee/supervisee-supervisor relationship.

Answer 647

A

197 | At first glance, it may appear that this question is asking about selection procedures, but it is actually addressing rater biases. For the exam, you’ll want to be familiar with the common rater biases that are described in the Industrial-Organizational Psychology chapter of the written study materials.
a. CORRECT This is an example of the halo effect, a rater bias in which the rater allows an evaluation of a ratee on one dimension of behavior to influence his/her evaluations of the ratee on unrelated dimensions. In this case, the personnel manager’s evaluation of the applicant’s appearance is affecting his/her ratings of the applicant on other dimensions.
b. Incorrect The Hawthorne effect is not a rater bias. The Hawthorne effect occurs when the behavior of research participants is altered because of the novelty of the research situation and the special attention they are receiving as research participants.
c. Incorrect Behavioral contrast occurs when removal of reinforcement from one behavior produces a decrease in that behavior and an increase in another reinforced behavior.
d. Incorrect Reactance occurs when a person does the opposite of what he/she is requested to do because the person feels his/her personal freedom is being threatened by the request.

Answer 648

A

198 | As originally described by Masters and Johnson, sensate focus is a method of “non-genital pleasuring” that is used in the early stages of the treatment of sexual dysfunctions.
a. CORRECT The goal of sensate focus is to increase awareness and enjoyment of pleasurable sensations and to reduce performance anxiety. Therefore, it addresses responding during the excitement stage of the human sexual response cycle.

Answer 649

A

199 | The answers to this question list two of the four types of correlation coefficients included in a multitrait-multimethod matrix.
a. Incorrect The monotrait-heteromethod coefficient indicates the correlation of two different methods that measure the same trait. A large monotrait-heteromethod coefficient provides evidence of a test’s convergent validity. For example, if the test being validated is a self-rating scale of self-esteem and it has a high correlation with a previously validated parent rating scale of self-esteem, this would suggest that the test being validated is actually measuring self-esteem.
b. Incorrect The heterotrait-monomethod coefficient indicates the correlation between two similar methods that measure different traits. A large heterotrait-monomethod coefficient indicates that a test has a lack of divergent validity. For example, if the test being validated is a self-rating scale of self-esteem and it has a high correlation with a self-rating scale of neuroticism, this would suggest that the measure of self-esteem may be measuring something other than self-esteem since these two traits should not correlate.
c. Incorrect A small monotrait-heteromethod coefficient would suggest that the test lacks convergent validity.
d. CORRECT A small heterotrait-monomethod coefficient provides evidence of a test’s divergent validity – i.e., it shows that test does not correlate with a measure of another trait that it should not correlate with.

Answer 650

A

200 | For the exam, you want to have the Spearman-Brown formula linked to reliability.
a. CORRECT The Spearman-Brown formula is also known as the Spearman-Brown prophecy formula and is used to estimate the effects of adding or subtracting items to a test on its reliability coefficient. For example, if a 50-item test has a reliability coefficient of .80, the Spearman-Brown formula could be used to estimate what the test’s reliability coefficient would be if the number of items was doubled.
b. Incorrect This describes the correction for attenuation formula.
c. Incorrect The standard error of measurement is used to construct a confidence interval around an examinee’s obtained test score. The confidence interval indicates the range within which the examinees true score is likely to fall.
d. Incorrect The coefficient of multiple determination provides this information.

Answer 651

A

201 | This question looks at how a change in the raw score for two individuals will impact their percentile rank. Both Nancy and Pete had five points added to their original exam score. Before the points were added to their exam score, Nancy scored at the 52nd percentile which is close to the middle of the distribution, whereas Pete scored at the 14th percentile which is close to the low end of the distribution. Another factor to keep in mind is that the scores are normally distributed; in other words, there are more scores at the middle of the distribution.
a. Incorrect This is false; adding five point to their raw scores would change both their percentiles.
b. Incorrect This is false; while both their percentile ranks would increase, they would not increase the same amount.
c. Incorrect This is false; Pete’s percentile rank would not increase more than Nancy’s.
d. CORRECT This is true. Remember that in a normal distribution, more scores are close to the middle of the distribution (e.g., 52nd percentile) than at the tail of the distribution (e.g., 14th percentile). So by adding five points to Nancy’s raw score, she will surpass more people because her score was close to the middle of the distribution. In contrast, by adding five points to Pete’s raw score, it will have less impact on his relative standing because there are fewer scores at the tail of the distribution. As a result, Nancy’s percentile rank would increase more. (A good mnemonic for remembering this is “more movement in the middle.”)

Answer 652

A

202 | The study described in this question involved measuring the dependent variable repeatedly before and after administration of the independent variable.
a. CORRECT The time-series design is a type of within-subjects design that involves evaluating the effects of an intervention by comparing multiple quantitative observations of participants before and after they are exposed to the intervention.
b. Incorrect The Latin square design is a type of counterbalanced design that is used to control carryover effects.
c. Incorrect The static-group comparison design includes two intact groups – one that receives the treatment and one that does not – and involves evaluating the effects of the treatment by comparing the post-test scores of the two groups.
d. Incorrect The multiple-baseline design is a single-case design that involves comparing the effects of an intervention across two or more settings, behaviors, or participants.

Answer 653

A

203 | Even if you’re unfamiliar with structural equation modeling (the appropriate technique for the purpose described in the question), you may have been able to identify the correct answer to this question through the process of elimination.
a. Incorrect Meta-analysis is used to evaluate an intervention by combining the results of a number of research studies.
b. Incorrect The multitrait-multimethod matrix is used to evaluate convergent and divergent validity.
c. Incorrect Discriminant function analysis is used to classify people into criterion groups based on their scores or status on two or more predictors.
d. CORRECT Structural equation model is used to explore or confirm hypothesized relationships between both measured and latent variables.

Answer 654

A

204 | The techniques listed as answers are all multivariate techniques. To identify the answer to this question, you need to determine (1) whether you are interested in the relationship (correlation) between variables or the effects of one or more variables on another variable or variables; and (2) how many variables there are.
a. Incorrect MANOVA is used to assess the effects of one or more IVs on two or more DVs.
b. Incorrect ANCOVA is used to assess the effects of an IV on a DV when the effects of an extraneous variable have been statistically removed.
c. Incorrect Discriminant function analysis is used to assess the relationship between variables when there are multiple X variables and one Y variable that is discrete (categorical).
d. CORRECT If you were just guessing, this would have been the best guess (and the right answer) since it is the only one that contains the word “correlation” and the question states that you are interested in the RELATIONSHIP between variables. Additional information about these techniques is provided in the Statistics and Research Design chapter of the written study materials.

Answer 655

A

205 | For the exam, you want to be familiar with the Index score patterns of individuals with the conditions listed in this question. This information is provided in the Test Construction chapter of the written study materials.
c. CORRECT The WAIS-IV Technical Manual reports that, of the four Indexes, examinees with Mild Cognitive Impairment, Major Depression, or Traumatic Brain Injury received the highest score on the Verbal Comprehension Index.

Answer 656

A

206 | As its name suggests, a primary goal of a functional behavioral assessment is to determine the function of the target behavior.
c. CORRECT A functional behavioral assessment involves determining the environmental factors (antecedents and consequences) that contribute to its occurrence.

Answer 657

A

207 | For the exam, you want to be familiar with the therapeutic uses of all of the drugs listed in the answers to this question.
a. Incorrect Propranolol hydrochloride (Inderal) is a synthetic beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agent that is used to treat hypertension, angina, and several other medical conditions and has also been found useful for reducing the physical symptoms associated with anxiety.
b. CORRECT Venlafaxine hydrochloride (Effexor) is a selective serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) that has been approved by the FDA as a treatment for Major Depressive Disorder, Social Anxiety Disorder, Panic Disorder, and Generalized Anxiety Disorder.
c. Incorrect Risperidone (Risperdal) is an atypical antipsychotic that is used to treat Schizophrenia.
d. Incorrect Valproic acid (Depakene, Stavzor) is an anticonvulsant that has also been found useful for treating mania associated with Bipolar Disorder.

Answer 658

A

208 | Migraine headaches are triggered and maintained by a number of factors.
a. Incorrect Assertiveness (or a lack of) has not been associated with migraines.
b. CORRECT In some cases, migraines are precipitated by certain foods. Although the specific foods vary from individual to individual, they often contain tyramine, phenylethylamine (chocolate), or nitrates.
c. Incorrect Cold has not been found to be a predictable precipitant of migraine and, in fact, often helps alleviate it.
d. Incorrect Interestingly, for some people, migraine headaches are triggered by relaxation following stress. Therefore, for people suffering from migraines, it is important to avoid or minimize stress.

Answer 659

A

209 | The research has confirmed that sleep patterns change in a predictable way with increasing age.
b. CORRECT The studies have found that the latency (onset) of the first REM period decreases with increasing age but that the amount of REM sleep remains fairly stable over the lifespan or decreases only slightly. In contrast, Stage 3 and Stage 4 sleep (slow-wave sleep) decrease and, in some older adults, are nearly nonexistent.

Answer 660

A

210 | Ferber’s method is similar to that promoted by a number of other experts.
a. CORRECT When using Ferber’s method, the parent puts the child to bed. If he cries, the parent returns and reassures the child and pats him on the back but does not pick him up. If the child cries again later, the parent waits a little longer before returning. On subsequent nights, the wait period is gradually increased, which is why the method is known as the progressive waiting method.

Answer 661

A

211 | Experts in the area of cognitive development have different explanations for the cognitive changes that occur during childhood.
a. Incorrect Piaget viewed cognitive development as the result of qualitative changes that occur as the consequence of biological maturation and interactions with the environment.
b. Incorrect Vygotsky focused on the impact of sociocultural factors in cognitive development.
c. CORRECT As an example, according to information processing theorists (e.g., Case, 1985; Fischer, 1980), increases in abstract reasoning during adolescence are due to increases in the underlying capacities to attend to information and to hold information in memory.
d. Incorrect Ecological systems theorists (e.g., Bronfenbrenner) emphasize the impact of external factors on development.

Answer 662

A

212 | Socioemotional selectivity theory predicts that people’s awareness of how much time they have left in life impacts their motivation and preferences, including preferences for emotionally close versus novel social partners.
c. CORRECT Research on socioemotional selectivity theory often compares the motivation and preferences of adults in different age groups. While this research generally finds that older adults have different preferences and sources of motivation than do younger adults, the differences are not due solely to age. Instead, they are often the result of awareness of time left to live as being either unlimited or limited. People who perceive time as unlimited tend to prefer novel social partners, while those who perceive time as limited prefer emotionally close social partners (and, as a result, are likely to have fewer social partners). Also, while older adults are more likely to perceive time as limited, some younger adults (e.g., those with a life-threatening illness) also have a limited time perspective and, like older adults, prefer emotionally close social partners. See, e.g., L. Carstensen, D. M. Isaacowitz, & S. T. Charles, Taking time seriously: A theory of socioemotional selectivity, American Psychologist, 54, 165-181, 1999.

Answer 663

A

213 | For the exam, you want to be able to distinguish between the different types of punishment and reinforcement so that you can answer questions like this one. Additional information about punishment and reinforcement is provided in the Learning Theory chapter of the written study materials.
a. CORRECT Verbal reprimands are used to reduce an undesirable behavior and involve applying a stimulus following that behavior – i.e., they are a form of positive punishment.
b. Incorrect Negative punishment involves removing a stimulus following a behavior in order to reduce or eliminate that behavior.
c. Incorrect Positive reinforcement involves applying a stimulus following a behavior in order to increase that behavior.
d. Incorrect Negative reinforcement involves removing a stimulus following a behavior in order to increase that behavior.

Answer 664

A

214 | Sensory memory is the aspect of memory that initially receives incoming signals from the senses. Although the capacity of sensory memory is very large, its duration of is very brief.
a. CORRECT The duration of sensory memory corresponds approximately to the time that a stimulus is initially perceived, which ranges from a fraction of a second to a few seconds.

Answer 665

A

215 | Implicit memory is memory that does not require conscious effort.
b. CORRECT Of the memories listed in the responses, buttoning a shirt is most likely to involve implicit memory. (In fact, most procedural memories are implicit and some investigators use the terms interchangeably.)

Answer 666

A

216 | Maslow’s theory predicts that only ungratified needs motivate behavior and that progression through the need hierarchy always goes from lower-order needs to higher-order needs.
a. Incorrect This is the opposite of what Maslow’s theory predicts.
b. Incorrect This is predicted by Alderfer’s ERG theory, not Maslow’s theory.
c. CORRECT According to Maslow, an ungratified need is the primary source of motivation.
d. Incorrect This isn’t predicted by Maslow’s theory.

Answer 667

A

217 | Fiedler’s theory categorizes leaders in terms of how they rate their “least preferred coworker” and describes the situation (work environment) in terms of the favorableness for the leader to lead.
a. Incorrect Fiedler believed that leaders cannot change their leadership style.
d. CORRECT Fiedler’s LPC scale categorizes leaders as “high LPC” (person-oriented) or “low LPC” (task-oriented). His theory proposes that high LPC leaders are most effective when the situation is moderately favorable, while low LPC leaders are best when the situation is highly favorable or unfavorable. See the Industrial-Organizational Psychology chapter for additional information about Fiedler’s theory.

Answer 668

A

218 | Standard 3.04 of the Ethics Code requires that psychologists attempt to minimize harm against individuals with whom psychologists work, and Standards 1.04 and 1.05 require psychologists to take action when a colleague is acting unethically.
a. Incorrect Maintaining a record of your observations is not necessarily something you would need to do. Also, making a report to the Director of the organization would, in most cases, not be the best initial course of action.
b. Incorrect This might be acceptable. A problem, though, is there is nothing in the question that says your co-worker is a psychologist or other professional. Be sure to read carefully!
c. CORRECT This is always a best first course of action if you feel comfortable in confronting the individual who has allegedly acted unethically.
d. Incorrect As a psychologist, you have a responsibility to take action when you see a colleague sexually harassing co-workers and others.

Answer 669

A

219 | Standard 10.04 of the Ethics Code states that, “In deciding whether to offer or provide services to those already receiving mental health services elsewhere, psychologists carefully consider the treatment issues and the potential client’s/patient’s welfare.”
a. Incorrect You need not contact the other psychologist, irrespective of the client’s consent, unless you have reason to suspect that she has acted unethically (which is not suggested in this question).
b. CORRECT This is most consistent with the requirements of the Ethics Code. The best thing to do in this situation would be to discuss the implications of continuing therapy with the client while he is seeing another therapist. In addition, you should encourage the client to discuss this matter with the other therapist.
c. Incorrect It may become necessary to do this if, after a period of time, the client is continuing to see you and the other therapist and you are both providing him with essentially the same services, but it is probably not the best first course of action.
d. Incorrect Telling the client that it would be best for him to stop therapy with the other therapist is not required by the Ethics Code. It does not take the best interests of the client (or other therapist) into consideration.

Answer 670

A

220 | Standard 10.10(a) of the APA’s Ethics Code applies to this situation.
d. CORRECT Standard 10.10(a) states that psychologists must terminate therapy when it is reasonably clear that the client is no longer benefiting from it. Even though four months is not a long duration for therapy in many situations, the client should not be pressured to continue.

Answer 671

A

221 | The issue of therapy with former sex partners is covered by Standard 10.07 of the APA’s Ethics Code.
d. CORRECT Standard 10.07 states that “Psychologists do not accept as therapy clients/patients persons with whom they have engaged in sexual intimacies.”

Answer 672

A

222 | This issue is addressed in Standard 3.10 of the APA’s Ethics Code.
a. Incorrect Ethical guidelines require that informed consent be obtained from the patients’ legal guardians in this situation.
b. Incorrect Standard 8.02(a) dictates that participants have the right to withdraw from research at any time. However, this is not the best answer since it does not address the question’s underlying ethical issue; i.e., the need for psychologists to obtain assent from participants who are legally incapable of giving informed consent.
c. CORRECT This answer is consistent with the requirements of the Ethics Code – i.e., when research participants are not legally capable of giving informed consent (either because they are mentally incompetent or minors), consent must be obtained from their legal guardians, and the participants should be provided with understandable information and their asent to participate should be obtained.

Answer 673

A

223 | Normally, a psychologist would not evaluate a child without the consent of both parents.
d. CORRECT Given the limited information provided in this question, this is the best response of those given. Whenever one parent does not give consent (or withdraws his/her consent) for an evaluation in a custody case, the psychologist should seek guidance from the court on how to proceed.

Answer 674

A

224 | Disclosure of sexual orientation by lesbians (“coming out”) was investigated by K. M. Jordan and R. H. Deluty who found that it was associated with a number of positive outcomes [Coming out for lesbian women: Its relation to anxiety, positive affectivity, self-esteem, and social support, Journal of Homosexuality, 35(2), 41-63, 1998].
a. Incorrect This is the opposite of what is true. Jordan and Deluty found that disclosure was associated with a lower level of anxiety.
b. Incorrect This is also the opposite of what Jordan and Deluty found – i.e., their results indicated that the more widely lesbians disclosed their sexual orientation to others, the less likely they were to engage in anonymous socializing (e.g., going to gay and lesbian bars to spend time with people they did not know).
c. CORRECT The results of the Jordan and Deluty study indicated that the more widely lesbian women disclosed their sexual orientation, the lower their anxiety, the greater their positive affectivity, and the higher their self-esteem.
d. Incorrect This is also the opposite of what is true. Jordan and Deluty found that disclosure to family members was associated with greater family support.

Answer 675

A

225 | The Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model distinguishes between five stages of identity development: conformity, dissonance, resistance and immersion, introspection, and integrative awareness.
a. Incorrect Preference for the dominant group is characteristic of the conformity stage.
b. Incorrect This best describes the dissonance stage.
c. CORRECT During the resistance and immersion stage, the individual actively resists the dominant cultural group and becomes immersed in his/her own culture.
d. Incorrect This describes the internalization stage of Cross’s Nigrescence model.

Answer 676

A

1 | Hypomania refers to “an abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood.”
a. CORRECT DSM-IV-TR notes that a Hypomanic Episode is not severe enough to cause marked impairment in functioning and, in some individuals, is accompanied by changes in functioning that involve “a marked increase in efficiency, accomplishments, or creativity.”

Answer 677

A

2 | In this situation, the actor’s role as a child abuser is apparently being viewed as a reflection of the actor’s actual tendencies.
a. Incorrect Psychological reactance is the tendency to do the opposite of what you are asked to do, especially when the request seems to be threatening your personal freedom.
b. CORRECT There is a natural tendency to make dispositional (versus situational) attributions about a person’s behavior, which is what seems to be happening in this case; i.e., the writers of the hate mail are assuming that the actor played the role of a child abuser because he is a child abuser, not because he got paid to play the role.
c. Incorrect The availability bias refers to the tendency to estimate the likelihood of an event happening based on the instances that come quickly or easily to mind.
d. Incorrect A defensive attribution is an attribution of causality that is made specifically to relieve one’s anxiety.

Answer 678

A

3 | This question is asking about a specific research project – i.e., the Dunedin Study – that has followed a cohort of children born in the Dunedin region in New Zealand. See A. Caspi, The child is the father of the man: Personality continuities from childhood to adolescence, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(1), 158-172, 2000.
d. CORRECT Results of the study indicate that basic temperament at age 3 is predictive of outcomes for a significant number of children. For example, children rated as inhibited (slow-to-warm-up) at age 3 were most likely to report depression and low levels of social support at age 21.

Answer 679

A

4 | When using classical conditioning to establish a conditioned response, the CS is presented prior to the US, and this is referred to as forward conditioning.
a. Incorrect This describes forward conditioning.
b. CORRECT Backward conditioning is just the opposite of forward conditioning and involves presenting the US prior to the CS. Backward conditioning is not usually effective.
c. Incorrect Switching from a continuous schedule to an intermittent one is referred to as “thinning” and is not an application of backward conditioning.
d. Incorrect This does not describe backward conditioning.

Answer 680

A

5 | There is some evidence that the risk for suicide is related to the severity of symptoms.
b. CORRECT According to some experts, the risk for suicide is greatest when depressive symptoms begin to lift. Apparently, this is because, at this time, suicidal ideation has not subsided and the individual has the increased energy and planning ability required to carry out a suicide plan. See, e.g., H. N. Holmes (ed.), Professional guide to diseases, Springhouse, PA, Springhouse, 2001.

Answer 681

A

6 | As long as you weren’t overly distracted by the term “common method bias,” you may have been able to figure this out by the rest of the language in the question – i.e., “similar methods of measurement” and “measure different characteristics.”
d. CORRECT As its name implies, the multitrait-multimethod matrix involves using multiple methods to measure multiple traits.

Answer 682

A

7 | In this situation, a consultant is working with a consultee to resolve a problem with a particular client (case).
a. Incorrect In consultee-centered consultation, the focus is on the consultee’s skills, abilities, and objectivity so that he/she can work more effectively with a particular group of clients in the future.
b. CORRECT The question describes client-centered case consultation, which is the most common form of consultation in schools and elsewhere.
c. Incorrect This type of consultation focuses on helping consultees (administrators) develop the skills they need to more effectively develop and implement programs.
d. Incorrect This is a “made-up” term.

Answer 683

A

8 | This issue is addressed in Standard IV.B of the APA’s Specialty Guidelines for Forensic Psychologists.
d. CORRECT Of the responses given, this one is most consistent with the requirements of Standard IV.B, which states that: “Forensic psychologists do not provide professional services to parties to a legal proceeding on the basis of ‘contingent fees,’ when those services involve the offering of expert testimony to a court or administrative body, or when they call upon the psychologists to make affirmations or representations intended to be relied upon by third parties.”

Answer 684

A

9 | This question describes a multiple relationship.
c. CORRECT Multiple relationships are addressed in several Standards of the Ethics Code, including Standard 3.05, which prohibits multiple relationships that “could be reasonably expected to impair the psychologist’s objectivity, competence, or effectiveness … otherwise risks exploiation or harm to the person.” In this case, you would want to determine if the parents’ membership in the country club is likely to have an adverse effect on your effectiveness before proceeding with treatment. Additional information on multiple relationhips is provided in the Ethics and Professional Issues chapter of the written study materials.

Answer 685

A

10 | The limbic system (especially the amygdala) is most associated with emotion, but other structures of the brain also play a role.
a. CORRECT The hypothalamus is always a good guess since it’s involved in so many different functions. The studies have shown that decorticate animals tend to respond to even minor stimuli with extreme rage as long as the hypothalamus is left intact.
b. Incorrect The medulla is involved in many of the body’s vital functions including breathing and heart rate.
c. Incorrect The hippocampus is part of the limbic system, but it’s involved more with memory than emotion.
d. Incorrect The reticular activating system mediates attention, arousal, and the sleep-wake cycle.

Answer 686

A

11 | Autism and Schizophrenia share several symptoms, which can make differential diagnosis difficult.
c. CORRECT As defined in the DSM, a feature that distinguishes Autistic Disorder from Schizophrenia is that Autistic Disorder does not involve prominent delusions and hallucinations. The symptoms listed in answers a, b,and d are characteristic of both disorders and, therefore, would not be useful for distinguishing between them.

Answer 687

A

12 | Avoidant Personality Disorder is characterized by a pattern of “social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative evaluations” (DSM-IV-TR, p. 718).
a. CORRECT People with Avoidant Personality Disorder desire intimate relationships but avoid them because they fear rejection, humiliation, etc.
b. Incorrect Excessive self-preoccupation is more characteristic of Narcissistic Personality Disorder.
c. Incorrect A lack of interest in social relationships is characteristic of Schizoid Personality Disorder.
d. Incorrect Suspiciousness and paranois are not characteristic of Avoidant Personality Disorder.

Answer 688

A

13 | You may have been able to figure this one out simply because the correct term “sounds like” what it means.
a. Incorrect Alogia is characterized by an impoverishment in thinking that is inferred from the person’s speech and language.
b. Incorrect Aphonia is an inability to produce speech sounds that require the use of the larynx and that is not due to a lesion in the CNS.
c. Incorrect Echopraxia involves an imitation of the movements of another person with the movements having a semiautomatic or uncontrollable quality.
d. CORRECT The description in this question defines echolalia, which is a symptom of Autistic Disorder and several other disorders.

Answer 689

A

14 | Approximately 1 in 200 babies is born with a chromosomal abnormality.
a. Incorrect Down Syndrome and Klinefelter Syndrome are two disorders attributable to the presence of an extra chromosome.
b. Incorrect Turner Syndrome is an example of a disorder caused by the absence of a chromosome. It occurs only in females and involves the absence of one X chromosome.
c. Incorrect Translocation occurs when a section of a chromosome is attached to another chromosome.
d. CORRECT Deletion occurs when part of a chromosome is missing. Prader-Willi syndrome and cru-du-chat are two disorders caused by a chromosomal deletion.

Answer 690

A

15 | The term “habituation” refers to a decrease in response strength that occurs as the result of repeated stimulation. It is considered the simplest type of learning.
a. CORRECT Kandel and Schwartz’s research with Aplysia indicated that habituation is due to a decrease in the release of a neurotransmitter.

Answer 691

A

16 | Research on goal-setting theory has shown that several factors affect the willingness and ability of employees to achieve work-related goals. For example, in most circumstances, the acceptance of goals is more important than participation in setting goals.
a. Incorrect Participation in goal-setting is more effective for workers who have a high need for achievement.
b. Incorrect Feedback about the achievement of goals is important regardless of whether goals are set by the employees themselves or are assigned to employees by the supervisor.
c. Incorrect Moderately difficult goals (not goals “within the capabilities of the least proficient workers”) have been found to be most effective.
d. CORRECT Studies have found that moderately difficult goals plus feedback about progress toward those goals results in the greatest productivity.

Answer 692

A

17 | J. M. Haro et al. [Cross-national clinical and functional remission rates: Worldwide Schizophrenia Outpatient Health Outcomes (W-SOHO) study, British Journal of Psychiatry, 2011, 199(3), 194-201) compared clinical and functional remission rates in patients with Schizophrenia in 37 countries.
b. CORRECT The results of this study indicated that patients in developing countries exhibited greater improvement in clinical outcomes (i.e., in the reduction of delusions, hallucinations, and other symptoms of the disorder), while patients in more affluent European countries exhibited greater improvement in social functioning.

Answer 693

A

18 | In the DSM-IV-TR, Transsexualism is included in the diagnosis of Gender Identity Disorder.
a. CORRECT Transsexualism is not considered a distinct disorder but, instead, a manifestation of Gender Identity Disorder which is associated with different characteristics across different ages.
b. Incorrect In the presence of an intersex condition (e.g., androgen insensitivity syndrome), a diagnosis of Gender Identity Disorder NOS is made. As noted above, Transsexualism is subsumed under the diagnosis Gender Identity Disorder, which requires the absence of a physical intersex condition.
c. Incorrect Transsexualism is not a distinct disorder in DSM but, instead, one manifestation of Gender Identity Disorder.

Answer 694

A

19 | The cause of tardive dyskinesia (TD) seems to be complex and is not entirely understood. However, there is evidence that it is related to dopamine oversensitivity and/or GABA depletion.
a. CORRECT There is evidence that dopamine depleting drugs alleviate some symptoms of tardive dyskinesia.
b. Incorrect In fact, the research has shown the opposite – i.e., drugs that decrease norepinephrine levels suppress the symptoms of TD.
c. Incorrect Drugs that increase GABA (e.g., GABA agonists – especially benzodiazepine) have beneficial effects for many patients with TD.
d. Incorrect Research on serotonin has found that SSRIs and other serotonergic drugs are not useful as a treatment for TD.

Answer 695

A

20 | This issue is not addressed directly by the Ethics Code. However, the general “spirit” of the Code is not to become involved with a therapy client in any way that is outside the scope of the therapeutic relationship.
d. CORRECT R. Woody addresses this issue in Legally safe mental health practice: Psycholegal questions and answers (Madison, CT, Psychosocial Press, 1997). He argues that any recommendations to a client should be limited to issues that are within the “perimeter of treatment” and that do not benefit the therapist beyond his/her customary fee.

Answer 696

A

21 | Survey feedback entails three steps: data collection, feedback meetings, and action plans.
a. Incorrect See explanation for response b.
b. CORRECT The survey feedback process involves administering a survey to employees at all levels to assess their attitudes toward and perceptions of the organization and to evaluate the organizational climate. The results of the survey are discussed with employees and provide the basis for identifying specific problems and actions plans for resolving those problems.

Answer 697

A

22 | A considerable body of research has addressed the core dimensions of leadership and, more recently, gender differences on these dimensions.
c. CORRECT Although male and female leaders differ in terms of decision-making style, overall, their leadership styles do not show consistent discrepancies.

Answer 698

A

23 | This is one of those questions that you may have been able to answer correctly just by considering the meaning of the words listed in the answers.
a. Incorrect Positioning involves exaggerating a symptom”s severity.
b. CORRECT As its name implies, reframing involves describing a symptom in a way that allows family members to view it from another perspective.
c. Incorrect Prescribing is probably the most commonly used paradoxical technique. It entails instructing a client to engage in the undesirable behavior.
d. Incorrect Restraining involves discouraging change by implying that attempts at change will not work or will have undesirable consequences.

Answer 699

A

24 | As noted in the chapter on ethics and professional issues in the written study materials, several surveys have been conducted to determine factors related to sexual misconduct by mental health professionals.
a. Incorrect Male therapists are involved in substantially more sexual and nonsexual dual relationships than female therapists.
b. Incorrect This is not necessarily true. Some research indicates higher rates among the more experienced.
c. CORRECT The average age of therapists who become involved in sexual dual relationships is 42 or 43 (depending on which study you read), while the average age of the client is 32 or 33. See K. S. Pope, Sexual feelings in psychotherapy: Explorations for therapists and therapists-in-training,American Psychological Association, Washington, DC, 1993.
d. Incorrect The research is not entirely consistent on this issue. Most studies have found either that there is no effect of therapy or that therapy is associated with an increased risk for sexual involvement.

Answer 700

A

25 | This child is expressing excessive worry about multiple situations.
a. Incorrect A diagnosis of Separation Anxiety Disorer requires evidence of excessive anxiety concerning separation from those to whom the child is attached. This evidence is not provided in the description given in this question.
b. Incorrect The question does not indicate that the child has a fear of being in places where escape might be difficult or embarassing or where help might not be available if panic-like symptoms develop, which are the essential features of Agoraphobia.
c. CORRECT Generalized Anxiety Disorder involves excessive worry or anxiety about a number of events or activities that the person finds difficult to control. Children with this disorder are often perfectionistic, filled with self-doubt, and typically exhibit physical signs of anxiety (e.g., headaches, stomachaches).
d. Incorrect Social Phobia is characterized by a marked and persistent fear of one or more social situations, in which the person fears that he or she will act in a humiliating or embarrassing way. The child’s fears in this case are broader than this and, therefore, Generalized Anxiety Disorder is the better diagnosis.

Answer 701

A

26 | Knowing that the limbic system is involved in emotions and that the amygdala is part of the limbic system would have helped you identify the correct answer to this question.
a. Incorrect The arcuate fasciculus connects Wernicke’s and Broca’s areas.
b. Incorrect The pons connects the two halves of the cerebellum and plays a role in the integration of movements in the right and left sides of the body.
c. Incorrect The suprachiasmatic nucleus is located in the hypothalamus and mediates the sleep-wake cycle and other circadian rhythms,
d. CORRECT The amygdala is involved in processing threatening sensory input and generating fear responses to that input.

Answer 702

A

27 | Researchers have found that individuals are often willing to agree that vague descriptions of them – such as those presented in horoscopes – accurately describe their personal characteristics.
a. CORRECT The Barnum effect (also known as the Forer effect) predicts that people tend to accept vague or general descriptions of themselves as accurate. The Barnum effect has been attributed to a number of factors including gullibility, wishful thinking, and a confirmation bias.
b. Incorrect The false consensus bias is the tendency to overestimate the degree to which others agree with you.
c. Incorrect The Zeigarnik effect is the tendency to remember interrupted or uncompleted tasks better than completed ones.
d. Incorrect Illusory correlation is the belief that there is a relationship between events when there actually isn’t one.

Answer 703

A

28 | There are several models of gay/lesbian identity development. This question is asking about Troiden’s model.
a. Incorrect These are four of the six stages of gay/lesbian identity development proposed by Cass (1979): confusion, comparison, tolerance, acceptance, pride, and synthesis.
b. CORRECT These are the four stages proposed by Troiden. For additional information about these stages, see the Clinical Psychology chapter of the written study materials.
c. Incorrect These are four of the stages in Atkinson, Morten, and Sue’s racial/cultural identity development model.
d. Incorrect This response combines stages from the models proposed by Cass and Troiden.

Answer 704

A

29 | Research using a dismantling strategy involves separating and comparing the various components of a treatment to identify the component(s) most responsible for the treatment’s effects.
c. CORRECT Systematic desensitization was originally developed as an application of reciprocal inhibition. However, studies using the dismantling strategy have found that its effects are due to repeated exposure to the CS without the US (i.e., to classical extinction).

Answer 705

A

30 | Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) is a rare, idiosyncratic reaction to neuroleptic drugs that may be caused by dopamine blockage in the basal ganglia.
a. Incorrect These are symptoms of tricyclic overdose.
b. Incorrect These symptoms are characteristic of 5-HT toxicity syndrome.
c. Incorrect These symptoms suggest lithium toxicity.
d. CORRECT These are the core symptoms of NMS. Other symptoms include painful joints, mutism, tachycardia, and urinary retention.

Answer 706

A

31 | Knowing that John Bowlby is a leading figure in the field of attachment would have helped you pick the correct answer to this question.
b. CORRECT According to Bowlby, as the result of early attachment experiences, children develop an internal (mental) working model of relationships, which influences their future relationships.

Answer 707

A

32 | Because you conducted an evaluation of the defendant for the purpose of her defense, you may use information obtained from that evaluation for other purposes only under certain conditions.
a. Incorrect Since you conducted the evaluation of the defendant for the purpose of supporting her insanity defense, you would need her permission to use the information you obtained for another purpose.
b. CORRECT This situation is addressed in Section IV(E.3) of the Specialty Guidelines. It states that, “after a psychologist has advised the subject of a clinical forensic evaluation of the intended uses of the evaluation and its work product, the psychologist may not use the evaluation work product for other purposes without explicit waiver to do so by the client or the client’s legal representative.”

Answer 708

A

33 | Freudian psychoanalysis can be conceptualized as involving four processes – confrontation, clarification, interpretation, and working through.
b. Incorrect This sounds more like the goal of clarification.
c. CORRECT When using confrontation, the therapist makes a statement or asks a question that connects the client’s behavior to an unconscious motivation or conflict.
d. Incorrect This is not the goal of confrontation.

Answer 709

A

34 | The therapeutic relationship would be best served if the policy regarding confidentiality is established with both the parents and the child at the onset of therapy.
a. Incorrect Although this may not violate ethical or legal guidelines, answer c describes a better course of action.
b. Incorrect See explanation for response c.
c. CORRECT Parents have a legal right to information about their child in most situations, but providing them with all information is not necessarily the best course of action from a clinical standpoint. Therefore, this is the best course of action since it takes the welfare of the child as well as the legal rights of the parents into consideration.
d. Incorrect See explanation given above.

Answer 710

A

35 | Ellis’ REBT assumes that irrational ways of thinking underlie dysfunctional behaviors.
a. CORRECT This is the underlying premise of REBT.
b. Incorrect This is the underlying premise of Rogers’ client-centered therapy.
c. Incorrect Although REBT views irrational thoughts as determiners of dysfunctional behaviors, the notion of “automatic thoughts” is more characteristic of Beck’s theory of depression and other forms of maladaptive behavior.
d. Incorrect This is the underlying premise of Perls’ Gestalt therapy.

Answer 711

A

36 | Systematic desensitization is used to reduce anxiety and involves pairing anxiety-producing stimuli with relaxation in order to reduce the anxiety.
a. Incorrect Aversive counterconditioning reduces the attractiveness of a stimulus or behavior by repeatedly pairing that stimulus or behavior with a stimulus that produces an unpleasant response. Note that both aversive counterconditioning and systematic desensitization are based on principles of classical conditioning.
b. CORRECT Use of reciprocal inhibition (counterconditioning) to reduce an undesirable behavior is based on the assumption that a response can be eliminated by replacing it with an incompatible response; e.g., replacing anxiety with relaxation. See the Learning Theory chapter for additional information on reciprocal inhibition and systematic desensitization.
c. Incorrect Habituation refers to a decrease in responding as the result of repeated exposure.
d. Incorrect Although researchers have found the effects of systematic desensitization to be due to extinction, they are referring to CLASSICAL extinction, not operant extinction.

Answer 712

A

37 | For the exam, you want to be familiar with all of the theories listed in the answers to this question. Additional information on these theories is provided in the Social Psychology chapter of the written study materials.
a. Incorrect Self-verification theory predicts that people prefer others who provide them with accurate information about themselves (i.e., with information that is consistent with their self-evaluations).
b. CORRECT Gain-loss theory predicts that we tend to like others whose initial negative feelings toward us change to positive feeling more than those who are consistently positive and, conversely, that we tend to dislike others whose initially positive feelings toward us change to negative feelings more than those who have negative feelings toward us from the beginning.
c. Incorrect Social exchange theory focuses on the rewards and costs of a relationship and predicts that we are more likely to remain in a relationship when the rewards exceed the costs of doing so.
d. Incorrect Balance theory uses the concept of cognitive consistency to explain attitude change and focuses on the relationships between three entities – the person, another person, and a third person or an idea, event, or object.

Answer 713

A

38 | From the perspective of Freudian theory, a phobia is a manifestation of neurotic anxiety, which is aroused by a perception of danger from the instincts.
a. Incorrect Although some phobias might be related to a fear of death (Freud did talk about a “death instinct”), this is not the best answer of those given.
b. CORRECT The object of a phobia is considered to be related in some way to (and symbolic of) a forbidden instinctual impulse. By expressing the impulse in an external symbolic form, the individual is better able to avoid it.
c. Incorrect This does not describe Freud’s view of phobias.
d. Incorrect Shame and guilt are words that are associated with Freud, but this is not the best answer to this question.

Answer 714

A

39 | A consistent finding of the research is a gender difference in morbidity and mortality rates among newborns.
b. CORRECT Male newborns are not only less mature than female newborns but also have higher mortality rates and are more vulnerable to a variety of illnesses. See, e.g., J. C. K. Wells, Natural selection and sex differences in morbidity and mortality in early life, Journal of Theoretical Biology, 202(1), 65-76, 2000.

Answer 715

A

40 | The term “schema” should have been the clue to the correct response to this question.
a. Incorrect Lewinsohn proposed that depression is related to a lack of contingent reinforcement.
b. CORRECT This is a good summary of Beck’s view.
c. Incorrect Seligman is associated with the notion of learned helplessness.
d. Incorrect Rehm is associated with the self-control model of depression, which focuses on the processes of self-monitoring, self-evaluation, and self-reinforcement.

Answer 716

A

41 | For the exam, you want to be familiar with all of the terms listed in the answers to this question.
a. CORRECT Of the techniques listed, only factor analysis would help determine if test items are measuring the same characteristic or different characteristics – i.e., the same factor or different factors.
b. Incorrect Cross-validation involves calculating a test’s criterion-related validity coefficient for a second sample.
c. Incorrect The correction for attenuation formula is used to estimate a predictor’s validity coefficient if the predictor had perfect reliability (a reliability coefficient of 1.0).
d. Incorrect Path analysis

Answer 717

A

42 | Phonological processing refers to the ability to process the phonological features of words (i.e., the ability to understand how sounds combine to form words).
c. CORRECT Problems in phonological processing have been linked to reading disabilities (e.g., dyslexia) and other learning disorders.

Answer 718

A

43 | The terms listed in the answers to this question are used to describe the accuracy or usefulness of diagnostic tests. Additional information about these terms is provided in the Test Construction chapter of the written study materials.
a. Incorrect A test’s sensitivity refers to the proportion of individuals with the disorder who are correctly identified by the test as having the disorder.
b. CORRECT A test’s specificity refers to the proportion of individuals without the disorder who are correctly identified by the test as not having the disorder.
c. Incorrect A test’s positive predictive value refers to the proportion of individuals who test positive for the disorder and actually have the disorder.
d. Incorrect A test’s negative predictive value refers to the proportion of individuals who test negative for the disorder and actually do not have the disorder.

Answer 719

A

44 | Department of Defense rules and policies may require breaches of confidentiality that would, in other situations, be unethical and illegal.
a. CORRECT Normally, client confidentiality should not be breached even in military settings. However, under certain circumstances (defined by the Department of Defense), military personnel may have access to confidential client information. APA has determined that breaches of confidentiality are acceptable in this situation when two conditions have been met: (1) a previous process has already addressed any options that would uphold the psychologist’s ethical responsibilities (i.e., whenever the ethical issue in question has been addressed previously), and (2) the conditions of the Department of Defense’s regulations have clearly been met (in most circumstances, a breach is required only when there is a demonstrable “need to know”). For a brief discussion of this issue, see the American Psychologist, 49(7), p. 665, 1994.

Answer 720

A

45 | This is a fairly easy question since “relevance” is what it sounds like.
a. CORRECT Test items are relevant when they are germane to the purpose of testing. For example, some educators use a “test relevance index” to determine the extent to which test items on achievement tests are relevant to the goals of the curriculum.
b. Incorrect Reliability refers to the consistency of scores and is used as an index of the degree to which test scores are unaffected by random (measurement) error.

Answer 721

A

46 | There are three types of prevention programs: Primary prevention programs are designed to prevent a mental disorder from occurring; secondary prevention programs are designed to detect disorders early so that appropriate treatments can be applied; and tertiary prevention programs are aimed at preventing the recurrence or worsening of existing disorders.
a. Incorrect When a program involves identifying high-risk individuals so that those individuals can be provided with an intervention, it is classified as a secondary prevention program.
b. CORRECT An educational program designed to prevent alcohol abuse before it occurs is an example of a primary prevention program.
c. Incorrect Prevention programs that involve the early identification of disorders are classified as secondary prevention programs.
d. Incorrect A program designed to improve community attitudes toward former mental patients (presumably to ensure that

Answer 722

A

47 | The 31 pairs of spinal nerves are divided into five groups or regions. These are, from the top to the bottom of the spinal cord, cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal.
a. Incorrect Damage at the lumbar level is likely to cause some loss of functioning in the hips and legs.
b. Incorrect Damage at the sacral level also causes loss of functioning in the hips and legs.
c. CORRECT Quadriplegia (the loss of sensory and motor functioning in the arms and legs) results from damage at the cervical level.
d. Incorrect Paraplegia (loss of functioning in the legs) is caused by damage at the thoracic level.

Answer 723

A

48 | Minuchin is associated with structural family therapy, which emphasizes the nature of the family structure including the boundaries between family members.
a. Incorrect In fact, according to Minuchin, psychosomatic families are characterized by a consistent avoidance of conflict.
b. CORRECT According to Minuchin, diffuse (weak) boundaries are common in psychosomatic families.
c. Incorrect Ackerman is more associated with the importance of roles in family dysfunction.
d. Incorrect This describes “emotional divorce,” which is a term used by Bowen.

Answer 724

A

49 | This issue is addressed in Standard 8.09(g) of the APA’s Ethics Code and Principle II.46 of the Canadian Code of Ethics.
c. Incorrect Although minimizing stress and pain and applying stress or pain in a humane way would be important, this would be not be sufficient if alternative procedures are available and/or if causing stress or pain is not justified by the prospective value of the study’s results. Therefore, this is not the best answer of those given.
d. CORRECT Of the answers given, this one is most consistent with the provisions of the APA’s Ethics Code and the Canadian Code of Ethics.

Answer 725

A

50 | Peripheral neuropathy is caused by damage to the peripheral nerves as the result of a disorder of the nerves or a side effect of a systemic illness (e.g., diabetes, HIV disease, nutritional deficiencies). Its symptoms are divided into two types: positive (gain-of-function) and negative (loss-of-function).
a. Incorrect A “wooden feeling,” numbness, and a feeling that one is walking on sand or stilts are negative symptoms of peripheral neuropathy.
b. CORRECT Positive symptoms of peripheral neuropathy include a “pins and needles” sensation, pain, and itching.
c. Incorrect A mask-like facial expression is characteristic of Parkinson’s disease.
d. Incorrect A “dance-like” gait is characteristic of Huntington’s disease.

Answer 726

A

51 | In contrast to the traditional view that “stateways cannot change folkways” (e.g., you cannot legislate against racial prejudice), Allport asserts that, at least in the United States, stateways are often in advance of folkways.
c. CORRECT Allport proposes that, while laws do not prevent violations altogether, they do act as a restraint and can, therefore, break the vicious cycle of racial prejudice and discrimination. In other words, by terminating the overt signs of prejudice through legislation, the open expression of prejudice is discouraged and, eventually, thoughts and attitudes “fall into line.”

Answer 727

A

52 | This question is asking what a psychologist should do when a professional requests information about a current therapy client.
d. CORRECT Standard 4.05 of the APA’s Ethics Code and Principle I.45 of the Canadian Code of Ethics apply to this situation. They state that psychologists must disclose confidential information only with the consent of the client or when to do so is required or permitted by law. Even if there is a legal exception to privilege in this situation (answer b), that exception is not relevant to the release of information to the client’s attorney; and Dr. Leese should discuss the release with the client and obtain the client’s permission before giving the attorney confidential information.

Answer 728

A

53 | According to Seligman’s (1990) theory of learned optimism, the attributions of optimistic people are just the opposite of those made by depressed and other pessimistic people.
a. Incorrect This is an internal attribution and is not consistent with Seligman’s theory.
b. Incorrect This isn’t as good of a response as response c.
c. CORRECT Of the responses given, this one fits best with Seligman’s theory which proposes that optimistic people tend to make external, specific, and unstable (temporary) attributions for negative events.
d. Incorrect This is a global (rather than specific) attribution.

Answer 729

A

54 | This issue was investigated by W. Strauss and J. Carpenter in their longitudinal study of individuals with Schizophrenia [The prediction of outcome in Schizophrenia IV: Eleven-year follow-up of the Washington IPSS cohort, The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 179(9), 517-525, 1991].
c. CORRECT A key finding of the Strauss and Carpenter study is that the various domains of functioning are relatively independent – previous employment is the best predictor of current employment, past symptom severity is the best predictor of current symptom severity, etc.

Answer 730

A

55 | The man’s primary symptoms are grandiosity and lack of empathy.
a. Incorrect A diagnosis of Histrionic Personality Disorder requires a pattern of excessive emotionality and attention-seeking.
b. CORRECT These are the core features of Narcissistic Personality Disorder.
c. Incorrect A diagnosis of Schizotypal Personality Disorder requires the presence of pervasive social and interpersonal deficits and eccentricities in cognition, perception, and behavior.
d. Incorrect A diagnosis of Delusional Disorder is made in the presence of one or more nonbizarre delusions with unimpaired functioning apart from the impact of the delusions.

Answer 731

A

56 | This question suggests that the student does better in the presence of other students.
a. Incorrect The question does not say that the student is actually learning by observing the behavior of other students.
b. CORRECT Social facilitation occurs when the presence of others enhances performance.
c. Incorrect Deindividuation refers to increased willingness to engage in antisocial behaviors when one’s anonymity is maintained.
d. Incorrect Social comparison theory predicts that we judge our behavior by comparing it to that of comparable others.

Answer 732

A

57 | J. Conger’s model provides an explanation for alcohol addiction (Reinforcement theory and the dynamics of alcoholism, Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 17, 296-305, 1956).
c. CORRECT Conger’s theory proposes that drinking is reinforced by its tension reduction properties (i.e., drinking recurs because it removes anxiety and stress) and that this effect eventually leads to addiction.

Answer 733

A

58 | D. B. Sarwer and J. A. Durlak reported that the results of a field trial of behavioral sex therapy for 365 married couples indicated that therapy was successful across a range of sexual dysfunctions for 65% of couples, that outcomes were not related to gender, diagnosis, or history of sexual abuse, and that the number of sensate focus exercises completed in the last week of treatment was the best predictor of treatment outcome (A field trial of the effectiveness of behavioral treatment for sexual dysfunctions, Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy, 23, 87-97, 1997).
c. CORRECT All of the factors listed in the answers to this question have been found to be related to the outcomes of sex therapy. However, this question is asking specifically about the Sarwer and Durlak study, so answer c is the correct response. See, e.g., J. P. Wincze, A. K. Bach, & D. H. Barlow, Sexual dysfunction, in D. H. Barlow (Ed.), Clinical handbook of psychological disorders: A step-by-step treatment manual (pp. 615-661), New York, Guilford Press, 2008.

Answer 734

A

59 | A realistic job preview provides job applicants with realistic information about the job.
b. CORRECT An assumption underlying the use of realistic job previews is that disillusionment with the job is the primary cause of turnover. Realistic job previews attempt to reduce disillusionment and resulting turnover by providing accurate information about the job.

Answer 735

A

60 | The psychologist believes that self-efficacy beliefs mediate (are responsible for) the impact of the intervention on eating behaviors.
a. Incorrect A moderator variable is a variable that affects the strength of the relationship between independent variable (IV) and dependent variable (DV) but does NOT explain how the IV affects the DV. For example, if an intervention has beneficial effects for males but not for females, gender is a moderator variable.
b. CORRECT A mediator variable accounts for the relationship between an IV and a DV. In other words, “A” (the IV) causes “B” (the mediator), which then causes “C” (the DV).
c. Incorrect A confounding variable is a variable that makes it appear that there is a strong relationship between variables when there is actually a weak or no relationship. For example, if a researcher wants to evaluate the effects of lighting on reaction time and she does so by having the same subjects work in a well-lit room in the morning and a dimly lit room in the afternoon, fatigue may be a confounding variable. In this situation, any observed increase in reaction time in the dimly lit room might be due to increased fatigue that occurred as the result of the passage of time rather than to the change in lighting.
d. Incorrect A suppressor variable reduces or conceals the relationship between two variables. Consequently, statistically removing the effects of the suppressor variable increases the correlation between the two variables.

Answer 736

A

61 | The elaboration likelihood model (Petty and Cacioppo, 1980) distinguishes between central and peripheral processing routes.
a. Incorrect Locus of control is not part of the elaboration likelihood model.
b. Incorrect This situation is more likely to lead to peripheral processing of a persuasive message.
c. CORRECT A person is more likely to use the central route when he/she is highly motivated. Relevance of the message affects motivation.
d. Incorrect A weak message is more likely to result in peripheral processing of the message.

Answer 737

A

62 | For the exam, you want to be familiar with the interpretation of scores on the MMPI-2’s validity scales. Information on these scales is provided in the Psychological Assessment chapter of the written study materials.
d. CORRECT The purpose of the L (Lie) Scale is to indicate the degree to which the examinee has attempted to present himself or herself in a favorable light. It is used to determine whether the scores on the clinical scales can be considered valid.

Answer 738

A

63 | In a positively skewed distribution, the distribution of scores is extended by a few outliers on the positive end of the distribution. Note that knowing that the median is always the middle score in a distribution would have enabled you to eliminate answers b and d.
a. CORRECT Because the mean is affected more than the other measures of central tendency by outliers, it will be the largest number in a positively skewed distribution. The median is always the middle score so it will be second in magnitude, and the mode will be the smallest in magnitude. A figure that illustrates the relationships between the mean, median, and mode is included in the Statistics and Research Design chapter of the written study materials.
c. Incorrect This describes a negatively skewed distribution.

Answer 739

A

64 | Multiple cutoff is a method for combining predictor scores that involves establishing minimum cut-off scores for each predictor. If an examinee falls below the cut-off for even one predictor, he or she will be rejected.
a. CORRECT The applicant in this case was not hired because he did not pass all of the tests used for prediction. As noted above, when multiple cutoff is used, all of the predictor tests must be passed.
b. Incorrect The multiple cutoff technique is noncompensatory; that is, a high score on one measure does not compensate for a low score on another measure.
c. Incorrect In this case, scores on two or more predictors are combined to predict membership in three or more criterion groups. This procedure is known as multiple discriminant analysis.
d. Incorrect In this case, a score on a test is interpreted in terms of a comparison to the scores of successful employees and is not a description of the multiple-cutoff technique.

Answer 740

A

65 | Legally, three conditions must be met for a claim of malpractice. These are defined by answers a, b, and c.
a. Incorrect This is a condition for malpractice.
b. Incorrect This is a condition for malpractice.
c. Incorrect This is a condition for malpractice.
d. CORRECT This is not a condition for malpractice.

Answer 741

A

66 | The multitrait-multimethod matrix organizes information about a test’s convergent validity and discriminant (divergent) validity which, in turn, provide information about a test’s construct validity.
c. CORRECT The correlation between the newly developed test (the test that is being validated) and a measure of the same or a related trait provides information about the test’s convergent validity. When that correlation is relatively large (and a correlation of .91 is considered a large correlation), this suggests that the test has an adequate level of convergent validity.
d. Incorrect A low correlation with a test that measures a different trait would provide evidence of discriminant validity.

Answer 742

A

67 | There seems to be a close relationship between pain and depression with pain either producing depressive symptoms or depression increasing the intensity of pre-existing pain.
a. Incorrect Chronic pain syndrome refers to the depressive symptoms that are often the result of long-term pain.
b. CORRECT The clue is the man’s loss of his job, which is certainly a potential precipitant of depression. The research has shown that depression can magnify pre-existing pain.
c. Incorrect Conversion disorder is suggested when physical symptoms that mimic a neurological disturbance (e.g., paralysis, blindness) apparently have no actual physical cause.
d. Incorrect There is nothing in the question that suggests that the man’s pain is helping him gain external rewards, which would be the case with Malingering.

Answer 743

A

68 | Berscheid’s emotion-in-relationship model proposes that emotion in a close relationship is elicited when a partner’s behavior disrupts the status quo.
a. Incorrect See explanation for response b.
b. CORRECT According to Berscheid, it is more difficult to do something pleasant and unexpected in the later stages of a relationship. Therefore, it is more difficult to elicit positive emotions from one’s partner in the later stages of a relationship than in the initial stages.

Answer 744

A

69 | Mania and hypomania both involve “an abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood” (DSM-IV-TR, p.357 & p. 365).
a. Incorrect A manic episode lasts at least one week (or is of any duration if hospitalization is required); a hypomanic episode lasts at least four days.
b. Incorrect A “fluctuating course” does not distinguish between mania and hypomania.
c. CORRECT Hypomania is characterized by symptoms similar to those of mania except that they are not sufficiently severe to cause impairment in social or occupational functioning or to require hospitalization.
d. Incorrect Delusions and hallucinations are never present in hypomania but may be present in mania.

Answer 745

A

70 | Yalom views the therapist as both a “technical expert” and an “active participant/model.”
d. CORRECT Yalom advocates responsible self-disclosure by the therapist, for example, because it facilitates the therapist’s participation in the group and allows the therapist to act as a model of desirable behavior.

Answer 746

A

71 | Troiden’s (1988) Gay/Lesbian (Homosexual) Identity Development Model distinguishes between four age-related stages: sensitization, self-recognition, identity assumption, and commitment. Additional information about these stages is provided in the Clinical Psychology chapter of the written study materials.
a. Incorrect This is characteristic of the self-recognition stage which occurs at the onset of puberty.
b. Incorrect This is characteristic of the identity assumption stage.
c. CORRECT The sensitization stage usually occurs in middle childhood. During this stage, the individual feels different from and experiences less opposite-sex interests than his/her peers and begins to have homosexual feelings without understanding the implications of those feelings for self-identity.
c. Incorrect This is not characteristic of the sensitization stage.

Answer 747

A

72 | Survivor syndrome refers to characteristic symptoms exhibited by individuals who remain on-the-job during downsizing.
a. Incorrect Outplacement programs are important for the adjustment of individuals who have been laid off rather than for those who are still on-the-job.
b. CORRECT Providing information to employees about the purpose of layoffs, steps taken to avoid or minimize layoffs, and how layoff decisions are made has been found to be an effective way for minimizing negative reactions among downsizing survivors.

Answer 748

A

73 | The symptoms listed in the question are collectively referred to as “anticholinergic effects.”
a. Incorrect See explanation for response b.
b. CORRECT ACh (acetylcholine) is one of the neurotransmitters classified as “cholinergic.” Drugs that block acetylcholine activity produce anticholinergic effects.
c. Incorrect Glycine is found in the spinal cord and exerts an inhibitory effect.
d. Incorrect Glutamate is associated with learning and memory and the effects of alcohol.

Answer 749

A

74 | The Vineland Adaptive Behavioral Scales, Second Edition (Vineland-II) is a measure of adaptive behavior.
a. CORRECT The Vineland-II provides a measure of personal and social skills needed for everyday living and is used to assist in the diagnosis of Mental Retardation.

Answer 750

A

75 | This is one of those questions you probably could have answered correctly without being familiar with the research.
d. CORRECT Monetary incentives seem to have a positive effect on goal achievement (especially when they are tied specifically to achievement) regardless of the circumstances. (Although some research suggests that monetary incentives can actually have a detrimental effect when goals are self-set, this isn’t addressed by any of the answers, so this response is the best one. See M. Erez, et al., Effects of goal difficulty, self-set goals, and monetary rewards on dual task performance, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processing, 47, 247-269, 1990.)

Answer 751

A

76 | The outcomes associated with different work shifts are summarized in the Industrial-Organizational Psychology chapter of the written study materials.
b. CORRECT Studies comparing the impact of the various work shifts have not produced entirely consistent results. However, it does appear that the night shift is associated with the highest accident rates and lowest performance, apparently as the result of sleep deprivation. In contrast, the swing shift has the most negative impact on family and other social relationships.

Answer 752

A

77 | This is an example of questions you might encounter on the exam that ask about a familiar concept in an unfamiliar context.
a. Incorrect Esoteric means “requiring or demonstrating knowledge that is restricted to a small or initiated group.”
b. Incorrect Emergent means “arising unexpectedly” or “arising as a natural outcome or consequence.”
c. Incorrect Emic refers to ideas, beliefs, behaviors, etc. that are unique or specific to a particular group.
d. CORRECT Etic refers to ideas, beliefs, behaviors, etc. that are universal. Quality of life indicators that apply across people from different age groups and different geographic regions have etic properties, while those that apply to only certain age groups or people in certain regions have emic properties.

Answer 753

A

78 | To investigate how a person is thinking about a problem, you would want to have him/her “think aloud” while solving the problem.
a. Incorrect This technique, which is also called behavioral coding, is used to identify problems with surveys and questionnaires in order to revise them.
b. CORRECT Protocol analysis involves having the individual think aloud while solving a problem and then evaluating the protocol (transcript) to clarify the individual’s problem-solving process.

Answer 754

A

79 | In her discussion of the cognitive treatment of Multiple Personality Disorder–now termed Dissociative Identity Disorder, C. G. Fine (in A. Freeman (Ed.), Comprehensive casebook of cognitive therapy, 1992) emphasizes the importance of establishing a therapeutic relationship with the client. Her position is consistent with that of other cognitive therapists who view the development of a therapeutic alliance as a critical initial step in treatment.
a. Incorrect Although cognitive therapy is collaborative, the identification of treatment goals would follow the establishment of a working alliance.
b. Incorrect The term “cognitive diagnosis” is a made-up term. Also, treatment planning is not an initial step but, instead, follows establishing a working alliance and identifying or clarifying the client’s problems.
c. Incorrect Cognitive therapists do look at antecedents (e.g., automatic thoughts as well as aspects of the client’s background that may have contributed to the client’s problem) and consequences. However, this is not an initial step in therapy.
d. CORRECT As noted above, an initial goal in cognitive therapy is to establish a good working alliance.

Answer 755

A

80 | Knowing that the Papez circuit is one of the major pathways of the limbic system and that the limbic system is referred to as the “emotional brain” would have helped you identify the correct answer to this question.
a. CORRECT Papez (1937) was among the first researchers to propose the existence of a neuroanatomical circuit that mediates emotion. As described by Papez, this circuit includes the hippocampus, mammillary bodies, cingulate gyrus, and anterior nuclei of the thalamus. In addition to controlling the experience

Answer 756

A

81 | Private speech refers to a preschool child’s talking aloud to him/herself while engaging in daily activities.
a. Incorrect This is Piaget’s interpretation of private speech.
b. CORRECT Vygotsky believed that private (self-directed) speech is essential for cognitive development and is a source of self-guidance for young children.
c. Incorrect This describes figurative speech (the deliberate use of words in a figurative, rather than literal, way).

Answer 757

A

82 | According to Piaget, much of the cognitive development that occurs during the sensorimotor stage is the result of circular reactions, in which the child learns to reproduce a pleasurable or interesting experience that originally occurred by chance. Piaget distinguished between three types of circular reactions – primary, secondary, and tertiary.
a. Incorrect Piaget considered reflexes to be the “building blocks” of cognitive development from birth to 1 month.
b. Incorrect Primary circular reactions predominate from ages 1 to 4 months. They involve simple motor habits that center around the baby’s own body (e.g., thumb sucking).
c. CORRECT Secondary circular reactions predominate from ages 4 to 8 months and are actions involving other people or objects. For example, at this stage, an infant may learn that grabbing a rattle with his/her hand and shaking it produces an interesting noise.
d. Incorrect Tertiary circular reactions predominate from ages 12 to 18 months and involve varying an original action on an external object to see what happens.

Answer 758

A

83 | This question is somewhat incomprehensible but a glance at the responses may have helped you recognize what it is referring to.
a. Incorrect The Ponzo effect (or illusion) is the result of the way our eyes judge distance and size. It is used to explain why the moon seems larger at the horizon.
b. Incorrect The Barnum effect is the tendency of people to accept vague or general descriptions as accurate descriptions of themselves.
c. CORRECT If you are familiar with the Stroop Test (described in the Psychological Assessment chapter), you know that it provides the examinee with a list of color names that are printed in different colors (e.g., “green” might be printed in red) and requires the examinee to say the color of the print. There are many explanations for why people have trouble doing this: One is that reading automaticity (the natural tendency to read the word) interferes with the ability to name the color of the print.
d. Incorrect The Zeigarnik effect predicts that people remember unfinished tasks better than finished ones.

Answer 759

A

84 | Miller (1956) proposed that the average capacity of short-term memory (STM) is between 5 and 9 (7 + or - 2) distinct units and that the ability to hold larger amounts of information in STM is due to the chunking (grouping) of related items of information.
a. CORRECT As an example, to maintain a string of 21 numbers in STM, you might chunk the numbers into groups of three, resulting in seven units of information.

Answer 760

A

85 | Physical guidance involves manually guiding the individual through the desired movements.
d. CORRECT Physical guidance may be a necessary component of overcorrection in order to ensure that the individual engages in the positive practice that is part of this intervention.

Answer 761

A

86 | Several Standards of the Ethics Code apply to this situation. For example, Standard 2.01(b) states that when differences in race or ethnicity might affect a psychologist’s ability to work, he/she obtains “the training, experience, consultation, or supervision necessary to ensure the competence of [his/her] services.”
a. Incorrect Since it appears that expertise in working with members of this culturally-diverse group is important for his position at the mental health clinic, it would be better for Dr. Callow to gain that expertise.
b. Incorrect Taking a course does not seem to be sufficient in this situation.
c. CORRECT Of the answers given, this one seems to represent the most ethical course of action. It is consistent with the requirements of Standard 2.01(c), which states that “Psychologists planning to provide services, teach, or conduct research involving populations, areas, techniques, or technologies new to them undertake relevant education, training, supervised experience, consultation, or study.” Even though he has had no prior experience with members of this group, consultation would be the best course of action for Dr. Callow because he is competent to provide the type of treatment.
d. Incorrect See explanation for response c. It would be better for Dr. Callow to seek consultation prior to treating these populations, and not “only” if a problem arises.

Answer 762

A

87 | Phobic individuals typically avoid the conditioned stimuli that elicit an anxiety or fear reaction.
a. CORRECT Because the phobic individual avoids the conditioned stimulus, he/she never has an opportunity to learn that exposure to it will not result in negative consequences (i.e., that the CS will not be followed by the US). Thus, extinction of the anxiety response does not occur.
b. Incorrect “Automatically conditioned” doesn’t make sense.
c. Incorrect From a classical conditioning perspective, phobic reactions are conditioned, not unconditioned, responses.
d. Incorrect Although this may be true in some cases, it does not explain why phobias are so persistent.

Answer 763

A

88 | Use of the Taylor-Russell tables estimates the percent of employees who will be satisfactory if a new selection technique is used, and requires three pieces of information – the test’s validity coefficient, the selection ratio, and the base rate.
a. Incorrect The proportion of current employees who are considered successful is the “base rate.” A new selection test will be most useful when the base rate is moderate (around 50%).
b. CORRECT All other things being equal, a new selection test will be most useful for selecting job applicants when the selection ratio is low (i.e., there are few jobs and many applicants).
c. Incorrect This is not a factor that is considered when using the Taylor-Russell tables to evaluate the usefulness of a selection test.
d. Incorrect This is not a factor that is considered when using the Taylor-Russell tables.

Answer 764

A

89 | This is one of those “distant galaxy” questions but considering the meaning of the words listed in the answers may have helped you recognize the correct response.
a. CORRECT Semantic refers to “meaning,” and semantic bootstrapping is a term used in the field of psycholinguistics to describe how children use their knowledge of the meaning of words to infer their syntactical category which, in turn, allows them to understand syntactical rules and construct grammatically correct sentences.
b. Incorrect Prosodic bootstrapping refers to using the prosody (pitch, rhythm, etc.) of an utterance to make deductions about syntax.
c. Incorrect Syntactic bootstrapping refers to using syntactical information to make deductions about a word’s meaning.
d. Incorrect Morphological bootstrapping refers to using knowledge about morphemes to deduce the syntax or meaning of a word – e.g., deducing that a word is an action word (verb) because it ends in “ing.”

Answer 765

A

90 | Klein introduced the notion of projective identification and defined it as a mechanism that is revealed in fantasies in which the subject inserts the self (in part or whole) into the object in order to possess or control the object. It can be considered a type of projection.
a. CORRECT Projective identification underlies a number of pathological conditions and is responsible for severe difficulties in establishing one’s own identity and in feeling secure enough to establish relationships with others. See, e.g., C. Cooper, Psychodynamic therapy: The Kleinian approach, in W. Dryden (Ed.), Handbook of individual therapy, London, Sage, 1996.
b. Incorrect This is an example of splitting.
c. Incorrect This sounds more like transference.
d. Incorrect This is an example of theme interference.

Answer 766

A

91 | An important aspect of managed health care are the ethical and legal dilemmas that it can create.
a. Incorrect This action would not be ethical and basically constitutes abandonment of the client.
b. Incorrect Although a referral might be the action that is eventually taken, in most cases, it would not be the best first course of action from either an ethical or legal perspective.
c. Incorrect If it becomes necessary to end the therapeutic relationship, providing the client with free sessions during the termination period would be an ethical course of action. However, this is not the best answer of those given.
d. CORRECT In his discussion of “Legal Liability and Managed Care,” P. S. Appelbaum concludes that a psychologist’s ethical and legal obligation in cases such as this one is to appeal the reviewer’s decision (American Psychologist, 48(3), 251-7, 1993).

Answer 767

A

92 | General Principle B (Fidelity and Responsibility) of the Ethics Code applies in this situation. It states that “Psychologists strive to contribute a portion of their professional time for little or no compensation or personal advantage.”
a. Incorrect The Ethics Code clearly does not prohibit the provision of free services.
b. Incorrect The Ethics Code does not advise against providing free services.
c. CORRECT Of the responses given, this one best describes the requirements of the Ethics Code since the General Principles are aspirational (not enforceable) guidelines.
d. Incorrect Principle F only encourages psychologists to provide services for which they

Answer 768

A

93 | The predictive validity of interviews and other selection techniques is summarized in Schmidt and Hunter’s (1998) meta-analysis of the research.
a. Incorrect The Schmidt and Hunter meta-analysis found that measures of general mental ability are the most valid predictors across different jobs.
d. CORRECT L. Schmidt and J. E. Hunter report corrected validity coefficients of .51 and .38 for structured and unstructured interviews, respectively. They also report that the predictive validity of interviews is increased when an interview is combined with another selection procedure, especially a general mental ability test [The validity and utility of selection measures in personnel psychology: Practical and theoretical implications of 85 years of research findings, Psychological Bulletin, 124(2), 262-274, 1998].

Answer 769

A

94 | If you’re familiar with the multivariate techniques described in the Statistics and Research Design chapter, you may have been able to identify the correct answer to this question through the process of elimination.
a. Incorrect Path analysis is used to test hypotheses about the causal relationships among three or more variables.
b. CORRECT Logit analysis is the appropriate multivariate technique in this situation.
c. Incorrect Multiple regression requires the predictors and criterion to be measured on a continuous scale.
d. Incorrect Canonical correlation is used when there are multiple IVs and multiple DVs that are all measured on a continuous scale.

Answer 770

A

95 | As noted in the ethics and professional issues chapter of the written study materials, teaching psychology at a university is not listed as a psychological service in theGeneral Guidelines for Providers of Psychological Services.
a. Incorrect This activity is defined as being a psychological service.
b. CORRECT As noted above, this activity is not defined as a psychological service.
c. Incorrect This activity is considered a psychological service.
d. Incorrect This activity is considered a psychological service.

Answer 771

A

96 | In recent decades, many psychoanalysts have broadened their view of countertransference. This shift can be traced to the work of Klein, Winnicott, and Kernberg who considered countertransference reactions to stem as much (or more) from the patient as from the analyst. (See G. O. Gabbard, Theories of personality and psychopathology: Psychoanalysis, in H. I. Kaplan and B. J. Sadock, Comprehensive textbook of psychiatry/VI, Baltimore,, Williams and Wilkins, 1995.)
b. CORRECT Countertransference is viewed by some psychoanalysts as the analyst’s total response to the client, a response that has as much to do with the client as with the analyst’s past. Consequently, the analyst’s countertransference feelings can give him/her some insight into the client’s processes.

Answer 772

A

97 | The magnitude of a test’s reliability coefficient (and any other correlation coefficient) is affected by several factors including the variability of scores.
c. CORRECT The greater the variability (range) of scores, the higher the reliability coefficient. In the situation described in the question, the second sample was more heterogeneous with regard to test anxiety, which means their distribution of scores would have wider variability.

Answer 773

A

98 | Patterson et al.’s family interaction model proposes that children learn aggressive behaviors from their parents who use harsh discipline and reward their children’s aggressiveness with approval and attention.
a. CORRECT The intervention developed by Patterson and his colleagues for aggressive children focuses on the parents and, in particular, on their child management skills.

Answer 774

A

99 | There are several actions that can be taken when a subpoena is received. Asserting the privilege is certainly one possibility but is not necessarily the best first course of action.
d. CORRECT Of the responses given, this is the best choice. When a client does not want confidential information revealed, the requesting party can be contacted to see if the request can be rescinded or modified, thereby avoiding further legal steps. Of course, another alternative would be to attend the deposition and assert the privilege, but this may be less desirable than first attempting to work out a compromise that is agreeable to all parties and it is not given as an option.

Answer 775

A

100 | Dating students is addressed by two Standards of the APA’s Ethics Code: Standard 3.05 discourages multiple relationships and Standard 7.07 prohibits sexual relationships with students over whom a psychologist has direct or evaluative authority.
a. Incorrect The Ethics Code does not explicitly prohibit psychologists from dating all students but only those over whom they have evaluative authority. It also prohibits multiple relationships only when the relationship may harm or exploit the other person.
b. Incorrect If Betty is a graduate student in the psychology department and/or is likely to be in one of Al’s classes, dating her would be prohibited by the multiple relationship clause.
c. CORRECT If Betty is a student in another department, it would likely be acceptable for Al to accompany her to the play and become involved with her.
d. Incorrect As noted above, this situation is covered by the Ethics Code.

Answer 776

A

101 | Stage 3 is the first stage in Kohlberg’s conventional level of moral development. It is referred to as the “Good Boy/Good Girl” stage and is characterized by a strong belief in the Golden Rule.
a. Incorrect This approach would probably be most effective for a child in Stage 2.
b. CORRECT Children in Stage 3 are cognitively able to put themselves in the place of others and, therefore, consider the feelings of others when making moral judgments. Consequently, this approach would be most effective with a child who is in this stage.
c. Incorrect Law and authority determine “right” and “wrong” for children in Stage 4.
d. Incorrect Although this approach may be beneficial, it is not addressed by Kohlberg’s theory.

Answer 777

A

102 | The ethical problem referred to in this question is the withholding of treatment to control group subjects for the duration of the research study.
a. CORRECT In single-subject designs, subjects act as their own controls. An ideal single-subject design in this situation would be the AB or the multiple-baseline design. These designs do not require removal of a treatment during the course of the study.
b. Incorrect Cross-sectional designs are used to assess the effects of an independent variable across different age groups.
c. Incorrect A placebo control group requires that some subjects receive no treatment (the placebo) during the course of the study and would not overcome the ethical problem associated with a wait-list control group.
d. Incorrect “Clinical trials” refers to research conducted in clinical settings and may involve a wait-list or placebo control group.

Answer 778

A

103 | The age at which developmental milestones are reached vary considerably from child to child, so it is difficult to make generalizations. Most (but, unfortunately, not all) authorities list it as beginning at about 6 to 8 months of age.
b. CORRECT The intensity of separation anxiety continues to increase during the first half of the second year and subsequently declines.

Answer 779

A

104 | Sensory memory holds information from all of the senses for a very brief period of time.
a. CORRECT Estimates of the duration of sensory memory vary somewhat from author to author, but it is generally described as being less than two seconds.
b. Incorrect Information in sensory memory cannot be deliberately retained through attention, rehearsal, or other techniques

Answer 780

A

105 | A paired associate task requires the individual to respond with one member of a pair when presented with the other member. A serial learning task requires the individual to learn and recall a list of words in a particular order.
a. CORRECT These tasks are frequently used in the study of verbal learning.

Answer 781

A

106 | The positive hit rate is the proportion of people who would have been selected on the basis of their predictor scores and were also successful on the criterion.
b. CORRECT The positive hit rate is calculated by dividing the number of true positives by the total number of positives.

Answer 782

A

107 | When hired by a defendant’s attorney to evaluate the defendant for a court case, the limits of confidentiality must be discussed prior to conducting the evaluation.
b. CORRECT In this situation, the client should be advised that information will be shared only with his attorney unless the client and his attorney decide to use it to support an insanity or similar defense. See, e.g., G. B. Melton et al., Psychological evaluation for the courts, New York, Guilford Press, 1997.

Answer 783

A

108 | For the exam, you want to be familiar with the four behavioral techniques listed in the answers to this question.
a. Incorrect Overcorrection is a form of positive punishment that entails applying a penalty following an undesirable behavior in order to eliminate the behavior. Its use may involve one or both of two penalties: Restitution involves having the person correct any negative effects of his or her behavior, while positive practice requires the person to practice more appropriate behaviors.
b. Incorrect The Premack Principle is an application of positive reinforcement that involves using a high-frequency behavior as a positive reinforcer for a low-frequency behavior.
c. CORRECT Systematic desensitization consists of three components: relaxation training, construction of an anxiety hierarchy, and pairing relaxation with the anxiety-eliciting stimuli contained in the hierarchy.
d. Incorrect Covert sensitization is a type of aversive counterconditioning (aversion therapy) that involves having the individual imagine engaging in the undesirable behavior and then imagine an aversive stimulus so that the undesirable behavior eventually elicits the response naturally elicited by the aversive stimulus.

Answer 784

A

109 | The EPPP is a requirement for licensure in the United States and Canada.
a. Incorrect See explanation for response b.
b. CORRECT As described by the ASPPB, the EPPP is designed “to evaluate the knowledge that should have been acquired by any candidate who is seeking licensure to practice psychology.” It has not been validated as a predictor of actual job performance or as a method for determining the need for additional training

Answer 785

A

110 | As its name implies, strategic family therapy involves the use of “strategies.”
a. Incorrect This is not characteristic of strategic family therapy.
b. Incorrect This is not characteristic of strategic family therapy.
c. CORRECT Of the responses given, this one is the best example of the techniques used by a strategic family therapist. The therapist is assigning the couple a task that will help them face their own conflicts.
d. Incorrect This is also not typical of strategic family therapy

Answer 786

A

111 | Nathan Ackerman, a psychoanalyst and child psychiatrist, began investigating the role of family dynamics in the 1930s; and, in the 1940s, he started developing clinical techniques that applied psychoanalytic principles to the treatment of preschool children and their families.
a. CORRECT Ackerman is considered a pioneer in the assessment and treatment of families and the first to integrate the psychoanalytic approach with a systems approach in assessing and treating families.
b. Incorrect Whitaker applied experiential (humanistic) principles to family therapy.
c. Incorrect Stuart was an early contributor to behavioral family therapy.
d. Incorrect Liberman is a major figure in behavioral family therapy.

Answer 787

A

112 | According to Rogers, for an individual to achieve self-actualization, his/her sense of self must remain unified, organized, and whole.
b. CORRECT Rogers believed that the self can become disorganized when there is incongruence between the self and experience. This occurs when the individual experiences conditions of worth (e.g., is given attention or affection only when he/she acts in certain ways.). Incongruence can lead to anxiety, which the individual may attempt to alleviate by denying or distorting the self and/or the experience.

Answer 788

A

113 | Knowing that Cohen’s d indicates the difference between groups (usually treatment and no treatment groups) in terms of standard deviation units would have helped you identify the correct answer to this question.
a. CORRECT A standard deviation of .50 is twice the size of a standard deviation of .25.

Answer 789

A

114 | According to the General Guidelines, a “user” of clinical and counseling psychological services includes direct users, third party purchasers, sanctioners, and public/private facilities and organizations receiving psychological services.
a. Incorrect The users of psychological services are not limited to direct users only.
b. Incorrect The users of psychological services are not limited to direct users and third party purchasers only.
c. Incorrect The users of psychological services are not limited to direct users, third party purchasers, and sanctioners only.
d. CORRECT All of these are defined as users of psychological services in the General Guidelines.

Answer 790

A

115 | Tizard et al.’s research indicates that “late adoptees” (children placed in adoptive homes after age 4) are able to form strong bonds when the adoption occurs by six years of age.
c. CORRECT Although these researchers found that children adopted between the ages of 4 and 6 did develop strong bonds with their adoptive parents, their data also revealed that these children had higher-than-normal rates of emotional and social problems in childhood and adolescence, including an excessive need for adult attention and “overfriendliness” toward unfamiliar adults [J. Hodges and B. Tizard, Social and family relationships of ex-institutionalized adolescents, Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 30, 77-97, 1989].

Answer 791

A

116 | Principal components analysis is similar to factor analysis and is used to identify a set of variables that accounts for all (or nearly all) of the total variance in a set of test scores.
b. CORRECT Principal components are extracted so that the first component accounts for the largest amount of variability in test scores; the second component accounts for the second largest amount of variability, etc.

Answer 792

A

117 | For the exam, you want to be familiar with the functions of all of the brain structures listed in the answers to this question.
a. Incorrect The arcuate fasciculus is a neural pathway that connects Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas. Damage to this structure has been linked to aphasia but not to ADHD, OCD, and Tourette’s Disorder.
b. CORRECT The basal ganglia include the caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus and are involved in the planning, execution, and speed of motor activity. Abnormalities in the basal ganglia have been linked to the disorders listed in this question.
c. Incorrect Abnormalities in the mammillary bodies has been linked to memory impairment.
d. Incorrect The entorhinal cortex plays an important role in memory, and lesions in this structure have been linked to Alzheimer’s dementia.

Answer 793

A

118 | This issue is addressed in Standard 6.04(a): Fees and Financial Arrangements.
d. CORRECT “As early as is feasible” is the language used in the Ethics Code and, therefore, is the best answer to this question.

Answer 794

A

119 | Social loafing theory predicts that people will, at least in certain circumstances, exert less effort when working in a group than when working alone.
c. CORRECT This makes sense: You’re more likely to “loaf” when working in a large group and your individual contribution will not be evaluated or recognized.

Answer 795

A

120 | French and Raven’s (1959) six bases of social power are described in the Social Psychology chapter of the written study materials.
a. CORRECT In this situation, the supervisor has become a “significant reference person” for the intern – i.e., the supervisor’s influence stems from the intern’s desire to identify with (or “be like”) the influential person.
b. Incorrect A person has reward power when he/she controls desirable rewards.
c. Incorrect A person has expert power when he/she has superior knowledge or expertise.
d. Incorrect A person has legitimate power when he/she has authority, status, or social position.

Answer 796

A

121 | Not surprisingly, past behavior is the best predictor of future behavior.
a. Incorrect Although drug use by parents or other family members is a good predictor of adolescent drug abuse, it’s not as accurate as prior drug use.
b. Incorrect This also is not as strong of a predictor as prior drug use.
c. CORRECT Use of tobacco, alcohol, and/or marijuana (which are referred to as “gateway” drugs in the literature) is the single-best predictor of illicit drug use and drug abuse by adolescents. See M. A. Pentz, Primary prevention of adolescent drug abuse, in C. B. Fisher and R. M. Lerner (Eds.),Applied developmental psychology, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1994.
d. Incorrect Depression is not as predictive as previous drug use.

Answer 797

A

122 | High expressed emotion refers to the hostility, criticism, and emotional over-involvement that family members express toward a patient with a mental disorder and has been linked to negative outcomes for several psychiatric disorders.
a. CORRECT High expressed emotion was originally linked to a higher risk for relapse for patients with Schizophrenia and was subsequently linked to relapse and other negative outcomes for other psychiatric disorders as well. See, e.g., R. L. Butzlaff and J. M. Hooley, Expressed emotion and psychiatric relapse: A meta-analysis, Archives of General Psychiatry, 55, 547-552, 1998.

Answer 798

A

123 | Even if you’re not familiar with the concept being asked about in this question, you may have been able to identify the correct term since it “sounds like” what it is.
a. Incorrect Reaction range refers to the fact that a genotype can result in a range of phenotypes depending on the influence of environmental factors.
b. Incorrect In terms of development, plasticity refers to an individual’s ability to adapt or change in response to challenges and opportunities.
c. Incorrect Canalization refers to the tendency for aspects of development that are genetically determined to return to their normal course of development following disruption due to environmental factors.
d. CORRECT The children described in this question are deliberately seeking environments (“niches”) that are compatible with their genetic makeup – and this is referred to as niche-picking.

Answer 799

A

124 | The effects of maternal employment on children are mediated by several factors.
a. Incorrect The effects of maternal employment on social adjustment seem to be related to gender and SES: Some studies suggest that girls benefit in terms of social adjustment when their mothers work outside the home, while boys (especially middle-class boys) may exhibit some problems in social relationships (e.g., they are at higher risk for “acting-out” behaviors).
b. CORRECT A consistent finding of the research is that children with working mothers have more egalitarian views about gender roles and less traditional stereotypes of male and female activities than do children with mothers who are full-time homemakers.
c. Incorrect The research has generally found that maternal employment is not associated with a decrease in the time that mothers spend with their children or with the affection that mothers give their children.
d. Incorrect There is evidence that the effects of maternal employment on children’s academic achievement are related to SES: Some studies have found that maternal employment is associated with higher academic achievement for boys from low-income families but lower academic achievement for boys from higher-income families.

Answer 800

A

125 | In this situation, Benny is using a gender stereotype to explain a female student’s poor performance on a math test.
a. CORRECT A stereotype is a belief that links certain individual traits to specific social groups. Stereotypes are often overgeneralized or inaccurate and resistant to conflicting information.
b. Incorrect Marginalization is one of four levels of acculturation identified by Berry (1992) and refers to the rejection of one’s own minority culture and the culture of the majority group.
c. Incorrect Subtyping refers to accommodating individuals who do not fit one’s stereotype in order to preserve the stereotype.
d. Incorrect Social stigma refers to a characteristic that elicits disapproval from others because it is believed to violate social or cultural norms.

Answer 801

A

126 | Neuropathic pain is chronic pain that is due to a nervous system injury or dysfunction. The first-line treatments for neuropathic pain are analgesics, which include certain antidepressants, anticonvulsants, opioids, and local anesthetics.
a. CORRECT Antidepressant drugs that increase levels of both serotonin and norepinephrine not only reduce the depression that often accompanies neuropathic pain but also have analgesic properties. The tricyclic amitriptyline is one of the oldest and most widely used tricyclic drug for neuropathic pain.
b. Incorrect Although SSRIs are useful for alleviating the depression associated with neuropathic pain, they do not have analgesic properties.
c. Incorrect The neuroleptics have not been found useful for alleviating neuropathic pain.
d. Incorrect Tacrine hydrochloride is a cognitive-enhancer that is used to reduce cognitive deficits associated with Alzheimer’s dementia.

Answer 802

A

127 | Alzheimer’s Dementia is a progressive disorder, and its symptoms are often described in terms of three stages. Additional information about these stages is provided in the Abnormal Psychology chapter of the written study materials.
a. Incorrect Wandering, irritability, and anomia are more characteristic of the initial stage.
b. CORRECT These symptoms are characteristic of the second stage.
c. Incorrect Anterograde amnesia and wandering are characteristic of the first stage; urinary incontinence is characteristic of the final stage.
d. Incorrect These symptoms are characteristic of the third stage.

Answer 803

A

128 | To identify the correct answer to this question, you need to be familiar with the interpretations of scores on the MMPI-2’s F, L, and K scales.
a. Incorrect A high F scale score with low L and K scale scores suggests an attempt to “fake bad.”
b. Incorrect This pattern is not indicative of an attempt to “fake good.”
c. CORRECT A low score on the F (infrequency) scale indicates an absence of psychopathology, social conformity, or an attempt to “fake good”; a high score on the L (lie) scale suggests an attempt to “fake good,” conformity, or denial; and a high score on the K (correction) scale suggests an attempt to “fake good,” denial, or a lack of insight.
d. Incorrect Although an elevated L scale score suggests an attempt to “fake good,” a high F scale score and a low K scale score may indicate an attempt to “fake bad.”

Answer 804

A

129 | The use of a collection agency to obtain outstanding fees is addressed in Standard 6.04(e) of the Ethics Code.
d. CORRECT This answer is most consistent with Standard 6.04(e), which states that, “if the recipient of services does not pay for services as agreed, and if psychologists intend to use collection agencies or legal measures to collect the fees, psychologists first inform the person that such measures will be taken and provide that person an opportunity to make prompt payment.”

Answer 805

A

130 | The Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model distinguishes between five stages: conformity; dissonance; resistance and immersion; introspection; and integrative awareness.
a. CORRECT This stage is characterized by a preference for the dominant culture over one’s own culture.
b. Incorrect This stage is characterized by cultural conflict and confusion.
c. Incorrect The immersion stage is marked by an active rejection of the dominant (Anglo) society and acceptance of one’s own culture.
d. Incorrect Denial is not one of the stages of this model.

Answer 806

A

131 | To answer this question, you have to know that hemiplegia refers to partial or complete paralysis on one side of the body and that the right side of the body is controlled by the left side of the brain.
a. CORRECT Damage to the motor cortex could result in paralysis. Since the paralysis is on the right side of the body, this implies that the damage is to the motor cortex in the left hemisphere.

Answer 807

A

132 | The anterior cingulate cortex is located in the limbic cortex on the medial side of the cerebral hemispheres.
c. CORRECT A number of studies have confirmed that exposure to painful stimuli activates the anterior cingulate cortex. However, this structure does not appear to be involved in the perception of pain but, instead, in the emotional reaction to painful stimuli.
d. Incorrect See explanation for response c.

Answer 808

A

133 | The drug treatment-of-choice for Bipolar Disorder is currently lithium and/or an anti-seizure medication.
a. Incorrect Resperidone is an atypical antipsychotic drug.
b. CORRECT Carbamazepine (Tegretol) is an anti-seizure drug that has been found to be a useful treatment for patients with Bipolar Disorder who have not responded satisfactorily to other treatments or who cannot tolerate those treatments.
c. Incorrect Phenelzine is an MAOI and is used to treat depression.
d. Incorrect Clonazepam is an anti-anxiety drug.

Answer 809

A

134 | Unfortunately, the licensing exam will include three or four “distant galaxy” questions like this one that require you to be familiar with the details of a particular research study. When you encounter these questions in practice exams, try to memorize the information presented in those questions. When you encounter them on the licensing exam, take a deep breath and see if you have any knowledge that will help you make an “educated guess.”
b. CORRECT Jensen found that the average IQ difference between siblings in the same family was 11 points, while the average difference in IQs of the same person tested on two occasions a week apart was 4 points. (A. R. Jensen, The g factor: The science of mental ability, Westport, CT, Praeger, 1998.)

Answer 810

A

135 | Jalia’s behavior is characterized by instability – which, unfortunately, is characteristic of three of the four disorders listed. Therefore, you have to consider her other symptoms to identify the most likely diagnosis.
a. Incorrect Schizoid Personality Disorder should have been the easiest to eliminate as a correct answer since it is characterized by a restricted range of emotional expression.
b. Incorrect Jalia is not exhibiting the key features of Narcissistic Personality Disorder – i.e., a pattern of grandiosity, lack of empathy, and need for admiration.
c. Incorrect Histrionic Personality Disorder is characterized by a pattern of excessive emotionality and attention-seeking.
d. CORRECT Jalia’s symptoms are most consistent with the diagnostic criteria for Borderline Personality Disorder which is characterized by instability in self-image, interpersonal relationships, and affect.

Answer 811

A

136 | It would be necessary to obtain an informed consent from the clients before conducting the assessment, and the informed consent must include “an explanation of the nature and purpose of the assessment” [Standard 9.03(a)].
a. Incorrect This would not be sufficient.
b. Incorrect Psychological testing ordinarily does require a consent both in therapy and research settings, and, even when a formal consent is not required, appropriate information about the purpose of testing is mandated.
c. CORRECT The clients believe that they are being tested for diagnostic and treatment purposes. To use the test data for other reasons without their consent would be unethical.
d. Incorrect Dual (multiple) relationships are, of course, discouraged but are not entirely prohibited. There is no information provided in the question that suggests that this situation would constitute a potentially harmful multiple relationship, so this is not the best answer.

Answer 812

A

137 | In a clinical setting, when a psychologist is faced with an unfamiliar situation, the question of whether to refer the client to another therapist or seek supervision arises. Standard 2.01(a) of the APA’s Ethics Code states that “Psychologists provide services, teach, and conduct research with populations and in areas only within the boundaries of their competence, based on their education, training, supervised experience, consultation, study, or professional experience.”This principle suggests that, in deciding whether to seek supervision or make a referral, psychologists must consider their training and experience.
a. Incorrect While the psychologist does need further training in treating test anxiety, a literature review undertaken on one’s own is not sufficient study or training.
b. CORRECT Seeking consultation is probably the best course of action in this situation since Dr. Bascom does have experience and training with behavioral techniques. Such a course of action is consistent with Standard 2.01(a), which states that psychologists provide services involving new techniques “based on their education, training, supervised experience, consultation, study, or professional experience.”
c. Incorrect This is not an incorrect course of action, but it is not the best choice in this situation. While acceptable, a referral is not necessary since the psychologist has the training and experience necessary to use behavioral techniques. If the psychologist did not have such training and experience, a referral would be a better course of action.
d. Incorrect Since the psychologist has not used behavioral techniques specifically to treat test anxiety before, it would be better to obtain supervision.

Answer 813

A

138 | Implosive therapy and flooding are behavioral treatments based on the principles of classical conditioning.
a. Incorrect Exposure is to the conditioned, not the unconditioned, stimulus.
b. Incorrect Systematic desensitization utilizes counterconditioning.
c. Incorrect As noted above, both techniques are derived from classical (not operant)conditioning.
d. CORRECT Through exposure to the feared stimulus either in vivo (flooding) or in imagination (implosive therapy), the conditioned response is eventually extinguished.

Answer 814

A

139 | Transcortical aphasia results when the major speech areas in the left (dominant) hemisphere become isolated from other cortical areas due to a loss of blood supply.
a. Incorrect See explanation for response c.
b. Incorrect See explanation for response c.
c. CORRECT A person with transcortical aphasia is unable to verbally describe what he or she sees or desires and also has deficits in language comprehension. However, the person may be able to generate automatic-like responses (e.g., singing) and be able to repeat statements made by others. When the damage is limited to certain areas of the brain, the individual may exhibit a more limited type of transcortical aphasia – i.e., transcortical motor aphasia (intact comprehension with difficulties in producing speech) or transcortical sensory aphasia (difficulties in comprehension only).
d. Incorrect See explanation for response c.

Answer 815

A

140 | Partial (focal) seizures are due to abnormal electrical activity in one region of the brain.
a. CORRECT Typical symptoms of seizure activity in the temporal lobe are a change in perception, a sudden alteration in emotions (e.g., fear, sadness, happiness), and/or a sense of déjà vu.
b. Incorrect “Speech arrest” (an inability to speak) and other motor symptoms are associated with seizure activity in the frontal lobe.
c. Incorrect Unusual bodily sensations – e.g., tingling or warmth on the side of the body opposite the affected lobe – are caused by abnormal electrical activity in the parietal lobe.
d. Incorrect Flashing lights or strange colors are symptoms of abnormal activity in the occipital lobe.

Answer 816

A

141 | In this situation, smoking becomes self-punishing because of the amount of work (walking one mile) it will take in order to smoke.
a. Incorrect Reframing involves helping the client see a behavior in a different (and usually more positive) way.
b. Incorrect Symptom prescription (aka prescribing the symptom) involves instructing the client to engage in the undesirable behavior in order to help the client recognize that the behavior is under his/her control.
c. CORRECT Haley (1984) described several types of ordeals. One type involves having the individual perform an unpleasant or inconvenient act in order to engage in the target behavior – which is what this question describes.
d. Incorrect Restraining involves encouraging the client not to change in order to elicit resistance and thereby facilitate change.

Answer 817

A

142 | This issue is addressed in DSM-IV-TR, which states that many overactive toddlers do not go on to develop ADHD and, consequently, that care must be taken when assigning this diagnosis to young children.
a. Incorrect The DSM-IV-TR requires a duration of symptoms of at least six months.
b. Incorrect Although the DSM does require impaired functioning for the diagnosis, the problems can be related to social functioning rather than academics.
c. CORRECT Young children often exhibit some degree of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, making it difficult to distinguish between children with and without ADHD prior to age five or six.
d. Incorrect This is not cited in the literature as a reason for low rates of diagnosis in young children; and, in fact, parents are often (painfully) aware of their children’s excessive activity levels.

Answer 818

A

143 | As its name suggests, the levels-of-processing model assumes that memory for information is affected by the depth of processing of that information.
b. CORRECT The levels-of-processing model distinguishes between three levels – structural, phonemic, and semantic. The deepest and most effective level is the semantic (“meaning”) level, and elaborative rehearsal involves encoding information at the semantic level.

Answer 819

A

144 | Helms’s (1995) White Racial Identity Development Model distinguishes between six stages or statuses: contact, disintegration, reintegration, pseudo-independence, immersion-emersion, and autonomy. Each status is characterized by a different information-processing strategy (IPS), which are the methods the individual uses to reduce discomfort related to racial issues.
a. Incorrect Suppression of information and ambivalence are characteristic of the disintegration status.
b. Incorrect Obliviousness and denial are characteristic of the contact status.
c. Incorrect Flexibility and complexity are characteristic of the autonomy status.
d. CORRECT The combination of selective perception and negative out-group distortion is characteristic of the reintegration status. A person in this stage attempts to resolve moral conflicts about racism by idealizing White society and denigrating members of minority groups.

Answer 820

A

145 | Kirkpatrick (1976) distinguishes between four levels of training program evaluation – reaction, learning, behavioral, and results.
a. Incorrect Learning criteria measure how much trainees have learned.
b. Incorrect Behavioral criteria assess participants’ change in performance once they return to the job.
c. Incorrect Reaction criteria assess participants’ subjective reactions to the training program. Reaction criteria represent the first level in Kirkpatrick’s model and provide the least useful information.
d. CORRECT Results criteria are the fourth level in Kirkpatrick’s model and assess the value of the training program in terms of the organization’s goals. According to Kirkpatrick, the higher the level of evaluation, the more difficult and costly the evaluation process are but the more significant the information.

Answer 821

A

146 | According to DSM-IV-TR, the estimated prevalence of Schizophrenia ranges between 0.5% and 1.5%.
b. CORRECT One percent falls within the range of 0.5% and 1.5%.

Answer 822

A

147 | If you conduct separate t-tests in this study, you will have to make many comparisons Treatment 1 vs. Treatment 2, Treatment 1 vs. Treatment 3, Treatment 1 versus Treatment 4, Treatment 2 vs. Treatment 3, etc. As the number of comparisons in a study increases, so too does the probability of making a Type I error.
a. CORRECT An advantage of the one-way ANOVA (or any ANOVA) is that it helps control the “experimentwise error rate” (i.e., the probability of making a Type I error). If alpha is set at .05 for this study, for instance, the probability of making a Type I error would be help at 5%. In contrast, if the individual t-tests were conducted, each at the .05 level, the probability of making a Type I error would be much higher.
b. Incorrect The opposite is actually true because of the inverse relationship between Type I and Type II errors.
c. Incorrect The analysis of covariance is useful for this purpose.
d. Incorrect A study must include at least two independent variables to assess interaction effects. This study seems to have only one independent variable.

Answer 823

A

148 | The research has generally found that older adults benefit from cognitive-behavioral therapies and other forms of therapy to the same degree as do younger adults. However, the effectiveness of therapy with older adults may be enhanced when certain modifications to therapy are made. See, e.g., B. G. Knight and D. Satre, Cognitive behavioral therapy with older adults, Clinical Psychology: Science & Practice, 62(2), 188-203, 1999.
a. Incorrect Cognitive-behavioral therapy has been found to be an effective treatment for older adults for a variety of disorders including depression, anxiety, and insomnia and for coping with physical disability, chronic pain, and grief.
b. CORRECT Knight and Satre note that older adults generally benefit most from cognitive-behavior therapies when therapy is presented at a slower pace and is conducted at an abstract level (i.e., at a level that focuses on schemas and relationship scripts rather than on simple cognitions).
c. Incorrect This is the opposite of what is true. Because many of the problems faced by older adults are chronic, they are more likely to benefit from long-term interventions.
d. Incorrect This is also the opposite of what is true. The emotions of older adults are generally more complex than those of younger adults, and emotional reactions to events often consist of a mixture of positive and negative emotions. Consequently, it is usually best to focus on both the positive and negative connotations of emotions in therapy. In addition, allotting some time in therapy for older adults to reminisce about the past (rather than focusing only on the present) is beneficial.

Answer 824

A

149 | The multi-store (information processing) model divides memory into three components – sensory, short-term, and long-term.
c. CORRECT While sensory memory seems to be able to hold a large amount of incoming sensory information, it does so for no more than a few seconds.

Answer 825

A

150 | Delirium tremens (“DTs”) is referred to as alcohol withdrawal delirium in the DSM-IV-TR.
a. CORRECT The DTs involve delirium, delusions, hallucinations, agitated behavior, and autonomic hyperactivity (e.g., sweating, tachycardia).
b. Incorrect Slurred speech, nystagmus, and blackouts are symptoms of Alcohol Intoxication.
c. Incorrect The DTs are not associated with aphasia, amnesia, or confabulation. However, alcohol-induced persisting amnestic disorder (Korsakoff’s syndrome) is characterized by amnesia and confabulation.
d. Incorrect The DTs do not ordinarily involve amnesia. Further, they involve autonomic HYPERactivity, not HYPOactivity.

Answer 826

A

151 | The “fussy” cry varies in intensity, is less rhythmical than the other cries, and seems to function as a demand for a particular object or action.
a. CORRECT It is only during the first month of life that crying is purely physiological; i.e., is linked to hunger, anger, or pain. After that, the infant cries in response to environmental stimuli.

Answer 827

A

152 | Social loafing occurs when a worker puts forth less effort as a team member than he/she would have put forth working alone.
a. Incorrect Providing individual rewards actually reduces social loafing.
d. CORRECT A person is most likely to “loaf” when the group is large, which makes his/her individual contribution to the group less obvious. Additional information on social loafing is provided in the Industrial-Organizational Psychology chapter of the written study materials.

Answer 828

A

153 | Lithium has traditionally been the treatment-of-choice for Bipolar Disorder. Recent studies suggest, however, that carbamazepine and other anticonvulsant drugs are more effective for certain types of Bipolar Disorder.
b. CORRECT Lithium is still considered the best choice for classic Bipolar Disorder, while carbamazepine may be more effective for rapid cycling and for dysphoric mania (mania with prominent anxiety or depressive symptoms). Additional information about these drugs is provided in the Physiological Psychology and Psychopharmacology chapter of the written study materials.

Answer 829

A

154 | Most of the research on Agoraphobia and other phobic disorders has found the behavioral and cognitive-behavioral techniques to be most effective. However, the specific technique that is most effective depends on the exact nature of the disorder.
a. Incorrect Counterconditioning underlies systematic desensitization, which is more effective for simple phobias.
b. Incorrect Although relaxation might be a useful adjunct to in vivo exposure, it alone is not the most effective treatment.
c. CORRECT Agoraphobia is one of the few disorders that has been linked with a consistently effective treatment – i.e., in vivo exposure.
d. Incorrect Cognitive restructuring has not been found to be particularly effective for Agoraphobia.

Answer 830

A

155 | Prosopagnosia is the inability to recognize or identify individual faces.
c. CORRECT A person with prosopagnosia is unable to recognize familiar faces including, in some cases, his/her own face in a mirror or picture.

Answer 831

A

156 | For the exam, you want to be familiar with the basic assumptions and predictions of the major theories of motivation, which are described in the Industrial-Organizational Psychology chapter of the written study materials. .
a. Incorrect ERG theory predicts that people have three basic needs – existence, relatedness, and growth. From the perspective of ERG theory, opportunities for increased compensation may help satisfy an individual’s needs and thereby lead to increased satisfaction and motivation.
b. Incorrect Expectancy theory predicts that valued outcomes lead to increased satisfaction and motivation. There is no information provided in the question suggesting that the wage and incentive program is not valued by employees, so this is not the best response.
c. Incorrect Equity theory predicts that motivation is related to the comparisons we make between our input/outcome ratio and the input/outcome ratios of workers performing similar jobs. There is no information given in this questions suggesting that this type of comparison is responsible for the employees’ lack of response to the wage and incentive program.
d. CORRECT According to two-factor theory, lower-level needs such as physiological and safety needs have little effect on job satisfaction or motivation when they are fulfilled but produce dissatisfaction when they are unfulfilled. In contrast, higher-level needs have little effect on satisfaction and motivation when they are unfulfilled but increase satisfaction and motivation when they are fulfilled. Two-factor theory would, therefore, predict that financial incentives, which address lower-level needs, would not increase motivation and satisfaction.

Answer 832

A

157 | Job relatedness and business necessity are conditions that may permit the use of a selection procedure that is having an adverse impact for members of a protected group.
a. CORRECT If a selection or other employment procedure is found to be having adverse impact, the employer may be able to continue using the procedure if he/she can demonstrate that it is job related and a business necessity. See, e.g., the Americans

Answer 833

A

158 | The MMSE is a screening test that assesses six aspects of cognitive functioning: orientation, registration, attention and calculation, delayed recall, visual construction, and language.
b. CORRECT The MMSE is a screening tool for cognitive functioning and is especially useful for older adults.

Answer 834

A

159 | Piaget proposed that the ability to form mental representations occurs at the end of the sensorimotor stage.
a. Incorrect From 4 to 8 months of age, the child is in the secondary circular reactions substage of the sensorimotor stage.
b. Incorrect From 8 to 12 months, the child is in the coordinated secondary circular reactions substage.
c. Incorrect From 12 to 18 months, the child is in the tertiary circular reactions substage.
d. CORRECT From 18 to 24 months, the child is in the mental representation substage, which is characterized by the development of the ability to form internal representations of objects and events. (Note that some recent research suggests that deferred imitation and problem solving – which depend on mental representation – occur at an earlier age than Piaget proposed.)

Answer 835

A

160 | Of the theories listed, only one predicts that a task-oriented leader is most effective in extreme (highly favorable and highly unfavorable) conditions.
a. CORRECT Fielder proposed that low-LPC (task-oriented) leaders are most effective when the situation is either very favorable or very unfavorable in terms of the leader’s ability to lead.

Answer 836

A

161 | Bandura compared live modeling with participant modeling, symbolic modeling, and desensitization as treatments for snake and other phobias.
a. Incorrect Symbolic modeling would involve watching a filmed model handling a snake and is not the procedure described in the question.
b. CORRECT Studies on observational learning (modeling) have shown that it is most effective when live modeling is combined with having the individual perform the behavior with assistance from the model. This is referred to as participant modeling.
c. Incorrect In-vivo desensitization would probably involve a gradual handling of the snake. However, it would not necessarily involve handling (modeling) by the therapist.
d. Incorrect Overcorrection, an operant technique, is used to decrease an undesirable behavior. It involves requiring the individual to correct the consequences of the undesirable behavior and/or to practice alternative desirable behaviors.

Answer 837

A

162 | . Sophie reviewed several of the prominent stage theories to derive her own general model [A critical examination of stage theories of lesbian identity development, Journal of Homosexuality, 12(2), 39-51, 1985/86].
a. Incorrect These are four of the six stages of Cass’s (1984) stage model of gay and lesbian identity development. In order, the six stages are identity confusion, identity comparison, identity tolerance, identity acceptance, identity pride, and identity synthesis.
b. Incorrect These are the four stages of Troiden’s (1988) gay/lesbian identity development model.
c. CORRECT These are the four stages described by Sophie.
d. Incorrect These are the four stages of Cross’s (1991) Black racial identity development model.

Answer 838

A

163 | Knowing the areas under the normal curve would have helped you identify the correct answer to this question.
c. CORRECT In a normal distribution about 34% of cases fall between the mean and the score that is one standard deviation above the mean and about 48.5% fall between the mean and the score that is three standard deviations above the mean: 48.5 minus 34 is 14.5. Answer c (15) is closest to 14.5 and is, therefore, the best answer of those given.

Answer 839

A

164 | Piaget distinguishes between two stages of morality – heteronomous and autonomous.
a. Incorrect A child in the heteronomous stage judges the “rightness” or “wrongness” of an act on the basis of its consequences – i.e., the more negative the consequences, the worse the act.
b. Incorrect See explanation for responses a and d.
c. Incorrect See explanation for response d.
d. CORRECT Autonomous morality usually begins at about age 11 and is characterized by an emphasis on the actor’s intentions.

Answer 840

A

165 | This issue is addressed in APA’s Statement on the Disclosure of Test Data and in Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing.
a. CORRECT In most situations, psychologists obtain informed consents prior to testing from the person being evaluated or his/her legal guardian. Although there are exceptions in certain employment situations, this response is the best of those given.
b. Incorrect While it is not always necessary to get an informed consent in employment situations, this response is not as good as response a because the fact that the employer is the client does not automatically eliminate the need for an informed consent. (And, even when it isn’t necessary to obtain a consent, the individual should ordinarily be given some information about the purpose of the test, etc.)

Answer 841

A

166 | D. Byrne’s law of attraction proposes that there is positive linear relationship between level of attraction and similarity in attitudes (The attraction paradigm, New York, Academic Press, 1971).
a. CORRECT Byrne proposes that people are reinforced for interacting with others who have similar attitudes because doing so confirms their effectiveness in interpreting the world and produces positive affect.

Answer 842

A

167 | The exam frequently includes a question that requires the ability to distinguish between false positives, false negatives, etc. Keep in mind that it is one’s score on the PREDICTOR that determines if one is a “positive” or a “negative,” and one’s score on the CRITERION that determines if the classification as a positive or negative is “true” or “false.”
a. Incorrect A true positive is someone who has been identified by the predictor as having the target characteristic and, in fact, does have the characteristic.
b. Incorrect A true negative is someone who has been identified by the predictor as not having the target characteristic and, in fact, doesn’t have the characteristic.
c. Incorrect A false positive has been identified by the predictor as having the target characteristic but actually does not have the characteristic.
d. CORRECT A false negative is a person who has been classified by the predictor as a negative (i.e., doesn’t have the target characteristic) but who actually does have the characteristic.

Answer 843

A

168 | Recent studies indicate that anxiety is the most common psychiatric disorder in older adults, with generalized anxiety disorder being the most prevalent anxiety disorder.
a. Incorrect In fact, underdiagnosis and undertreatment of anxiety disorders are more common among older (versus younger) adults.
b. Incorrect The research has generally found that older adults with anxiety benefit to about the same degree as younger adults from pharmacotherapy and CBT.
c. Incorrect Younger and older adults with anxiety frequently have comorbid symptoms of depression, but this may actually occur more often in older adults.
d. CORRECT Older adults are more likely than younger adults to attribute their anxiety symptoms to physical health problems and, as a result, to seek help from a medical (versus mental health) professional. See, e.g., M. A. Stanley and J. G. Beck, Anxiety disorders, Clinical Psychology Review, 2000, 20, 731-754.

Answer 844

A

169 | Knowing that prosopagnosia is a type of visual agnosia and that the occipital lobe mediates visual processing would have helped you identify the correct answer to this question.
a. CORRECT The occipital lobe is involved in visual processing, while the temporal lobe mediates long-term memory; and damage to these areas plus the parietal lobe may produce an inability to recognize familiar faces.
b. Incorrect See explanation above.
c. Incorrect The precentral gyrus contains the primary motor cortex and is not involved in visual processing.
d. Incorrect The central sulcus separates the frontal and parietal lobes.

Answer 845

A

170 | The studies have confirmed that sensitivity to depth cues develops in a predictable sequence.
d. CORRECT Babies are sensitive to kinetic cues (movement of objects closer to their eyes) as early as three weeks of age. Between 2 and 3 months of age, they begin to make use of binocular cues to judge the distance of objects. Finally, by about 7 months of age, babies perceive pictorial depth cues.

Answer 846

A

171 | Kohlberg focused on the relationship between cognitive development and moral development, and he viewed social perspective-taking as an aspect of cognitive development that influences moral judgments.
a. Incorrect This is only partially correct.
b. CORRECT As noted above, Kohlberg included social perspective-taking in his theory of moral development. For example, a shift from Stage 2 to Stage 3 reflects a shift from a concrete individualistic perspective to a perspective of the individual in relationships with other people.

Answer 847

A

172 | This question is difficult because it requires you to be familiar with the results of several different studies.
a. Incorrect According to the American Psychiatric Association, for self-quitters, only about 33% remain abstinent for two days or more (Practice guidelines for the treatment of patients with nicotine dependence, Washington, D.C., APA, 1996).
b. Incorrect Nicotine replacement therapy has benefits for smokers whether they are highly or less nicotine dependent (although the greater the dependence, the greater the benefits).
c. CORRECT These are the weight gain figures reported in a recent report by the Center for Disease Control (cited in the APA’s Guidelines).
d. Incorrect Although the risk for coronary heart disease does drop rapidly once a smoker has stopped smoking, this is not true for lung disease. See, e.g., U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Health consequences of smoking cessation: A report of the U.S. Surgeon General, Washington, D.C., U.S. Government Printing Office, 1990.

Answer 848

A

173 | Even if you’re unfamiliar with Bandura’s use of the terms inhibition and disinhibition, you may have been able to identify the correct answer to this question if you know that he found that people can acquire a behavior just by watching someone else perform it.
a. CORRECT Bandura proposed that vicarious learning (also known as modeling and observational learning) has several effects including the acquisition of a new response and the inhibition or disinhibition of an existing response.
b. Incorrect Instrumental learning (conditioning) occurs when an individual’s behavior changes because the behavior is followed by reinforcement or punishment. It is also known as operant conditioning.
c. Incorrect Kohler’s research confirmed that learning can be the result of insight (an “aha” experience).
d. Incorrect Overlearning refers to practicing or studying past the point of mastery.

Answer 849

A

174 | Although there is no consensus about the optimal pharmacological treatment for moderate to severe alcohol withdrawal, several drugs have been identified as useful for this purpose.
a. CORRECT Benzodiazepines, adrenergic medications, and nonsedating seizure medications have been found useful for reducing the symptoms of alcohol withdrawal. See, e.g., H. Myrick and R. F. Anton, Treatment of alcohol withdrawal, Alcohol Health & Research World, 22(1), 38-43, 1998.
b. Incorrect SSRIs are sometimes used to reduce alcohol consumption but not the symptoms of alcohol withdrawal.
c. Incorrect Vitamin E is not used as a treatment for alcohol withdrawal but has been found useful for decreasing the symptoms of tardive dyskinesia.
d. Incorrect There is some evidence that lithium is effective for reducing alcohol use in individuals with comorbid Bipolar Disorder.

Answer 850

A

175 | Beck proposes that depressed people tend to exhibit certain types of cognitive distortions.
a. CORRECT When faced with a negative event, an individual who is depressed is likely to exhibit a “control fallacy” (view him/herself as a hapless victim of fate) and personalization (“if anything goes wrong, it’s my fault”). This paradox (an external locus of control and internal locus of responsibility) is one of the reasoning errors that contribute to depression.

Answer 851

A

176 | Statistics on the lifetime rates of victimization by an intimate partner are reported by P. Tjaden and N. Thoennes in Extent, nature and consequences of intimate partner violence: Findings from the National Violence Against Women Study, U. S. Department of Justice, 2000.
a. Incorrect Tjaden and Thoennes report a lifetime rate of victimization by an intimate partner of 24.8% for White females (i.e., 24.8% of White females in their sample reported having been the victim of intimate partner rape, physical assault, or stalking).
b. Incorrect For African American females, these investigators obtained a rate of 29.1%.
c. Incorrect For Asian/Pacific Islander females, Tjaden and Thoennes obtained a rate of 15.0%.
d. CORRECT Tjaden and Thoennes report a lifetime rate for American Indians/Alaska Natives of 37.5%. They note that this higher rate for American Indian/Alaska Native women is consistent with previous research but state that it is not clear whether the rate is actually due to more violent experiences or an increased willingness to report them.

Answer 852

A

177 | Yalom attributes the tendency of therapists NOT to self-disclose to the traditional psychoanalytic belief that the therapist must remain neutral (“opaque”) in order to encourage the development of transference. He argues, however, that other therapeutic factors may be more important.
c. CORRECT Yalom advocates some self-disclosure, pointing out that by self-disclosing, therapists act as role models and thereby facilitate interpersonal learning. He notes, however, that self-disclosure must be well-timed and made through a “filter of responsibility.”

Answer 853

A

178 | A number of visual impairments are associated with damage to the occipital lobe.
a. Incorrect The inability to name colors despite an intact ability to discriminate between them is referred to color anomia.
b. CORRECT For people with central achromatopsia, everything looks grey or “washed out.”
c. Incorrect The inability to associate a color with an object is referred to as color agnosia. A person with this disorder would, for example, consider a pink hippopotamus to be plausible.
d. Incorrect Achromatopsia does not involve an inability to perceive variations in brightness.

Answer 854

A

179 | A study’s internal validity is threatened by the presence of any extraneous variables that can affect the dependent variable and thus make it difficult to determine if changes in the dependent variable are due to the independent variable or to extraneous variables.
a. CORRECT Maturation refers to changes that occur within participants as the result of the passage of time. Examples include hunger, boredom, and fatigue.
b. Incorrect Selection is a threat when the experimental and control groups (or different experimental groups) are not equivalent prior to the administration of the independent variable.
c. Incorrect History refers to external events that occur during the course of an experiment that affect the participants’ status or performance on the dependent variable.
d. Incorrect Reactivity is a threat to a study’s external validity and occurs when research participants act in a certain way because they know their behavior is being observed.

Answer 855

A

180 | Knowing that haloperidol is a frequently-prescribed drug for Tourette’s syndrome would have helped you pick the correct answer to this question.
b. CORRECT Haloperidol is an antipsychotic drug that exerts its effects by blocking the transmission of dopamine. It has been found effective for alleviating the symptoms of Tourette’s syndrome in about 70% of patients.

Answer 856

A

181 | A realistic job preview is a method of providing accurate and complete information about a job to job applicants. Note that this question is asking which technique would be least useful for providing applicants with a realistic job preview.
a. Incorrect A situational judgment test provides applicants with a description of a work-related situation and asks them to identify and evaluate different courses of action that respond to the situation. When well-constructed, they can provide applicants with a realistic preview of the job.
b. Incorrect Work samples require applicants to perform activities and tasks that are actually performed on the job and, therefore, provide them with realistic information about job requirements.
c. Incorrect Assessment centers include situational tests (work samples) that provide applicants with a realistic job preview.
d. CORRECT During a panel interview, two or more people interview an applicant simultaneously, with each member of the panel asking questions in turn. Of the techniques listed, a panel interview would be least useful for providing applicants with a realistic job preview.

Answer 857

A

182 | Research on the effects of swing and night shift work has found that most of the problems experienced by workers are related to a loss of sleep.
b. CORRECT Studies looking at the impact of the various work shifts have not produced entirely consistent results. However, it does appear that the night shift is associated with the most health problems. However, in terms of social relationships, it may or may not be as detrimental as the swing shift (see, e.g., F. J. Landy, Psychology of work behavior, Belmont, CA, Wadsworth, 1989).

Answer 858

A

183 | The husband’s behavior reflects a combination of positive reinforcement and extinction.
a. Incorrect Overcorrection is involves a combination of restitution (having the individual “fix” the negative consequences of his/her behavior) and positive practice (having the individual practice alternative behaviors).
b. Incorrect Chaining is used to establish complex behavior chains.
c. Incorrect When using the Premack Principle, a high frequency behavior is used as a reinforcer for a low frequency behavior.
d. CORRECT Differential reinforcement involves reinforcing desirable behavior while ignoring undesirable behavior. Although the husband’s reaction to his wife isn’t exactly the same as the differential reinforcement procedure, this answer best describes what he is doing since it combines positive reinforcement and extinction.

Answer 859

A

184 | During the course of his/her career, a therapist will ordinarily want to acquire new skills and will want to expand his/her practice to include new kinds of clients. This is particularly true for Dr. K. since he is working at a clinic where some clients are apparently members of minority groups.
d. CORRECT The ethical guidelines recommend that therapists seek appropriate supervision or consultation when working with clients who belong to an unfamiliar group or population. In some situations, a referral would be an appropriate course of action, but supervision or consultation seems best in this case.

Answer 860

A

185 | Transvestic Fetishism involves “recurrent, intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors involving cross-dressing” (DSM-IV-TR, p. 575).
a. CORRECT The diagnosis of Transvestic Fetishism is assigned only to heterosexual males. However, the DSM notes that, while the basic sexual preference of men with this disorder is heterosexual, some “may have engaged in occasional homosexual acts” (p. 575).
b. Incorrect See explanation for response a.
c. Incorrect While some men with this disorder have “engaged in occasional homosexual acts,” they are not “unequivocally bisexual,” so answer a is the best response.
d. Incorrect Androgyny refers to possessing male and female characteristics and is not a description of sexual orientation.

Answer 861

A

186 | Additional information would be needed to determine the appropriate diagnosis for this man but, of the conditions listed in the answers, dementia is most consistent with his symptoms and age.
a. Incorrect Korsakoff’s syndrome (Alcohol-Induced Persisting Amnestic Disorder) is associated with chronic alcoholism, which isn’t suggested by the information presented in the question.
b. Incorrect Pseudodementia is another name for Major Depressive Disorder that has prominent cognitive symptoms. This man”s symptoms (especially his lack of awareness of his deficits) are not characteristic of Major Depressive Disorder.
c. CORRECT As noted above, the man’s symptoms and age suggest dementia, or more specifically, Alzheimer”s dementia.
d. Incorrect The man’s impairments are more severe than what would be expected for his age.

Answer 862

A

187 | Studies comparing the effectiveness of various psychotherapeutic techniques for older and younger adults have generally revealed few significant differences.
c. CORRECT This is the conclusion reached by the American Psychological Association in its Guidelines for Psychological Practice with Older Adults [American Psychologist, 59(4), 236-260, 2004]. This document also notes, however, that tailoring an intervention to the specific needs of an older client may increase its effectiveness.

Answer 863

A

188 | Equity theory links motivation to social comparisons.
b. CORRECT According to equity theory, employees compare their own input/outcome ratios to the ratios of others doing similar work. Additional information about equity theory is provided in the Industrial-Organizational Psychology chapter of the written study materials.

Answer 864

A

189 | Intelligence tests require an examinee to produce the correct response, while brainstorming and other measures of creativity require the examinee to come up with many ideas or solutions.
a. CORRECT Tasks that require an examinee to derive a single correct answer are assessing convergent thinking, while tasks that require the examinee to generate as many ideas as possible are evaluating divergent thinking.
b. Incorrect See explanation for response b.
c. Incorrect Disjunctive (declarative) and conjunctive (cumulative) are two of the mental processes identified by E. Jaques’s (1994) theory about intelligence in the context of the management of work. (Note that you’re not likely to encounter Jaques’s theory on the licensing exam and these terms were included here as “distractors” only.)
d. Incorrect See explanation for response c.

Answer 865

A

190 | Kohler’s research led him to conclude that learning can be the result of an “aha” experience.
a. Incorrect Tolman concluded that rats in his studies had developed cognitive maps of the mazes they were allowed to explore.
b. Incorrect Bandura is associated with observational learning.
c. CORRECT Kohler proposed that learning can be the result of insight (an “aha” experience) that reflects an internal cognitive restructuring of the environment that allows the organism to achieve its goals.
d. Incorrect Skinner found that accidential, noncontigent reinforcement can lead to “superstitious” behavior.

Answer 866

A

191 | If you are unfamiliar with the research in this area, the best approach to picking an answer would be to select the most general response.
a. Incorrect Although peer acceptance is important for children and adolescents with chronic illness, it is not as important as the level of disability.
b. Incorrect Family factors have been linked to outcomes in chronic illness but “family attitudes toward the illness” is too specific to be the correct response.
c. Incorrect The research has not linked outcome to particular personality types.
d. CORRECT A number of studies have linked severity of the illness to outcome. However, some authors argue that it is not just the illness severity but the level of functional disability that determines the impact of the illness on the child (see, e.g., W. T. Garrison and S. McQuiston, Chronic illness during childhood and adolescence,Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1989).

Answer 867

A

192 | Fiedler’s theory distinguishes between low-LPC (task-oriented) and high-LPC (person-oriented) leaders.
d. CORRECT Fiedler concluded that low-LPC leaders are most effective in extreme situations, i.e., in situations that are very high or very low in favorableness. In contrast, high-LPC leaders are most effective in moderately favorable situations.

Answer 868

A

193 | Functional behavioral analysis is also known as functional behavioral assessment and, as its name implies, involves identifying the function (purpose) of a behavior.
a. Incorrect Underlying motivations don’t fit the behavioral model.
b. Incorrect In some situations, a functional behavior analysis may be useful for this purpose, but it has other purposes as well.
c. CORRECT From the behavioral perspective, a behavior is controlled by its antecedents and consequences, and its function is defined in terms of those variables. A functional behavior analysis is conducted to identify the antecedents and consequences that are contributing to or maintaining a behavior.
d. Incorrect Program costs and benefits aren’t relevant to functional analysis.

Answer 869

A

194 | In a Behaviorally-Anchored Rating Scale (BARS), the points on the scale are “anchored” with descriptions of specific job behaviors.
d. CORRECT Another name for behavioral anchors is critical incidents.

Answer 870

A

195 | In the context of test construction, “p” is an index of item difficulty and is calculated by dividing the total number of examinees who answered the item correctly by the total number of examinees.
a. Incorrect A low p value indicates a difficult item.
b. CORRECT The closer the p value is to 1.0, the easier the item since this means that a large proportion of examinees answered the item correctly.
c. Incorrect Discrimination is determined by calculating D (subtracting the proportion of people in the low-scoring group from the proportion in the high-scoring group).
d. Incorrect See explanation above.

Answer 871

A

196 | An assumption underlying most correlation coefficients is that the relationship between variables is linear.
a. CORRECT Eta is also known as the eta coefficient and the correlation ratio and can be used when the relationship between two continuous variables is nonlinear.
b. Incorrect The phi coefficient is used when both variables are true dichotomies.
c. Incorrect Spearman rho is used when both variables are ranks.
d. Incorrect The Pearson r is used when both variables are continuous and their relationship is linear.

Answer 872

A

197 | The researcher in this experiment is trying to establish a causal relationship between two variables – stress level and processing speed.
a. Incorrect Face validity focuses on whether a test looks like it measures what it is intended to measure.
b. Incorrect Construct validity is established when a test measures the intended hypothetical trait.
c. CORRECT Internal validity focuses on the causal relationship between independent and dependent variables.
d. Incorrect External validity focuses on the generalizability of one study to other conditions, individuals, etc.

Answer 873

A

198 | For the licensing exam, you want to be familiar with the four research designs listed in the answers to this question.
a. Incorrect A counterbalanced design is used to control carryover (order) effects and involves administering different levels of an independent variable to different participants or groups of participants in a different order.
b. CORRECT The randomized block design is used to control the effects of a (confounding) extraneous variable by ensuring that groups are equivalent with regard to that variable prior to the beginning of the study. It involves “blocking” (grouping) participants in terms of their status on that variable and then randomly assigning participants in each block to one of the treatment groups. When using this method, the extraneous variable is treated as another independent variable and the data are analyzed using the randomized block ANOVA.
c. Incorrect The Solomon four-group design is a special type of factorial design that is used to control (evaluate) the effects of pretesting on post-test scores.
d. Incorrect The nonequivalent groups design is a quasi-experimental research design that is used when intact groups must be used (i.e., when participants cannot be randomly assigned to different treatment groups). There is no information provided in the question that suggests that participants with different levels of the extraneous variable could not be randomly assigned to treatment groups, so this is not the best answer of those given.

Answer 874

A

199 | S. Moscovici (1985) proposed that, to be influential, a minority must become visible to other group members and create tension or conflict that causes members of the majority to reconsider their position.
c. CORRECT Moscovici’s research found that a minority that sticks to his/her position is most successful in swaying the opinion of the majority.

Answer 875

A

200 | The Woodcock-Johnson III consists of two co-normed batteries – the WJ III Tests of Cognitive Abilities and the WJ III Tests of Achievement.
c. CORRECT Both batteries are based on the Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) theory of cognitive abilities. See the Psychological Assessment chapter for additional information on this theory.

Answer 876

A

201 | The “conversion V” pattern on the MMPI-2 has been linked to Conversion Disorder and other Somatoform Disorders.
a. CORRECT A conversion V pattern occurs when scores on Scales 1 and 3 are more than eight T-score points higher than the score on Scale 2 and is often obtained by people who are preoccupied with physical complaints.

Answer 877

A

202 | Taking an SSRI in conjunction with an MAOI or other serotonergic agent may result in serotonin syndrome, which is potentially life-threatening if not treated.
a. Incorrect A hypertensive crisis can occur when an MAOI is taken in conjunction with a barbiturate, amphetamine, or antihistamine or with foods containing tyramine. Its symptoms include a severe headache, stiff neck, rapid heart rate, nausea, vomiting, sweating, and sensitivity to light.
b. Incorrect A high dose of a cholinergic medication can produce a cholinergic crisis, which is caused by an excessive amount of ACh at the neuromuscular junction and involves sweating, salivation, flaccid paralysis, and respiratory failure.
c. CORRECT Serotonin syndrome is associated with a number of cognitive, neuromuscular, and autonomic symptoms including the ones listed in this answer. Without treatment, it can lead to coma and death.
d. Incorrect Sympathomimetic syndrome results from an acute overdose or long-term use of cocaine or amphetamines. Its symptoms include hypertension, tachycardia, hyperthermia, psychomotor agitation, and aggression.

Answer 878

A

203 | The symptoms listed in the four answers to this question are characteristic of four types of aphasia that you want to be familiar with for the licensing exam.
a. Incorrect These symptoms are characteristic of Broca’s aphasia.
b. CORRECT As its name suggests, global aphasia is caused by widespread brain injury and is characterized by extensive disruption in the ability to produce and understand language. Impaired comprehension, impaired speech, anomia (inability to name a common or familiar object, attribute, or action), and paraphasia (substitution of a word with a sound or incorrect word) are symptoms of this type of aphasia.
c. Incorrect These symptoms are characteristic of Wernicke’s aphasia.
d. Incorrect These symptoms are characteristic of conduction aphasia.

Answer 879

A

204 | Knowing that dopamine is involved in the control of voluntary motor movements would have helped you select the correct response to this question.
b. CORRECT Degeneration of neurons that secrete dopamine contributes to movement disorders such as Parkinson’s disease and Huntington’s chorea.

Answer 880

A

205 | Erikson described the outcomes of each stage of psychosocial development in terms of basic strengths (virtues) and maladaptive responses (danger).
a. Incorrect Compulsion is the maladaptive outcome of inadequate resolution of the autonomy vs. shame/doubt conflict.
b. Incorrect This is the maladaptive outcome for the industry vs. inferiority conflict.
c. Incorrect Disdain is the result of inadequate resolution of the integrity vs. despair conflict.
d. CORRECT Repudiation is the maladaptive outcome for inadequate resolution of the identity vs. identity confusion conflict.

Answer 881

A

206 | Knowing that M. Mikulincer and P. R. Shaver’s model of adult attachment is based on the work of Ainsworth may have helped you identify the correct answer to this question.
a. CORRECT According to Mikulincer and Shaver, adult attachment (like infant attachment) can be described in terms of two independent dimensions – anxiety and avoidance. Using these two dimensions, these authors identified four adult attachment styles – secure, preoccupied, dismissing avoidant, and fearful avoidant [The attachment behavioral system in adulthood: Activation, psychodynamics, and interpersonal processes, in M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology, Vol. 35 (pp. 53-152), San Diego, Elsevier Academic Press, 2003].

Answer 882

A

207 | Research using the Strange Situation has identified four distinct attachment patterns – secure, insecure/avoidant, insecure/ambivalent, and disorganized-disoriented. Information about these patterns is provided in the Lifespan Development chapter of the written study materials.
a. CORRECT These behaviors are characteristic of children with a insecure/ambivalent pattern.

Answer 883

A

208 | Deferred imitation refers to copying the past behavior of someone else.
a. Incorrect Transductive (precausal) reasoning is characteristic of the preoperational stage and reflects an incomplete understanding of cause and effect.
b. CORRECT Mental representation is also referred to as representational or symbolic thought and is the ability to hold an image in one’s mind for a period beyond one’s immediate experience. It develops at about 18 to 24 months of age and is responsible for the ability to engage in deferred imitation, use language, and participate in symbolic play.
c. Incorrect Animistic thinking refers to the belief that inanimate objects have human characteristics and is characteristic of the preoperational stage of development.
d. Incorrect Piaget did not link self-recognition to the ability to engage in deferred imitation.

Answer 884

A

209 | Removal of reinforcement following a behavior ordinarily leads to a gradual extinction of that behavior. However, the termination of the behavior is not immediate.
c. CORRECT When reinforcement for a previously reinforced response is removed, there is often a temporary “extinction burst” (increase in the response) before it begins to decrease.

Answer 885

A

210 | The four leadership styles listed in the answers to this question are commonly identified in the literature and, for the exam, you want to be able to distinguish between them.
a. Incorrect Charismatic leaders share several characteristics with transformational leaders but exert influence primarily through their own personal qualities (e.g., self-confidence and charisma). As defined by some experts, charismatic leaders have a “dark side” – e.g., they may expect unquestioning loyalty, devotion, and obedience from followers.
b. Incorrect Transactional leaders foster worker motivation and productivity primarily by simplifying and structuring tasks and providing rewards for successful performance.
c. CORRECT Transformational leaders motivate employees by recognizing the need for change, creating a vision that guides change, and transmitting that vision to employees. In contrast to charismatic leaders, they empower followers and activate their higher-order needs.
d. Incorrect Bureaucratic leaders adhere strictly to established procedures and policies.

Answer 886

A

211 | Herzberg’s two-factor theory proposes that all people have two basic needs – hygiene needs and motivator needs. Additional information on two-factor theory (including a description of hygiene and motivator factors) is provided in the Industrial-Organizational Psychology chapter of the written study materials.
a. Incorrect This isn’t consistent with Herzberg”s theory.
b. Incorrect This isn’t consistent with Herzberg’s theory.
c. Incorrect Herzberg proposed that providing employees with “enriched” jobs (jobs that provide opportunities to satisfy motivator needs) is the best way to increase satisfaction and motivation.
d. CORRECT Herzberg’s two-factor theory identifies pay as a hygiene factor. Like other hygiene factors, pay leads to dissatisfaction when it is perceived to be inadequate but produces a state of neutrality when it is adequate. To increase motivation (and satisfaction), motivator factors must be provided by the job.

Answer 887

A

212 | The assessment of employee performance often involves subjective measures, which are associated with rater biases. One bias is the halo effect, which occurs when a rater’s rating of an employee on one dimension of job performance affects his/her rating of the employee on other dimensions.
a. CORRECT Training raters in the use of rating scales increases the accuracy of ratings, and research has demonstrated that comprehensive training can significantly reduce the halo effect. The halo effect and other rater biases can also be reduced with the use of multiple raters, ratings based on specific rather than global behaviors, and the use of certain types of scales, such as forced-choice and paired comparison scales.
b. Incorrect Peer ratings, although they have been found to be good predictors of training success and subsequent promotions, have not been found to be an effective method of reducing the halo effect.
c. Incorrect Making such results available to employees enhances employee acceptance of the appraisal process, but it does not help to reduce the halo effect.
d. Incorrect This does not represent a direct method of decreasing the halo effect, although rater involvement in the entire rating process can increase a rater’s motivation to fill out rating scales accurately and thoroughly.

Answer 888

A

213 | For the exam, you want to be familiar with all of the terms listed in the answers to this question.
a. CORRECT Unfairness is a type of predictive bias that occurs when members of one group consistently obtain lower scores on a predictor than members of another group but these differences do not reflect differences in scores on the criterion. It is a potential cause of adverse impact.
b. Incorrect Differential validity occurs when a selection test or other employment procedure has different validity coefficients for members of different groups. Differential validity is another potential cause of adverse impact.
c. Incorrect Criterion contamination occurs when scores on a criterion are affected by factors that are not relevant to performance on the criterion. One source of criterion contamination is the rater’s knowledge of a ratee’s performance on the predictor(s).
d. Incorrect Heteroscedasticity occurs when the range of dependent variable scores is different for different scores on the independent variable. Although heteroscedasticity is not directly related to adverse impact, if it is present, it can lead to misinterpretation of a criterion-related validity coefficient.

Answer 889

A

214 | In this situation, you are not qualified to conduct the assessment since you cannot communicate directly with the child in Spanish and are unable to find an interpreter.
a. CORRECT This issue is addressed directly and indirectly in several APA documents. For example, the Guidelines for Providers of Psychological Services to Ethnic, Linguistic, and Culturally Diverse Populations states that, when the linguistic skills of the psychologist do not match those of the client, the psychologist obtains an appropriate translater or refers the client to another professional.
b. Incorrect Using only measures that do not depend on language would not be the best course of action since doing so would limit your ability to conduct a thorough evaluation.
c. Incorrect Explaining the limitations in the report would not be adequate in this situation.
d. Incorrect The Guidelines also states that, when translation is necessary, psychologists do not retain the services of a translator who has a dual role with the individual in order to avoid jeopardizing the validity of the assessment.

Answer 890

A

215 | Standard 10.01 of the APA’s Ethics Code and Principle I.19 of the Canadian Code of Ethics apply to this situation. Standard 10.01 requires psychologists to obtain informed consents from therapy clients “as early as is feasible.” Principle I.19 states that psychologists obtain informed consents from clients except in “circumstances of urgent need (e.g., disaster or other crisis)” and that, in those situations, they obtain the client’s assent and then obtain informed consent “as soon as possible.”
c. Incorrect Addressing the client’s crisis would be the priority in this situation even if the client is capable of giving informed consent. Therefore, answer d is the better response.
d. CORRECT Because the client is experiencing a crisis, the best strategy would be to postpone the discussion about informed consent until the crisis has been addressed (e.g., by working with the client to identify the best course of action for dealing with the immediate situation).

Answer 891

A

216 | Even though the psychologist is licensed and well-respected, you would not want to breach confidentiality by forwarding client information to her without knowing specifically what the client has consented to (or if, in fact, his consent was actually obtained).
c. CORRECT This is the best option of those given. You would want to verify that the client has signed a release and discuss the release and its potential consequences with him before providing the psychologist with the requested information.

Answer 892

A

217 | This is a straightforward question. Unfortunately, it requires you to be familiar with the results of a specific survey, although you might have been able to rely on your own experience and those of your colleagues.
a. Incorrect Fees were mentioned by 14% of respondents as being ethically troublesome in a recent study conducted by S. Pope (Ethical dilemmas as encountered by members of the APA: A national survey, American Psychologist, 47(3), 397-411, 1992).
b. Incorrect Only 4% of respondents listed sexual issues as a problem.
c. CORRECT Confidentiality was listed by 18% of respondents as an ethically troubling issue.
d. Incorrect The conduct of colleagues was listed as a problem by 4% of respondents.

Answer 893

A

218 | This is a difficult question since the research has produced inconsistent results with regard to the impact of therapist-client matching on treatment outcomes.
c. CORRECT Sue et al. (1991) found that the effects of therapist-client matching in terms of race/ethnicity were more consistent for premature termination than for other therapy outcomes but that the effects varied from group to group. Therefore, this is the best answer of those given.

Answer 894

A

219 | Atkinson et al.’s model distinguishes between five stages: conformity, dissonance, resistance/immersion, introspection, and integrative awareness. Additional information about these stages is provided in the Clinical Psychology chapter of the written study materials.
c. CORRECT Each stage in this model is characterized by a different combination of attitudes toward one’s own minority group, other minority groups, and the majority (dominant) group.

Answer 895

A

220 | In extended family systems theory, one therapeutic technique involves creating a therapeutic triangle in which the therapist actively interacts with two family members during the treatment process. The goal is to shed light on and reduce the fusion that exists between family members.
a. CORRECT Bowen’s extended family systems therapy encourages the therapist to become a member in a therapeutic triangle with two family members (usually the spouses/partners).
b. Incorrect In communication/interaction family therapy, the therapist serves as a facilitator and teacher.
c. Incorrect Adaptive family therapy is a “made up” term.
d. Incorrect Although strategic family therapy involves an active therapist, the role of the therapist is to assess the problems, not to become a member of the family’s triangles.

Answer 896

A

221 | Caplan discusses the origins of his mental health consultation in his article, Caplanian mental health consultation: Historical background and current status [Consulting Psychology Journal, 46(4), 2-12, 1994].
c. CORRECT Caplan’s consultation approach grew out of his experiences at residential institutions in Israel in 1949. He quickly recognized that it was not feasible to provide direct services to patients due to their large number and, consequently, developed an indirect approach (consultation) that increased his ability to ensure that patients received adequate treatment.

Answer 897

A

222 | The stages listed in responses a, b, and c are included in Cross’s Black Racial Identity Development Model.
a. Incorrect During the pre-encounter stage, race has low salience.
b. CORRECT The first half of the immersion-emersion phase is characterized by immersion in African American (ethnic) culture. Not surprisingly, people in this phase usually prefer a therapist of their own ethnicity.
c. Incorrect Internalization-commitment is the final stage of identity development. During this phase, other factors in addition to ethnicity are considered when choosing a therapist.
d. Incorrect Autonomy is not a stage in Cross’s model and, in other models, is most similar to Cross’s internalization phase.

Answer 898

A

223 | The information provided in the question suggests that the mother is inducing her child’s symptoms.
a. Incorrect A diagnosis of Somatoform Disorder NOS is appropriate when a person has somatoform symptoms that do not meet the criteria for a more specific Somatoform Disorder.
b. CORRECT The major feature of Factitious Disorder by Proxy is the intentional production or feigning of physical or psychological symptoms in another person by a caregiver. This diagnosis is currently included in Appendix B of the DSM (Criteria Sets and Axes Provided for Further Study) and, consequently, is coded as Factitious Disorder NOS instead.
c. Incorrect Ganser Syndrome is not a DSM-IV-TR diagnostic category. A person with this disorder mimics behaviors he/she believes are typical of psychosis (e.g., providing obviously wrong answers to questions). It is usually considered a manifestation of Factitious Disorder, although the DSM-IV-TR categorizes it as a Dissociative Disorder NOS.
d. Incorrect Folie a Deux is referred as Shared Psychotic Disorder in the DSM-IV-TR and involves “a delusion that develops in an individual who is involved in a close relationship with another person … who already has a Psychotic Disorder with prominent delusions” (p. 332).

Answer 899

A

224 | Knowing that the studies have found that suicide rates are lower for married people than for those who are divorced, separated, or never married would have helped you identify the correct answer to this question.
c. CORRECT The research has generally confirmed that marriage reduces the risk for suicide for both men and women. Also, most (but not all) studies indicate that this effect is stronger for men than for women. See, e.g., J. T. Denney et al., Adult suicide mortality in the United States: Marital status, family size, socioeconomic status, and differences by sex, Social Science Quarterly, 90(5), 1167-85, 2009.

Answer 900

A

225 | The boy described in this question is exhibiting behaviors that go beyond “oppositional.”
a. Incorrect Child Antisocial Behavior is the appropriate diagnosis only when a child’s antisocial acts do not meet the diagnostic criteria for Conduct Disorder.
b. Incorrect A diagnosis of Adjustment Disorder is considered only when the individual’s symptoms do not meet the diagnostic criteria for another disorder.
c. Incorrect Oppositional Defiant Disorder and Conduct Disorder share some features, but they also differ in terms of severity and pattern of symptoms. The boy’s symptoms are more severe than those associated with Oppositional Defiant Disorder and better fit the pattern for Conduct Disorder.
d. CORRECT The boy is exhibiting behavior that fulfills the DSM-IV-TR’s requirements for a diagnosis of Conduct Disorder: He is exhibiting a pattern of behavior that violates major age-appropriate societal norms and rules.