TLRs

Question 1

What are the TLR’s that are used when there is an RNA virus present?

Answer 1

TLR3
TLR7
TLR8

Question 2

What are the TLRs that are used when there is a DNA virus present?

Answer 2

TLR9

Question 3

What are the TLRs that are used when there is a gram positive bacteria present?

Answer 3

LP(lipoproteins): TLR1, TLR2, TLR6
LTA (lipoteichoic acid): TLR2
DNA: TLR9

Question 4

What are the TLRs that are used when there is a gram negative bacteria present?

Answer 4

LPS (lipopolysaccharide): TLR4
DNA: TLR9
flagellin: TLR5

Question 5

What are the TLR’s that are used when there is fungi present?

Answer 5

DNA: TLR9

zymosgan Beta glycan: TLR2

Question 6

What are the TLRs that are used when there are protists present?

Answer 6

DNA: TLR9

GPI anchors; TLR2 and TLR4

Question 7

What are the TLR’s that are present in bacteria lipopeptidases?

Answer 7

TLR1 and TLR2

Question 8

What are the TLRs that are present in the bacterial peptidoglycan?

Answer 8

TLR2

Question 9

What are the TLRs that are present in the LPS

Answer 9

TLR4

Question 10

What are the TLRs that are present in flagellin?

Answer 10

TLR5

Question 11

What are the TLRs that are involved in the bacterial lipopeptidases?

Answer 11

TLR2 and TLR6

Question 12

What is the TLR that is involved with dsRNA?

Answer 12

TLR3

Question 13

What is the TLR that is involved with ssRNA?

Answer 13

TLR7

Question 14

What is the structure of a TLR?

Answer 14

There is a leucine rich repeat motif with a TIR domain

Question 15

What micro-organisms are recognized by TLR1 and TLR2 heterodimer

Answer 15

Bacteria, parasites

Question 16

What microorganisms are recognized by TLR 2/TLR6 heterodimer

Answer 16

Gram positive bacteria, yeasts (fungi)

Question 17

What microorganisms are recognized by TLR3

Answer 17

Versus, west nile

Question 18

What microorganisms are recognized by TLR4/TLR4 heterodimer

Answer 18

Gram negative bacteria

Question 19

What microorganisms are recognized by TLR5

Answer 19

motile bacteria with a flagellum

Question 20

What microorganisms are recognized by TLR7

Answer 20

viruses, HIV

Question 21

What microorganisms are recognized by TLR8

Answer 21

viruses, flu

Question 22

What microorganisms are recognized by TLR9

Answer 22

bacteria; viruses, herpes

Question 23

What are the extracellular TLR’s?

Answer 23

TLR 1, 2, 4, 5, 6

Question 24

What are the intracellular TLR’s

Answer 24

TLR 3, 7, 8, 9

Question 25

What is the basic process of TLR signaling?

Answer 25

1. ligand binds
2. TLR
3. MyD88 adaptor protein
4. IRAK
5. TRAF
6. translocation of NFkB which regulates the expression of genes by acting like a transcription factor

Question 26

Which TLR is the only one that uses TRIF as an adaptor protein before moving to the nucleus?

Answer 26

TLR3

Question 27

Which TLR uses both MyD88 and TRIF?

Answer 27

TLR4

Question 28

Describe in detail the process of NfkB activation via TLR4

Answer 28

1. The bacteria has an LPS which is recognized by the CD14 receptor that is present on the macrophage.
2. The LDS reaches out to the TLR4 molecule and attaches via the MD2 receptor
3. The TIR domain of the TLR4 binds to MyD88
4. The MyD88 binds to IRAK4 which is a kinase
5. IRAK4 goes down and phosphorylates TRAF6 which initiates a kinase cascade in the macrophage
6. This phosphorylates IKK which goes and binds to the IkB on the NFkB.
7. The IKK degrades IKK which allows NFkB to enter the nucleus and activate transcription of the genes that are able to produce cytokines
8. These genes activate cytokine production in the ER which allows the cytokines to be released initiating an inflammatory response