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Hardcore Immuno > Everything There Ever was Lectures 1-4 > Flashcards

Everything There Ever was Lectures 1-4 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe antigen and antibody binding

A

The Ag, which is expressed from the pathogenic cell’s surface, it recognized by an antibody that binds to the epitope of the antigen. the antibody typically has an Fc receptor that is then able to take the message to the macrophages in the body. The type of Fc region that an antibody region is what makes it unique

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2
Q

What are the cells that are involved in the innate immune system?

A 
NK 
DC 
macrophages 
phagocytes 
neutrophils
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3
Q

What do the macrophages do?

A

they are the immune system sentinels; they can be garbage collectors, antigen presenting cells, or they can be killers, it all depends on activation. They can also reduce inflammation

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4
Q

What are the three states that a macrophage can be found in?

A

resting-garbage collectors; they do not have a whole lot of MHC II here and they do not go to T cells to prevent what they have collected, because they dont have any antigens
when activated: stimulated MHC II and now it is able to function as an antigen presenting cell, and can engulf invaders

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5
Q

What do the DC’s do?

A

Dendritic cells are able to take any antigens to the lymph node and present it there, so that the required adaptive immune response is able to occur. They enter into the lymph node through the afferent lymphatic vessels

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6
Q

What are the 4 main types of lymphocytes

A
  1. B lymphocytes
  2. helper T cells
  3. cytotoxic T cells
  4. regulatory T cells
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7
Q

Describe neutrophils

A

made in the bone marrow via stimulation of G-CSF; they eliminate pathogens, clear dead tissues, and are able to repair damage that is done to the cell. They are like back up for battling macrophages and are deemed professional phagocytes; they are ON CALL for the blood, but they do not live very long. They damage normal tissues as well

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8
Q

What is the cytokine that is responsible for the recruitment of neutrophils?

A

CXCL8/ IL-8

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9
Q

Describe what happens in normal blood versus when there is in an “intrusive signal” in regards to neutrophils

A

In normal blood, the neutrophils are zipping through the blood super fast. There are ICAM molecules on the endothelial cells and there are SLIG ligands (selectin) on the neutrophils

When there is an invasive signal… macrophages give off cytokine, TNF and IL-1 that allow for the endothelial cells to add selectin proteins to their membranes which allows them to bring in the neutrophils. When they are brought in closer to the membrane, they start to roll and are “sniffing” for an inflammatory signal (C5a and LPS). When those are found the neutrophil sends INT to its surface which binds to the ICAM receptor that is present on the endothelial cell and then allows the neutrophil to stop rolling. It can pry between the cells and exit to the inflammatory site

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10
Q

How is the neutrophil able to escape from the endothelial blood vessel cells whenever it senses a signal? After it has bound to ICAM?

A

via chemoattractants: C5a and fMet peptides which function as the “find me receptors”

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11
Q

What are the two things that a neutrophil is sensitive to?

A

LPS and C5a

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12
Q

How are neutrophils activated?

A

TNF

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13
Q

What are mast cells?

A

bone marrow derived calls that are inflammatory mediators that defend agains parasitic infections or cause symptoms of allergic reactions

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14
Q

What are basophils?

A

blood granulocytes that are similar to mast cells

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15
Q

What are the classical DC’s?

A

They are the ones that are traveling through the body and they are attracted to the antigen, collect them, and deliver them to the T cells to promote an immune response

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16
Q

What are the two things that a DC always expresses?

A

class II MHC And CD11c

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17
Q

What are the plasmacytoid DC’s

A

They produce the antiviral cytokine, interferon, IFN, and present that info to the T cells

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18
Q

What is the function of the CD4+ helper T cells?

A
  • B cell activation
  • macrophage activation (CMI)
  • stimulation of inflammation
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19
Q

What is the function of the CD8+ cytotoxic lymphocytes?

A

killing of cells infected with intracellular microbes. Kill the bad guys

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20
Q

What is the function of the natural killer cells?

A

suppress or activate innate and adaptive immune responses; they mature in the bone marrow and are on call. When they get to the site of infection they can release IFN-gamma which wants of danger. They also force apoptosis via entering perforin into the cells OR via the Fas ligand

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21
Q

What is the “do not kill” signal that is present in the healthy cells in our bodies

A

MHC 1. If a killer cell sees this, then it will not kill the cell

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22
Q

What is the difference between MHC I and MHC II molecules>

A

MHC I is present on healthy cells and MHC II is used by macrophages in order to present the T cells with the message that there is an invader

23
Q

Describe the ENTIRE process of a naive T cell entering and exiting the lymph node if it does NOT find an antigen

A

ENTER via the artery or the afferent lymphatics depending on where they came from

  1. L selectin binds to the PNad on the surface of the lymph node
  2. CCL19 and CCL21 are present on the surface of the HEV And then the CCR7 activates the integrins
  3. Once they are in the lymph node, they start looking for their antigens. Different chemokine pull them to various locations
  4. It may take a while for them to leave because they have a low expression of S1PR1 and they are not able to pass the SP1 concentration gradient to leave the T cell zone of the LN
  5. Once S1PR1 is expressed, they are able to leave via the efferent lymph and travel to other nodes in search of their antigens
24
Q

Describe the ENTIRE process of a naive T cell entering and exiting the lymph node if it does find an antigen

A

The naive cells enter the lymph node either through the artery or the afferent lymph system.

  1. pulled to the HEV by CCL19 and CCL21 that are on the surface of the HEV and are tethered down by the L selectin and CCR7.
  2. travel into the node and are searching for their antigen, S1PR1 expression is low, so for in the meantime, they are stuck in the LN. When they find the antigen, they are keep hangin out until they are able to increase S1PR1 expression and exit.
  3. T effector cells exit the LN and are able to go to the site of infection with the help of E selectin, P selectin,integrins and CXL10.
25
Q

Describe how the innate immune system is able to work together in order to generate a response to a pathogen.

A

Macrophages are able to summon the neutrophils to the site of infection by releasing IL-1 and TNF that causes an inflammatory response, which releases C5a and LPS, both of which neutrophils react to in the blood stream. They are halted and are able to get through the endothelial cells with the encouragement of fmet and C5a. THEN they are able to go to the scene and help out the macrophages.

LPS is also able to bind to NKs which are able to express IFN-gamma and then prime macrophages into a hyperactive state, where they will release a bunch of TNF and are able to secrete IL-12 which then allows the NK’s to express even MORE IFN-gamma and more macrophages can jump into action.

The expression of TFN also allows for IF-2 to be emitted from somewhere idk and then the NKs are able to proliferate.

Just a shit ton of positive feedback mechanisms

26
Q

What is the BASIC function of the complement

A

it is a circulating effector protein that involves the killing of microbes, the opsonization of microbes, and the activation of leukocytes

27
Q

What is the function of c-reactive protein? ( pentraxin)

A

opsonization of microbes, activation of complement

28
Q

What is the function of TNF and IL-1?

A

Inflammation

29
Q

What is the function of IFN-alpha/beta?

A

resistance to viral infection

30
Q

What is the function of IFN-gamma

A

macrophage activation

31
Q

What is the function of IL-12?

A

IFN-gamma production by NK cells and T cells

32
Q

What is the function of IL-15?

A

Proliferation of NK cells

33
Q

What is the function of IL-10 and TGF-beta?

A

Control of inflammation

34
Q

Describe the relationship between PRRs and PAMPs

A

PRR is the pattern recognition receptor and they recognize danger signals and include TLRs

PAMPs pathogen associated molecular patterns; are what the PRR’s will look for in the case of an invasion

35
Q

Describe the movement of B cells

A

immature B cells mature in the marrow and then go to the spleen (red to white) where they mature even more

Then the B cells are drawn to the LN’s HEV by CXCL12 and CCL19/CCL21

CXCL13 that is recognized by CXCR5 and are drawn to the follicle of the LN where they may find the antigen…

36
Q

What is the function of the nod like receptors

A

act as scaffolding proteins that are able to activate NFkB and MAPK which allows for an inflammatory response to occur

37
Q

Describe the steps that are involved in the inflammasome activation

A
  1. The cell recognizes microbial products, environmental crystals, or a decrease in cytosolic K+ concentration
  2. NLRP3 recognized PAMPS and DAMPs
  3. NLRP3+APC+caspase 1 make inflammasome
  4. caspase 1 makes IL-1B and IL-18
  5. causes the release of IL-1B, IL-18, IL-6 and IL-8
38
Q

Define pyropoptosis

A

apoptosis of a macrophage or DC after IL-1B and IL-18 is released

39
Q

What are the 3 types of the scavenger receptor family?

A 
SR class A type I  
SR class A type II 
MARCO
40
Q

What is the function of Sr’s?

A

To remodel the cell after collateral damage from the inflammatory processes

41
Q

What are the DAMPS that activate NFkB in the necrotic pathway ?

A

HMGB1
uric acid
HSPs (danger signals) which attach to CD91 and initiate the NFkB pathway while releasing TNF and IL-1B

42
Q

Which family of receptors bind to carbohydrates? How do they do this?

A

C-type Lectin family. they bind via a carbohydrate recognition domain that recognizes microbial mannose, N-acetylglucosamine, B-glucans

43
Q

What do the mannose receptors recognize?

A

Terminal D-mannose

L-fuctose

N-acetyl_D-glucosamine sugars

44
Q

What are the 5 things that inflammation is caused by?

A
  1. increased blood supply to the affected area that leads to redness and heat
  2. increased capillary permeability which leads to swelling and pain
  3. influx of neutrophils
  4. arrival of monocytes and macrophages
  5. distortion of homeostasis and loss of function
45
Q

How do NK cells kill?

A

Occurs only if there are no Class 1 MHC ish…

  1. NK release perforin that perforate the membrane of the target cell
  2. granzymes from the NK cell enter into the target and cause cells of the target to die
  3. apoptosis commences
  4. macrophages come in and kill the cell eating it up and cleaning the garbage
46
Q

Describe the differences between the humoral and Cell-mediated immunity?

A

Humoral immunity: B cells and defend agains extracellular microbes

CMI- T lymphocytes that defend agains intracellular microbes that try ti kill the infected cells

47
Q

Describe the hypothesis of clonal selection

A

Ag specific clones develop prior to the exposure to the Ag; very large number are made during maturation in hopes that they will find antigens

when they do bind to age, then it leads to a mass proliferation and differentiation; some of which became memory cells

48
Q

What are the phases of the adaptive immune response?

A
  1. ag recognition
  2. lymphocyte activation
  3. ag elimination
  4. contraction
  5. memory
49
Q

Describe the differences between active and passive immunity

A

passive immunity is the adaptive transfer of abs or T lymphocytes

active immunity is the host’s response to microbes; which is the only one that is able to result in memory formation

50
Q

When do you see E selectins in the body?

A

After the endothelial cells are activated via cytokines IL-1 and TNF produced by mast cells and tissue macrophages in response to infection

ligands are on sialylated carbohydrates

51
Q

Describe L selectin

A

expressed on leukocytes and lymphocytes and are important in homing to the Lys via high endothelial venues

ligands are peripheral node addressing (PNAd)

52
Q

What is the function of LFA-1?

A

It is an integral, which mediates adhesion of cells, it is expressed by basically everything and binds to ICAM-1

53
Q

What is the function of VLA-4?

A

to bind to VCAM1 which is expressed on endothelial cells

54
Q

Describe the transmigration of leukocytes

A
  1. mast cells and macrophages produce TNF and IL-1 that induce the expression of pre-formed P selection on the endothelial cells
  2. this initiates rolling on the endothelial with the help of L selections; neutrophils recognize CXCL8 (IL-8)
  3. CCL2 activates integrins which stabilize adhesion
  4. neutrophils can leave the capillary via diapedesis and then go into the cell

Hardcore Immuno (5 decks)

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