TL Flashcards
content schemata
topic kn/ general world kn/ socio-cultural kn/
General info based on previous learning and life experiences
The T activates Ss’ schematic kn relating to talk.
formal schemata
discourse structure/ rhetorical structure
Textual schemata
텍스트 내에서 알 수 있는 내용
monologue
planned: rehearsed/ little redundancy : difficult to understand
unplanned: spontaneous/ more redundancy: easy to understand
dialogue종류 및 기출선지 (약)
Interpersonal, Transactional
- Ss will understand the “interpersonal relationships” of the speakers in each dialogue.
- Ss will distinguish the difference in register btw the two dialogues.
- Ss will develop “formality-awareness”
Familiarity of the interlocutors will produce conversations with more assumption, implications
Interpersonal (dialogue)
to promote social relationships
person-oriented
Transactional (dialogue)
to convey propositional or factual info.
message-oriented
Top-down processing
use of schematic kn/ general understanding/ make inference/ prediction
Ss start from their background kn.
Infer meaning from contextual clues
influenced by world kn. & schematic kn.
Bottom-up processing
focus on linguistic info more intensively
Start with component parts: sounds, words, grammar (linear processing)
lg items that are available within the text itself.
Integrative processing
The combination of top-down and bottom up
e.g.) @pre-listening activity
Activating Ss’ background kn while pre-teaching vocab at the same time.
Intensive listening
listen carefully in order to work on listening skills /
listen multiple times and use it for other purposes/
focus on discrete points
e.g.) dictation to build vocab and grammar
Extensive listening
listen a lot of easy materials but not trying to get all the details. / for pleasure/ listen for general understanding/ listen for getting info
spoken lg의 특징
- clustering (Ts help Ss pick out manageable clusters of words.
- Redundancy: rephrasing, repetition, elaborations and little insertions of “I mean” and “you know”
- Reduced forms: phonological, syntactic(I’ll), pragmatic
- Performance variables: hesitations, false starts, pauses, and corrections
- Colloquial lg: idioms, slang
- Rate of delivery
- Prosodic features: stress, rhythm, intonation
듣기에서 redundancy의 기능
Such redundancy helps the learner to process meaning by offering more time and extra information
The rate of delivery. 듣기에서 속도 너무 빠를 때 어떻게해?
- Simply put “pauses” btw phrases and sentences.
- The number & length of “pauses” used by a speaker is more crucial to comprehension than sheer speed.
부자연스럽게 text 속도를 slow하게 하면 안됨
Listening is a ( ), ( ) process of making sense of what we hear.
active, purposeful
참고로 듣기는 two-way이고 interaction이라는 것을 잊지 말기
Listening happens in ( ) ( )
real time
Listening strategies (9)
- listening for global understanding
- listening for specific information (scanning): key info.
- listening for details
- Inferencing
- predicting : to confirm or reject the prediction that
they’ve made. - monitoring
- clarifying
- responding
- evaluating
Listening for global understanding (gist) 예시들기
identify main ideas, noting a sequence of events
listening for specific information (scanning) 예시들기
catching concrete info including names, time, specific lg forms etc.
listening for details 정의
싹다듣기
Inferencing 특징
반드시 top down kn가 필요 (Listening btw the lines)
Listening for meaning that is implied but not stated directly
다른 읽기 전략과 함께 일어남
register
The way that lg use varies according to variations in the context.
Due to cultural and context factors, the way of lg use is different.
Important criteria for authentic materials in listening
- interesting and relevant
2. the rate of delivery (high frequent words, simple structure.)
authentic materials in 듣기의 장점
- exposed to the rhythms of natural, everyday Eng.
2. provide a real-life listening experience
듣기에서 text와 task와의 관계
Instead of simplifying the lg of the text, simplify the task that is demanded of the Ss.
듣기에서 task는 어때야 할까?
It is important that the task itself doesn’t demand too much production of the learner.
Tasks that require too much production can’t be done in real time. (e.g. 듣고 서머리)
- Choosing the correct summary from two or three choices.
- Have Ss number the pictures or events in the order they occurred.
- Identify pics that match the text (Information Transfer)
process-oriented listening
- focus on how the understanding takes place.
- metacognitive instruction :
- enable Ss to increase their awareness about their listening process
- develop effective skills for self-regulating LC
- focusing on the process can help Ss to reflect on their learning.
product-oriented listening
- Focus on what was understood
- Use what Ss comprehended in listening to complete another lg activity.
note-taking
Jotting down important words.
The T encourages Ss to use “listening strategies” such as note-taking.
Types of classroom listening performance
- reactive
- Intensive ( Bottom-up): focus on components
- Responsive
- Selective (Scanning)
- Extensive (Top-down): global understanding
- Interactive (1-5) 포함, Integrated w/speaking skiils
