TJ18: AP Final Flashcards by Antionette Roundtree

Which penetrates deeper? Hot or Cold?

Hot

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What is the liquid portion of blood?

Plasma (55%)

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Number of Crainal nerves

12 pairs

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Cartilage type of Intervertebral discs

Fibrocartilage

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Most absorption of nutrients occurs where in the gut?

Ileum of the Small Intestine

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Lymph Fluid is returned to the Circulatory System at what junction?

Subclavian & Internal Jugular

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Number of Spinal Nerves

31 pairs

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The Functions of Skin

Regulate Body Temperature
Protection for abrasion, bacteria
Secretion and Excretion of Sweat & Oil
Immunity
Blood Reservoir
Synthesis of Vitamin D
Sensation
Respiration

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2 Organs that makeup the Male Genitalia

Testes & Penis

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Myelinated axons are supported by cells made of grey or white matter?

White Matter

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Oxygen in the blood is carried by?

Hemoglobin

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What is a motor unit?

One motor neuron + all the muscle fibers it supplies

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Diffusion is what

the movement of atoms, ions or molecules from high concentrations to low concentrations across a semi-permeable membrane until equilibrium is reached.

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Define Anatomy.

The study of structure

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Normal Body Temperature

Ranges between 97F (36.1C) and 99F (37.2C)

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What are the 3 parts of the Sternum?

Manubrium (top), Body (middle), and Xyphoid Process (tip)

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Ribosomes attach to what organelle?

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

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What would you find in a Dorsal Root Ganglion?

collections of cell bodies of sensory neurons in PNS at the dorsal (posterior) root of a spinal nerve

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Alveoli are found in what organ?

Lungs

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Meisner’s Corpuscles are sensitive to?

Touch & Vibration

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What bones belong to the Appendicular Skeleton?

Upper: Clavicle, Scapula, Humerus, Radius, Ulna, Carpal, Metacarpals, Phalanges

Lower: Pelvic, Femur, Patella, Tibia, Fibula, Tarsal Bones (Calcaneus, Talus, Navicular), Metatarsal, Phalanges

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What is the master gland?

The Pituitary Gland

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Another name for muscle fiber

Myofiber

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Does Cartilage have a rich blood supply & heal quickly?

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What is a diaphysis

Shaft of bone & strongest part

Skeletal muscle attaches to bone via?

Tendon

As the diaphragm contracts air is forced (in or out) of the lungs?

What quadrant would you find the sigmoid flexure?

Left Lower Quadrant

What percent of the body is composed of NOCH?

96% of body mass

What is the body’s most abundant type of tissue?

Connective Tissue

What is the largest nerve in the body?

Sciatic Nerve

Hormones are secreted by what type of gland?

Endocrine Glands

What happens in metaphase?

Chromosomes align, or meet at the center of the cell

Where would you find smooth muscle in the body?

In organs and vessels

Functional cell of the nervous system?

Neuron

Definition of physiology

The study of function

The chief muscle(s) of respiration

Lungs

What does the neurilemma do? Where should it be? CNS or PNS?

A neurilemma or neurolemmacyte or Schwann cell is the outermost layer of nerve fibers only found in the PNS and functions of produces neurolemma and regenerates if damaged.

What is the definition of an isotonic solution?

A solution in which there is equal concentration between the solution and the cell. In this state, the cell thrives, or lives well.

Definition of a dermatome.

A skin surface area supplied by one spinal nerve.

Functions of blood.

Transportation of nutrients and waste, temperature regulation, fluid regulation (pH), and defense/immunity (WBC)

What happens at the capillary?

All gas exchange takes place here

Goosebumps are caused by what muscle

Arrector pili

The plane that separates superior from inferior?

The transverse plane

A neuron May have # of axons and # of dendrites?

1 axon to many (5-7) dendrites

The function of muscle spindle fibers?

Tells brain muscle length

What is the function of a bursa?

A fluid filled sac, located between bones to prevent direct bone on bone contact upon movement.

Function of the Cerebrum?

The largest an upper most part of the brain that is split into two hemispheres (left and right) and is used in conscious, thought, sensory perception, involuntary movements, and temperature regulation

If a muscle is atrophied from nerve damage, can massage reverse it?

If not reverse, reduce

Endocrine function (communication) is the same as what other system of communication?

Nervous System

Define Coronary Circulation.

The circulation of blood in the arteries and veins that supply the heart.

Function of kidneys.

Excrete urine, which is composed of water, nitrogenous, waste and toxins, regulate chemicals in the blood, help maintain water balance

Posture and balance is regulated by what part of the brain?

Cerebellum

Examples of Active Transport are?

Permease “pump” system, phagocytosis and pinocytosis

Cell drinking is called?

Pinocytosis

An example of a ball and socket joint.

Shoulders and hips

The part of the brain to control thirst and hunger?

Hypothalamus

Name of the two numbers in a blood pressure reading?

Top: Systolic Bottom: Diastolic

Name of division of the Autonomic, Nervous System (ANS) responsible for emergencies?

Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS)

Cell membrane is made of two things

Lipids and proteins

Know eccentric and concentric contraction

Concentric: muscle shortens Eccentric: muscle lengthens

What organs are found in the CNS?

Brain and Spinal cord

Lateral curvature of the spine is called?

Scoliosis

A muscle will do this with an increased workload?

Overload

Fibrous joints that are immovable are called?

Synarthrotic Joints

What does anatomical position look like?

A reference position with feet forward, eyes forward, arms down outside with palms forward

Proteins are made of what?

Amino acids

What type of membrane is the skin?

Cutaneous or Epithelial membrane (Stratified Squamous Epithelium)

The functional unit of muscle is called?

Sarcomere

A one-way road of conduction of impulse is called

Reflex Arc

What are the muscles of inspiration?

Sternocleidomastoid, Scalenes, External Intercostals, Diaphragm, Pectoralis, Minor

What is CSF? Where is it?

A liquid matrix in the subarachnoid space that allows the brain to float.

What is anatomical position?

A reference position with feet forward, eyes forward, arms down outside with palms forward.

The basic unit of all living things?

Cells

What is anabolism what is catabolism?

Anabolism: the building up of components into complex ones Catabolism: the breaking down of components into simple ones

The functional unit of the kidney

Nephron

At what vertebral level does the spinal cord end?

L2 in adults and L3 in children

What is a bolus?

A soft, rounded food mass that is swallowed, or a chewed up ball of food

The universal donor blood type is?

Plane that divides the body into left and right parts?

Sagittal Plane

The axial skeleton contains what bones?

Cranium (frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal), Face (maxilla zygomatic mandible), Ear Bones, Vertebral column (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccyx), Ribs, Sternum, and Hyoid Bone.

What are signs and symptoms?

Signs are measurable and observable Symptoms are subjective and what the client tells you

The contraction of a sarcomere occurs due to the sliding of what?

Actin and myosin across each other

A muscle contraction which distance of the end of the muscle change?

Isotonic

What is the sagittal plane?

A plane that divides the body into left and right parts.

The study of cells is called?

Cell biology

What are some examples of flat bones?

Scapula, ribs, patella, sternum, and skull (frontal)

What does the all or nothing principle mean?

The all or nothing principle is a property by which a muscle fiber when stimulated to contract contracts to its fullest ability or doesn’t contract at all.

The bodies preferred energy food is?

Carbohydrates or carbs

What is the functional unit of the respiratory system?

Alveoli

What effect does Massage have on the nervous system?

Massage simulator, receptors that transmits sensory signals to the central nervous system, and this in turn, causes the reduction in muscle tension, and creates a feeling of relaxation.

During mitosis groups of similar cells develop into?

Two. Identical daughter cells

Define -itis.

Inflammation

Define homeostasis.

A condition in which the body’s internal environment remains within physiological limits (balance)

Structural levels of organization from small to large.

Atoms Molecules Cells Tissues Organs Organ System Body

Layer of G.I. tract that is circular and longitudinal muscle?

Muscularis Layer

With an acute injury, would you use heat or cold?

Cold

A type of white fibrous tissue?

Dense Regular Connective Tissue (Ligaments, Tendons, Inner layer of Skin, Sclera)

Indications for Abdominal Massage

Constipation, Increased Bowel Movements

What is a group of different organs with a complex function?

Organ System