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Science Gr10 - Rai > Tissues & Organs: Specialized Animal Cells > Flashcards

Tissues & Organs: Specialized Animal Cells Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Types of Organisms

A

unicellular & multicellular

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2
Q

what is a unicellular organism?

A

A unicellular organism is a single-celled organism.

Examples: bacteria, yeast, the amoeba.

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3
Q

what is a A multicellular organism?

A

A multicellular organism consists of groups of specialized
cells that live and work together.

There is a very high level
of differentiation, cell specialization, and coordination
of cellular activities.

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4
Q

what is Cell specialization?

A

The evolutionary adaptation of a cell or
group of cells to carry out one particular function.

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5
Q

what are Advantage of cell specialization?

A

A cell that carries out only one function can be much more efficient at that one job.

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6
Q

what are Disadvantage of cell specialization?

A

The cells are dependent upon one another. If one group of cells fails to do its job, the other cells will perish.

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7
Q

Levels of Cellular Organization

A

Cell: A cell is the smallest unit that can carry out all the processes of life. (muscle cell)

Tissue: A group of similar cells that carry out a specific function. (muscle tissue)

Organ: Groups of tissues functioning as a unit, performing the same function. (organ - bladder)

Organ System: A group of organs that work together to carry out related tasks. Various organ systems work together to form a multicellular organism.
(digestive system)

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8
Q

Every ____ in your body originally came from a small group of ______

A

Every cell in your body originally came from a small group of stem cells.

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9
Q

What is a stem cell?

A

stem cell is an unspecialized cell that has the ability to renew themselves through cell division (self-renew) and have the potential to develop into many different cell types (differentiation).

(bone marrow –>
stem cells –>
white blood cells, red blood cells, platets)

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10
Q

when can stem cells form specialized cells?

A

Stem cells can form specialized cells when exposed to the proper environmental conditions, or they can remain unspecialized and actively dividing for long periods.

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11
Q

what are two types of stem cells?

A

embryonic stem cells
adult stem cells

Both types share the ability to differentiate into specialized cell types, but they differ in other attributes.

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12
Q

what are Embryonic stem cells?

A

Embryonic stem cells are derived during early embryonic development at the blastocyst stage and can differentiate into any cell type.

blastocyst –> stem cells

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13
Q

what are adult stem cells?

A

adult stem cells are rare, undifferentiated cells present in many adult tissues.

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14
Q

what is the function of adult stem cells?

A

Their primary role is to maintain and repair the tissue in which they reside. The ability of adult stem cells to differentiate is limited.

red bone marrow —>
hematopoietics stem cells (HSCs) —>
red blood cell, white blood cells, platets

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15
Q

A multicellular organism is made up of ________.

A

A multicellular organism is made up of many cells.

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16
Q

It would be very challenging if each cell was working completely __________ and needed to perform all of the necessary life processes itself.

A

It would be very challenging if each cell was working completely independently and needed to perform all of the necessary life processes itself.

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17
Q

Fortunately, cells can ____________ and become ___________.

A

Fortunately, cells can group together and become specialized.

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18
Q

These groups of cells that function together to perform specialized tasks are called __________

A

tissues

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19
Q

There are ______ main types of tissues in animal cells.

A

There are 4 main types of tissues in animal cells.

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20
Q

The 4 main types of tissues in animal cells are:

A

The 4 main types of tissues in animal cells are:

Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscle tissue
Nervous tissue

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21
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

is made of cells that are tightly packed together to form a protective barrier. Epithelial tissue may be one cell thick or consist of several layers of cells.

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22
Q

_________ may be one cell thick or consist of several layers of cells.

A

Epithelial tissue may be one cell thick or consist of several layers of cells.

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23
Q

lines body cavities and outer surface of body, protects structures, forms glands that produce hormones, enzymes, and sweat.

A

Epithelial tissue

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24
Q

have a slightly irregular shape, and a small, centrally located nucleus. These cells can be stratified into layers

ex. human cervix specimen.

A

Squamous epithelial cells

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25
Q

function of connective tissues

A

is to join other tissues together.

It also supports and protects structures, stores fat and fills empty space.

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26
Q

what are the different types of connective tissues?

A

tendons
ligaments
bones
cartilage
blood.

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27
Q

what are the types of muscle tissues that are used for movement in the body?

A

skeletal, smooth, and cardiac.

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28
Q

name a scenario where you would be using your SKELETAL MUSCLE

A

When you move your arm or leg, you are using

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29
Q

where does SMOOTH MUSCLE occur?

A

Smooth muscle occurs in blood vessels, the stomach, and other organs.

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30
Q

where does CARDIAC MUSCLE occur?

A

Cardiac muscle is only found in the heart.

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31
Q

is skeletal muscle voluntary or involuntary?

A

SKELETAL MUSCLE is VOLUNTARY.

this means they move WITH conscious control

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32
Q

is smooth muscle voluntary or involuntary?

A

SMOOTH MUSCLE is INVOLUNTARY.

this means they move without conscious control

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33
Q

is cardiac muscle voluntary or involuntary?

A

CARDIAC MUSCLE is INVOLUNTARY.

this means they move without conscious control

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34
Q

what is nervous tissue?

A

made of nerve cells which are capable of creating messages, called IMPULSES, and transmitting them throughout the body.

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35
Q

what are impulses?

A

nerve cells which are capable of creating messages

(nervous tissue)

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36
Q

receive information from inside and outside the body.

A

NERVE CELLS receive information from inside and outside the body.

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37
Q

what are the 11 organ systems in the human body?

A

Digestive System
Skeletal System
Excretory System
Nervous System
Muscular System
Reproductive System
Lymphatic System
Respiratory System
Endocrine System
Circulatory System
Integumentary System

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38
Q

what do you call a group of tissues working together?

A

Organs

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39
Q

what do you call a group of organs working together?

A

organ systems

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40
Q

digestive system?

A

responsible for ingestion (taking in) and digestion (breaking apart) of food,

  • absorption of nutrients (into the circulatory system),
  • the elimination of solid waste.
  • some organs include the stomach, small intestine and large intestine.
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41
Q

skeletal system

A
  • provides support for the body,
    -protection of internal organs and allows for movement (attachment for muscular system).
  • Includes bones and cartilage.
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42
Q

Lymphatic System

A
  • aka immune system
  • network of vessels that collects fluid from tissues and returns it to the blood.
  • contains cells that protect the body against infections (immune system).
  • Includes the spleen and lymph glands.
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43
Q

Respiratory System

A
  • provides oxygen to the body,
  • removes carbon dioxide waste from the body.
  • Works closely with the circulatory system. The main organ is the lungs.
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44
Q

Endocrine System

A
  • produces chemicals (hormones) that are responsible for many body processes, such as growth and metabolism.
  • Some organs include the adrenal glands, pancreas, testes and ovaries.
45
Q

Excretory System

A

aka - urinary system

  • the body’s cells produce waste products.
  • The job of the excretory system is to produce urine from these wastes and expel it from the body.
  • Some organs include the kidneys and urinary bladder.
46
Q

Nervous System

A
  • the body’s main control system.
  • It interacts with all other organ systems to coordinate responses and activities.
  • Organs include the brain, spinal cord and nerves.
47
Q

Circulatory System

A
  • provides oxygen, nutrients and hormones to cells and removes wastes from cells.
  • Also involved in regulating body temperature.
  • Organs include the heart, arteries, veins and capillaries.
48
Q

Muscular System

A
  • works with the skeletal system to provide movement.
  • Also responsible for moving substances throughout the body.
  • Some organs include skeletal muscles and the heart.
49
Q

Integumentary System

A
  • covers and protects the body.
  • Contains glands that assist in controlling body temperature.
  • The main organ is the skin.
50
Q

Reproductive System

A

produces egg cells (in females) and sperm cells (in males) for reproduction.

Some organs include the ovaries and uterus (in females) and the testes (in males).

51
Q

what is an organ?

A

organ is a number of tissues that work together to perform a specialized function.

52
Q

what are large complex organisms that rely on many different organs to survive?

A

PLANTS and ANIMALS are large, complex organisms that rely on many different organs to work together in order to survive.

53
Q

the brain function

A

receives all of the sensory information gathered by the body and coordinates our responses to various stimuli (environmental changes).

54
Q

the brain is mainly composed of

A

The brain is mainly composed of nervous tissue.

55
Q

what is the skin?

A

The skin is the largest organ in our body. Its main purpose is to protect the body from damage and from pathogens – disease causing entities.

56
Q

what are pathogens?

A

pathogens – disease causing entities.

57
Q

The ______ also sweats which allows for temperature control of the body.

A

THE SKIN also sweats which allows for temperature control of the body.

58
Q

composed of epithelial, connective and muscle tissue. It also contains nerve tissues.

A

THE SKIN is composed of epithelial, connective and muscle tissue. It also contains nerve tissues.

59
Q

________ is a muscular pump that supplies the blood throughout the body.

A

THE HEART is a muscular pump that supplies the blood throughout the body.

60
Q

what is the heart composed of?

A

The heart is composed of
muscle,
epithelial
and nervous tissue.

61
Q

The heart is divided into 4 chambers:

A

the left and right atria
the left and right ventricles

62
Q

the superior vena cava brings

A

the superior vena cava brings deoxygenated blood to the right atrium.

This blood flows through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle.

63
Q

From there the blood passes through the __________ into the __________ which carries the blood to the _____

A

From there the blood passes through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary artery which carries the blood to the lungs

64
Q

Veins (blue) carry

A

Veins (blue) carry deoxygenated blood
(carry blood low in oxygen)

65
Q

Arteries (red) carry oxygenated blood

A

Arteries (red) carry oxygenated blood
(carry blood high in oxygen)

66
Q

In the lungs, the blood picks up oxygen and is then carried to the _________ and then the ____________

A

In the lungs, the blood picks up oxygen and is then carried to the LEFT ATRIUM and then the LEFR VENTRICLE

67
Q

lood then enters the ________ which helps transport the oxygenated blood to the rest of the body

A

lood then enters the AORTA which helps transport the oxygenated blood to the rest of the body

68
Q

why is the animal organ HEART vital?

A

Vital because blood circulation allows all of the organs to share their contribution to our health with each other.

69
Q

why is the animal organ LUNGS vital?

A

lungs are responsible for gas exchange between the blood and the air around us.

Oxygen enters the blood while carbon dioxide exits the blood.

70
Q

why is blood significant?

A

Blood carries oxygen, sugar, proteins, hormones and a number of other important substances that must be shared with all cells in the body.

71
Q

The lungs are composed of….

A

epithelial and connective tissue.

72
Q

When you breath in air through your nose or mouth, the air passes through the _________ into your ________ (trachea: a flexible tube that is ringed with cartilage)

A

When you breath in air through your nose or mouth, the air passes through the PHARYNX into your TRACHEA

73
Q

what is a trachea?

A

(trachea: a flexible tube that is ringed with cartilage)

located in ur respiratory system

74
Q

Air moves down the ________ into the _________, into smaller ________ tubes and then into tiny air sacs called __________

A

Air moves down the TRACHEA into the BRONCHUS, into smaller BRONCHIAL tubes and then into tiny air sacs called ALVEOLI

75
Q

are tiny sacs, resembling grapes, where gas exchange occurs. Surrounded by capillaries.

A

ALVEOLI

76
Q

CAPILLARIES

A

the smallest blood vessels that are designed for trading between blood and cells.

77
Q

organs of the digestive system…

A

Organs that digest your food

78
Q

The entire digestive tract (tube) is composed of all ______ tissue types.

A

FOUR

79
Q

When food enters the mouth, it travels down a tube called the __________

A

When food enters the mouth, it travels down a tube called the ESOPHAGUS

80
Q

Food moves along the esophagus because of the rhythmic contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscles that line the esophagus. This is called ________

A

peristalsis

81
Q

From the esophagus, food will move to the ___________

A

stomach

82
Q

the _________ is a sac that contains both digestive enzymes and acid that break down food.

A

STOMACH

83
Q

The ___________ churns food and mixes it with digestive juices and enzymes

A

stomach

84
Q

From the stomach, food moves into the _______________

A

intestines

85
Q

The ___________ is the site where the nutrients from your food are absorbed into the blood so they can be delivered to the cells.

A

small intestines

86
Q

The _____________ has the job of taking the unused and indigestible material, mixing it with water, and making feces out of it.

A

large intestines

87
Q

Solid wastes are stored in the _________ and exit the body through the _________

A

Solid wastes are stored in the RECTUM and exit the body through the ANUS

88
Q

produces images of organs and tissues within the body. These images can then be used in diagnosis and treatment.

A

Medical imaging

89
Q

Some examples of medical imaging include:

A

X-rays
Fluoroscopy
Ultrasound
Computed Tomography (CT)

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Nuclear Medicine
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
Biophotonics

90
Q

in the 18th century smallpox killed ______ of the people it infected. Survivors were left with deep-pitted scars called pock marks

A

30%

91
Q

Who is Edward Jenner?

A

In 1796, British Doctor

  • observed that people that milked the cows and contracted a mild case of a related illness called cowpox never got sick from smallpox
  • experimented with placing some pus from cowpox sores into an open wound on a smallpox patient’s arm
  • The patient became resistant or immune to smallpox, Jenner called this a vaccination
  • As a result of Jenner’s vaccines, smallpox was declared eliminated around the world in 1979
92
Q

how do vaccines work?

A
  1. a weak a dead form of germ is introduced
  2. this sparks your immune response to develop antibodies that remember germs
  3. the antibodies fight off germs if it invades again
93
Q

vaccines in ontario

A

Vaccines are substances that give a boost to your immune system which helps your body fight disease

Vaccinations are now given for many diseases including influenza, tetanus and polio.

Recently, Covid Vaccinations have also been offered

94
Q

what virus is a common virus that can live on household surfaces for up to 2 days?

A

the cold virus

95
Q

When a person ________ or ____________, cold virus droplets are expelled and can contaminate nearby surfaces

A

When a person coughs or sneezes, cold virus droplets are expelled and can contaminate nearby surfaces

96
Q

public health strategies for viruses

A

Immunization programs

Smoke-free / vape-free environment

Promoting Healthy Lifestyles Outdoors

Screening Programs

97
Q

Canada has a ________ number of organ donors (about ______ organ donors per 1 million people)

A

Canada has a lower number of organ donors (about 14 organ donors per 1 million people)

98
Q

transplanting organs

A

Various organs and tissues can be donated
Kidney, liver, lung, small bowel and pancreas can be donated through living donations

Some animal to human transplants also occur

99
Q

what is gene therapy?

A

Involves inserting healthy genes into cells so that the cells will function normally

Has the potential to be used to treat cancer, inherited diseases and some viral infections

100
Q

what is cloning?

A

Cloning creates a genetically identical organism that is an exact copy of a gene, cell, tissue or organism

Cloning in animals is more controversial
Cloning in humans has many moral and ethical issues.
Parents may be able to choose or design their offspring through cloning

101
Q

Cloning in _______ has been occurring for years

A

plants

102
Q

cloning in animals is more _________

A

Cloning in animals is more controversial

103
Q

cloning in humans has many _______ and ______ issues

A

Cloning in humans has many moral and ethical issues.

104
Q

Parents may be able to choose or design their offspring through cloning

A

TRUE

105
Q

What are transgenic organisms?

A

Transgenic organisms are those that contain genes from other species

ex.
regular fruit
+
bacterium with insect resistance & copy of gene for insect resistant

=
insest resistant fruit

106
Q

reproductive technologies

A

includes a wide range of techniques that can be used to solve fertility problems in humans and animals

Artificial insemination (AI)
and
in vitro fertilization (IVF)
are examples

107
Q

what is Homeostasis?

A

Our body systems work together to maintain homeostasis which means “steady state”

an acceptable range of different physical and chemical conditions in which the body can function efficiently

such as temperature, blood pressure, heart rate, blood glucose levels).

Your body systems work together to stay within this acceptable range

108
Q

what must our organ systems be in order to maintain homeostasis?

A

To maintain homeostasis, our organ systems are INTERDEPENDENT upon each other

109
Q

what does INTERDEPENDENT mean?

A

Interdependent means two or more things that relate to each other and are dependent on each other for their success or wellbeing.

This means that they need and help each other to be successful.

  • basically all organ systems help eachother out / dependent on eachother

Science Gr10 - Rai (5 decks)

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