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Science Gr10 - Rai > Cell Division & Mitosis > Flashcards

Cell Division & Mitosis Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Two main reasons cells divide

A

1 - If a cell grows to large, it will have trouble moving enough nutrients and wastes across the cell membrane

2 - The larger a cell b ecomes, the more demands the cell places on its DNA

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2
Q

What is cell division?

A

the process by which cellular material is divided between two new daughter cells

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3
Q

___ mother cell = ___ daughter cells

A

1 mother cell = 2 daughter cells

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4
Q

The two daughter cells will be _________ to eachother and to the mother cell

A

The two daughter cells will be IDENTICAL to eachother and to the mother cell

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5
Q

Each daughter cell is ____ the size of the parent cell, but immediately begins growing.

A

Each daughter cell is HALF the size of the parent cell, but immediately begins growing.

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6
Q

How many meters of DNA does a typical human cell have?

A

2 meters

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7
Q

before a cell divides all the DNA must be..

A

COPIED, and then the two copies separated so that each daughter cell ends up with a COMPLETE SET OF DNA

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8
Q

True or false? Each species has a characteristic number of chromosomes in each cell nucleus

A

True

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9
Q

How many chromosomes does a human?

A

humans have 23 pairs or 46.

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10
Q

Each cell must first copy its ________
before cell division occurs. Each daughter cell gets a complete copy of that information.

A

chromosomes

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11
Q

What are the two main stages of cell division?

A

Mitosis

Cytokinesis

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12
Q

What is Mitosis?

A

The division of the nucleus

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13
Q

What is Cytokinesis

A

The division of the cytoplasm

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14
Q

The chromosomes are not visible expect during…

A

The chromosomes are not visible except during CELL DIVISION

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15
Q

At the beginning of cell division, the chromosomes ___________________________________

A

condense into compact, visible structures that are easily seen with a microscope

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16
Q

Well before cell division takes place, each chromosome is __________ and __________

A

replicated and copied

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17
Q

At the beginning of cell division, each chromosome consists of __________

A

two identical “sister chromatids”.

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18
Q

What is the area of where two identical “sister chromatids” are connected?

A

A centromere

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19
Q

Replicated chromosome consists..

A

of 2 sister chromatids.

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20
Q

What is a cell cycle?

A

The series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide.

The cell cycle is the life of the cell from the time it is first formed from a dividing parent cell until its own division into two cells.

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21
Q

What happenes during the cell cycle? (3 steps)

A
  1. The cell grows.
  2. The cell prepares for division.
  3. The cell divides to form two daughter cells.
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22
Q

What are the 5 major phases of cell cycle?

A

1.) G1 [ First gap ]
2.) S [ Synthesis ]
3.) G2 [ Second gap ]
4.) Mitosis
5.) Cytokinesis

TWO NEW CELLS ARE THEN PRODUCED

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23
Q

What is Mitosis?

A

Mitosis is the division of the nucleus.

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24
Q

What is Cytokinesis?

A

Cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm.

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25
Q

Before a Cell Can Begin Mitosis and Actually Divide, It Must:

A
  1. It must form duplicates of its chromosomes.
  2. It must produce a supply of organelles for the two daughter cells.

These preparations occur during the G1, S, and G2 phases of the cell cycle.

These three (G1, S, and G2) are collectively known as interphase.

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26
Q

What is interphase?

A

G1
S
G2

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27
Q

G1 Phase

A

a) The cell doubles in size.

b) The enzymes, cytoplasmic organelles and other molecules double in number.

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28
Q

S phase

A

Replication of DNA occurs.

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29
Q

G2 Phase

A

The cell assembles the special structures needed for cell division

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30
Q

When interphase (G1, S, G2) is complete…..

A

the cell is ready to begin the process of cell division.

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31
Q

What accounts for 90% of the cell cycle?

A

Interphase

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32
Q

Mitosis has ____ stages…

A

Mitosis has 4 stages:
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

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33
Q

During Interphase..

A

Nucleus - well definied & bounded by nuclear membrane

Outside nucleus are two CENTRIOLES

34
Q

What are the functions of centrioles during interphase

A

-organize the microtubules into a spindle.

They will begin to move apart as spindle microtubules grow out of them.

35
Q

Early Prophase

A

The chromosomes coil and thicken and become distinct from one another. The chromosomes are now visible.

The nucleoulus disappears

Each half of the double chromosome is a CHROMATID

The chromatids are connected by a CENTROMERE

The CENTRIOLES separate and start moving to opposite ends of the cell.
A SPINDLE made of MICROTUBLES begins to form.

36
Q

The chromosomes coil and thicken and become distinct from one another. The chromosomes are now visible.

A

Early Prophase

37
Q

The nucleolus disappears

A

Early Prophase

38
Q

EARLY PROPHASE - Each half of the double chromosome is a __________.

A

Chromatid

39
Q

EARLY PROPHASE - The chromatids are connected by a ___________.

A

centromere

40
Q

EARLY PROPHASE - The ____________ separate and start moving to opposite ends of the cell.

A

CENTRIOLES

41
Q

EARLY PROPHASE - A __________ made of ____________ begins to form.

A

SPINDLE

MICROTUBLES

42
Q

The _________________ fragments and the microtubules invade the nuclear area. The spindle is completely formed.

A

NUCLEAR MEMBRANE

(LATE PROPHASE)

43
Q

The spindle is a structure that will help to _______________________. During prophase the pairs of __________ become attached to the fibers of the spindle.

A

SEPERATE THE CHROMOSOMES

CHROMOTIDS

(LATE PROPHASE)

44
Q

The centrioles have moved to the opposite poles, forming the spindle as they go.

A

LATE PROPHASE

45
Q

The centrioles are now at opposite sides of the cell

A

METAPHASE

46
Q

The spindle fibers will push and pull the chromosomes.

A

METAPHASE

47
Q

The chromosomes line up at the center of the cell.

A

METAPHASE

48
Q

Each chromosome is connected to a spindle fiber at its centromere.

A

METAPHASE

49
Q

The centromeres divide and the chromatids move to opposite sides of the cell.

A

ANAPHASE

50
Q

The microtubules begin to shorten and this pulls the chromatids apart to opposite sides of the cell.

A

ANAPHASE

51
Q

Chromatids are being pulled to opposite sides of the cell.

A

ANAPHASE

52
Q

Shortening of the microtubules

A

ANAPHASE

53
Q

By the end of anaphase, the two ends of the cell have equivalent and complete sets of chromosomes.

A

ANAPHASE

54
Q

Nuclear membrane begins to form.

A

TELOPHASE

55
Q

The cell begins to pinch in. This is called a cleavage furrow.

A

TELOPHASE

56
Q

Nucleolus returns.

A

TELOPHASE

57
Q

cleavage furrow

A

TELOPHASE

58
Q

Nuclear membrane is returning.

A

TELOPHASE

59
Q

The end result is two cells that are exact copies of each other.

A

TELOPHASE

60
Q

At the end of mitosis, __________ have been formed. Each nucleus has an identical set of _____________.

A

TWO NUCLEI

CHROMOSOMES

(CYTOKINESIS)

61
Q

__________ is: the division of the cytoplasm

A

CYTOKINESIS

62
Q

______________ usually occurs at the same time as telophase.

A

CYTOKINESIS

63
Q

In animal cells, a cleavage furrow pinches the cell membrane inward until the cell is pinched into two separate cells. Each new cell contains its own _____________

A

CYTOKINESIS IN ANIMAL CELLS

nucleus, cytoplasm, and organelles.

64
Q

Cytokinesis in plant cells

A

In plants, it is not possible for the cell to pinch inward because of the rigid cell wall

65
Q

In plants, a ______ forms midway between the two nuclei.

The _______ continues to form across the cell until two separate cells have been formed.

A

CELL PLATE

66
Q

______ takes between 30 minutes and 2 hours

A

Mitosis

67
Q

1 mother = 2 daughter cells

A

Mitosis

68
Q

The two daughter cells are identical to the mother cell.

A

Mitosis

69
Q

Results of Mitosis

A

In unicellular plants and animals, it results in new offspring by asexual reproduction.

In multicellular organisms, it results in the growth and repair of the organism.

70
Q

Importance of Mitosis

A

The two new cells are exact duplicates.

Insures that the new cells will be able to carry on the same functions as the mother cell.

71
Q

The frequency of cell division varies with the _____________

A

type of cell

72
Q

_________ divide frequently throughout our lives.

A

SKIN CELLS

73
Q

___________ maintain the ability to divide but only do so on rare occasion - say to repair a wound.

A

LIVER CELLS

74
Q

The most specialized cells, such as ______ cells and _______ cells, do not divide at all.

A

MUSCLE CELLS & NERVE CELLS

75
Q

When cells come into contact with other cells, they respond by _______

A

NOT GROWING

76
Q

When an injury, like a cut in the skin occurs, the cells at the edge of the injury begin to __________

A

DIVIDE RAPIDILY

77
Q

When the healing process nears completion, the rate of cell division __________________

A

SLOWS DOWN

78
Q

There are many __________ found on the inside and the outside of the cell that regulate cell division.

A

PROTIENS

79
Q

Some of these __________ are responsible for starting and stopping cell division.
Other __________ seem to speed up or slow down the cell division process.

A

PROTIENS

80
Q

These proteins send out __________ that prevent excessive cell growth.

A

SIGNALS

81
Q

Cancer all have 1 thing in common

A

The protein regulators that control the cell cycle have failed to do their job.

82
Q

Mitosis Stages

A

Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokenesis

Science Gr10 - Rai (4 decks)

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