Cell Organelles Flashcards
1
Q
Description of Nucleus
A
-surrounded by nuclear membrane
-dotted with thousands of pores (that allow material to move into and out of the nucleus)
2
Q
Function of Nucleus
A
-controls the cell’s activities
(-directs protein synthesis by sending messages to the ribosomes)
-contains almost all of the cell’s genetic material (DNA)
3
Q
Function of Mitochondria
A
-supply energy for the cell
-converts chemical energy in glucose (sugar) to energy that can be used by the cell (through cellular respiration)
4
Q
Description of Mitochondria
A
-has an inner membrane and an outer membrane
(-folds on the inner membrane called cristae)
5
Q
Description of Ribosomes
A
-formed from 2 subunits
-can be found in the cytoplasm or attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum
6
Q
Function of Ribosomes
A
-site of protein synthesis
7
Q
Description of Golgi Apparatus
A
-appears as a stack of loosely connected membranes (is membrane bound)
8
Q
Function of Golgi Apparatus
A
-proteins made in the rough ER move to the golgi apparatus to be modified, sorted and packaged. They are then sent to their final destinations
9
Q
Description of Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
A
-large folded membrane system dotted with ribosomes
10
Q
Function of Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
A
-Ribosomes build proteins and the ER helps fold or modify them. These proteins are then sent to the golgi apparatus
11
Q
Function of Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
A
-Puts together lipids and is important in making new membranes
12
Q
Description of Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
A
-large folded membrane system
(No ribosomes)
13
Q
Description of Lysosome/Peroxisome (animal cells only)
A
-membrane bound sac filled with digestive enzymes
14
Q
Function of Lysosome/Peroxisome
(animal cells only)
A
-breaks down molecules (such as carbohydrates, proteins and lipids) and old cell parts that can then be used to produce new cell parts
15
Q
Description of Nucleolus
A
-small non-membrane structure within the nucleus
16
Q
Function of Nucleolus
A
-makes the subunits that make up ribosomes
17
Q
Description of Cell Membrane
A
-made up of lipids and proteins
18
Q
Function of Cell Membrane
A
-maintains the cell’s shape
-controls which materials enter and exit the cell
-also called the plasma membrane
19
Q
Description of Cell Wall (Plants/Bacteria)
A
-made up of cellulose
20
Q
Function of Cell Wall (Plants/Bacteria)
A
-provide support and protection to the plant cell
21
Q
Description of Chloroplasts (Plants)
A
-surrounded by an inner and outer membrane
-inside the chloroplast there are stacks of other membranes called thylakoids. Thylakoids contain chlorophyll which is a pigment required for photosynthesis
22
Q
Function of Chloroplasts (Plants)
A
-uses the energy from sunlight to form glucose (sugar) molecules from CO2 and H2O. This process is called photosynthesis
23
Q
Organelle that transports materials within the cell
A
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
24
Q
Organelle that manages or controls cells functions
A
NUCLEUS
25
The site of protien synthesis
RIBOSOMES
26
Contains chlorophyll, a green pigment that traps energy from sunlight and gives plants their green color
CHLOROPLAST
27
Digests excess or worn-out proteins and fats
LYSOSOME
28
Small bumps located on portions of the rough endoplasmic reticulum
RIBOSOMES
29
Firm, protective structure that gives the cell its shape in plants
CELL WALL
30
Packages proteins for transport out of the cell
GOLGI APPARATUS
31
Everything inside the cell including the nucleus
CELL ORGANELLES
32
Site where ribosomes are made
NUCLEOLUS makes 2 subunits that pass into the CYTOPLASM where they combine into ribosomes
33
The membrane surrounding the cell, composed of a phospholipid bilayer
CELLULAR MEMBRANE
34
Consist of hollow tubes which provide support for the cell
CYTOSKELETON (specifically microtubules)
35
Creates new triglycerides and phospholipids for use in the cell
SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
36
Small capsules that can translate genetic material into Protein
RIBOSOMES
37
Central housing for ribosomes, location of protein synthesis
ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
38
Contains most of the cell’s DNA
NUCLEUS
39
Creates budding vesicles for delivery and transport of biomolecules in and outside of the cell
GOLGI APPARATUS
40
What features do ONLY PLANT CELLS have?
Rigid cell wall
Chloroplasts
No centrioles
Regular shape
Few, large vacuoles
41
What features do ONLY ANIMAL CELLS have?
No cell wall
No chloroplasts
Centrioles
Irregular shapes
Small, numerous vacuoles
Lysosomes
42
What are some SIMILARITIES between PLANT AND ANIMAL CELLS?
-All cells have a cell membrane and contain genetic material.
-All cells contain various organelles to carry out important functions
-All cells contain cytoplasm
43
This organelle functions in cellular respiration
Mitochondria
44
This organelle functions to package and deliver proteins
Golgi apparatus
45
The endoplasmic reticulum functions to:
transport materials
46
Genetic material is contained within the ________ of the cell.
nucleus
47
This organelle is responsible for destroying worn-out cell parts:
lysosomes
48
The ________ controls what enters and leaves the cell.
cell membrane
49
Which structure is directly responsible for the formation of proteins within the cell.
ribosomes
50
Located within the nucleus, it is responsible for producing ribosomes:
nucleolus
51
Who discovered the "cell" coming up with it's name?
Robert Hooke - 1665
named them cells as it reminded him of chambers
52
Who was the first to see microorganisms under the microscope?
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek (late 1600s)
made many simple microscopes
discovered the hidden world of microorganisms in a drop of water.
53
Who said that,
"All plants are made out of cells." - 1838
Matthias Schleiden
german botanist - 1838
54
Who said that,
"All animals are made out of cells." - 1839
Theodore Schwann
Zoologist - 1839
55
Who said that,
"Cells can only arise from preexisting cells." - 1858
Rudolph Virchow
- 1858
56
Cell theory
1. All living things are composed of cells.
2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things.
3. New cells are produced from existing cells.
57
Organisms can be classified as ____________ or _________
Organisms can be classified as
HETEROTROPHS or AUTOTROPHS
58
What is a heterotroph?
HETEROTROPHS
Cannot make their own food
They must get it from outside sources
Are consumers
59
What is a Autotroph?
AUTOTROPHS
Can make their own food
Not dependent on outside sources of food
Are producers
60
What are examples of autotrophs?
Includes all green plants, some protists, and some bacteria
61
What are examples of heterotrophs?
All animals (chipmunks)
Fungi (mushrooms)
62
Ingestion
the taking in of food and water
63
All Cells Must Be Able To Perform The Following Functions Of Life: (8)
Ingestion, Digestion, Respiration, Biosynthesis, Egestion, Excretion, Reproduction, Irritability
64
Ingestion
Ingestion: the taking in of food and water
65
Digestion
Digestion: breaking down food into small molecules that can be used by the cell
66
Respiration
Respiration: burning food for energy
67
Biosynthesis
Biosynthesis: using the energy from food for growth & repair
68
Egestion
Egestion: the removal of solid waste from the cell
69
Excretion
Excretion: the removal of liquid waste from the cell
70
Reproduction
Reproduction: producing offspring
71
Irritability
Irritability: responding to a stimulus
72
Organelles are the_________________
Organelles are the specialized structures found within a cell.
73
A cell is divided into 2 parts..
Nucleus: The control center of the cell
Cytoplasm: the portion of the cell outside of the cell
74
The nucleus is the control center of the cell and contains nearly all of the cell’s DNA.
- control center of the cell
- contains nearly all of the cell’s DNA.
- The DNA has the instructions for making proteins and other important molecules.
- The nucleus is surrounded by a nuclear membrane
The nuclear membrane is a double membrane that is dotted with thousands of pores.
These pores allows materials to move into and out of the nucleus.
75
The nuclear membrane is a double membrane that is dotted with thousands of _________
76
These pores allows materials to move ________________
These pores allows materials to move into and out of the nucleus.
77
Chromosomes Are…
made up of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)and have two functions:
78
What are the two functions of chromosomes?
1. ) To contain the genetic information that is passed from one generation to the next
2.) To control the cell’s activities
79
The Nucleolus
The nucleolus manufactures the subunits that make ribosomes.
80
What are the 2 subunits in a nucleolus?
Large subunit
Small subunit
These subunits then pass through the pores of the nucleus to the cytoplasm where they combine to form ribosomes.
81
Ribosomes may be found ____________________________, or they may be found attached to ____________________________________
Ribosomes may be found FREE FLOATING IN THE CYTOPLASM in the cytoplasm, or they may be found attached TO THE ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
82
Ribosomes are the most ____________ of the cell’s organelles.
NUMEROUS
83
Ribosomes are the site of _____________
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
84
All proteins of the cell are made by the _______________
RIBOSOMES
85
The internal membrane system of a cell is known as the _________________
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
86
This system of membranes is so extensive throughout the cell that it accounts for more than half the total membrane in a cell.
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
87
THE _________________ connects the nuclear membrane to the cell membrane
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
88
The rough endoplasmic reticulum has ____________ attached to it.
RIBOSOMES
89
This type of endoplasmic reticulum is involved in the making of protein.
ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
90
Newly made proteins leave the ribosome and are inserted into spaces of the endoplasmic reticulum where they are modified and shaped into a functioning protein.
ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
91
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum has _________________
NO RIBOSOMES
92
The function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum is to make ___________________
MAKE LIPIDS THAT WOULD BE USED IN THE CELL MEMBRANE
93
______________ that were produced in the rough endoplasmic reticulum now move to the Golgi apparatus.
PROTIENS
94
The ______________ appears as a stack of loosely connected membranes.
GOLGI APPARATUS
95
The function of the Golgi is to ________, __________ and __________ the proteins that have arrived from the endoplasmic reticulum.
MODIFY, SORT AND PACKAGE
96
These proteins will either be STORED INSIDE the cell or be SECRETED TO THE OUTSIDE of the cell.
The FINISHING TOUCHES are put on proteins here before they are shipped off to their final destinations.
Golgi Apparatus
97
Lysosomes are filled with __________________
Lysosomes are filled with VERY STRONG DIGESTIVE ENZYMES
98
One function of lysosomes is the __________________________________________________________________________
digestion of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids into small molecules that can be used by the rest of the cell
99
They recycle the cell’s own organic materials, breaking them down into their building blocks and returning them to the cytoplasm to be used again
lysosomes
100
Are surrounded by a thick membrane so that the digestive enzymes inside do not destroy healthy parts of the cell
Lysosomes
101
____________ are responsible for destroying old organelles that can no longer carry out their function.
lysosomes
102
storage area inside of a cell
vacuoles
103
may store water, salts, proteins and carbohydrates as well as other materials as required
vacuoles
104
powerhouse of the cell
mitochondria
105
purpose is to carry out cellular respiration
mitochondria
106
What is cellular respiration?
Cellular respiration is the process of converting glucose or sugar molecules into a useable form of energy for the cell
107
How many membranes do mitochondria have?
Mitochondria have 2 membranes:
an inner membrane - selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the mitochondria
and
an outer membrane - folds inward to form extra surfaces for cellular respiration
108
There can be _____s or ______s of mitochondria in a cell depending on its energy needs.
There can be 100s or 1000s of mitochondria in a cell depending on its energy needs.
109
There is an internal framework called the
There is an internal framework called the CYTOSKELETON
110
2 types of fibers found in the cytoskeleton..
There are 2 types of fibers found in the cytoskeleton:
microtubules and microfilaments
111
It is a support system for the organelles and also helps give the cell its shape and helps in movement
cytoskeleton
112
Organelles do not just float freely around the _________
cytoskeleton
113
__________ Also called the plasma membrane
Cell membrane
114
Helps MAINTAIN THE SHAPE OF THE CELL
cell membrane
115
Separates one animal cell from the next animal cell
Cell membrane
116
Controls the passage of materials into and out of the cell
Cell membrane
117
Mostly made up of LIPIDS and PROTIENS
Cell Membrane
118
Structures NEVER found in plant cells:
Lysosomes
Centrioles
Flagella (used for movement in animal cells)
119
Structures NEVER found in animal cells:
Chloroplasts
Central vacuole
Cell wall
120
Central Vacuole
A central vacuole is a very large vacuole found in mature plant cells
121
When it is filled with water, it gives strength and support to the cell
Large Central Vacuole
122
This helps allow the plant to support heavy structures such as flowers and leaves
Large Central Vacuole
123
Can also be a storage area for the plant cell
Large Central Vacuole
124
Are only found in plant cells and other unicellular organisms that perform PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Chloroplasts
125
_________________ is where photosynthesis takes place (by absorbing energy from sunlight and converting it to chemical energy in the form of glucose or sugar)
Chloroplasts
126
A chloroplast can be considered a _______________________________
SOLAR POWER PLANT
127
Chloroplasts are surrounded by 2 membranes......
an inner membrane
and
an outer membrane
128
Inside the ________ are large stacks of other membranes called thylakoids.
Chloroplasts
129
What are Thylakoids
(Inside Chloroplasts)
Thylakoids contain the green pigment chlorophyll which is required for photosynthesis
130
The cell wall is the supporting structure found in the cells of _____________
plants and fungi
131
_____________ is made up of CELLULOSE (a tough carbohydrate)
CELL WALL
132
The __________ main function is to provide support and protection for the plant cell
CELL WALL
133
Cellular respiration formula
Glucose + oxygen ---> carbon dioxide + water + usable energy
134
what is a organelle?
a cell structure that performs a specific function for a cell
135
what is a prokaryote?
(without a nucleus)
a cell that does not contain a nucleus or other membrane bound organelles
eg. e-coli
136
what is a eukaryote?
a cell that contains a nucleus and other organelles, each surrounded by a thin membrane.
eg. single cell organism (amoeba)
multicellular organism (whale, pine tree)
137
DNA stands for..
deoxyribonucleicacid
