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Science Gr10 - Rai > Cell Organelles > Flashcards

Cell Organelles Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Description of Nucleus

A

-surrounded by nuclear membrane

-dotted with thousands of pores (that allow material to move into and out of the nucleus)

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2
Q

Function of Nucleus

A

-controls the cell’s activities

(-directs protein synthesis by sending messages to the ribosomes)

-contains almost all of the cell’s genetic material (DNA)

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3
Q

Function of Mitochondria

A

-supply energy for the cell

-converts chemical energy in glucose (sugar) to energy that can be used by the cell (through cellular respiration)

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4
Q

Description of Mitochondria

A

-has an inner membrane and an outer membrane

(-folds on the inner membrane called cristae)

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5
Q

Description of Ribosomes

A

-formed from 2 subunits
-can be found in the cytoplasm or attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum

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6
Q

Function of Ribosomes

A

-site of protein synthesis

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7
Q

Description of Golgi Apparatus

A

-appears as a stack of loosely connected membranes (is membrane bound)

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8
Q

Function of Golgi Apparatus

A

-proteins made in the rough ER move to the golgi apparatus to be modified, sorted and packaged. They are then sent to their final destinations

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9
Q

Description of Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

-large folded membrane system dotted with ribosomes

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10
Q

Function of Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

-Ribosomes build proteins and the ER helps fold or modify them. These proteins are then sent to the golgi apparatus

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11
Q

Function of Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

-Puts together lipids and is important in making new membranes

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12
Q

Description of Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

-large folded membrane system
(No ribosomes)

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13
Q

Description of Lysosome/Peroxisome (animal cells only)

A

-membrane bound sac filled with digestive enzymes

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14
Q

Function of Lysosome/Peroxisome
(animal cells only)

A

-breaks down molecules (such as carbohydrates, proteins and lipids) and old cell parts that can then be used to produce new cell parts

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15
Q

Description of Nucleolus

A

-small non-membrane structure within the nucleus

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16
Q

Function of Nucleolus

A

-makes the subunits that make up ribosomes

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17
Q

Description of Cell Membrane

A

-made up of lipids and proteins

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18
Q

Function of Cell Membrane

A

-maintains the cell’s shape

-controls which materials enter and exit the cell

-also called the plasma membrane

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19
Q

Description of Cell Wall (Plants/Bacteria)

A

-made up of cellulose

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20
Q

Function of Cell Wall (Plants/Bacteria)

A

-provide support and protection to the plant cell

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21
Q

Description of Chloroplasts (Plants)

A

-surrounded by an inner and outer membrane

-inside the chloroplast there are stacks of other membranes called thylakoids. Thylakoids contain chlorophyll which is a pigment required for photosynthesis

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22
Q

Function of Chloroplasts (Plants)

A

-uses the energy from sunlight to form glucose (sugar) molecules from CO2 and H2O. This process is called photosynthesis

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23
Q

Organelle that transports materials within the cell

A

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

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24
Q

Organelle that manages or controls cells functions

A

NUCLEUS

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25
Q

The site of protien synthesis

A

RIBOSOMES

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26
Q

Contains chlorophyll, a green pigment that traps energy from sunlight and gives plants their green color

A

CHLOROPLAST

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27
Q

Digests excess or worn-out proteins and fats

A

LYSOSOME

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28
Q

Small bumps located on portions of the rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

RIBOSOMES

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29
Q

Firm, protective structure that gives the cell its shape in plants

A

CELL WALL

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30
Q

Packages proteins for transport out of the cell

A

GOLGI APPARATUS

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31
Q

Everything inside the cell including the nucleus

A

CELL ORGANELLES

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32
Q

Site where ribosomes are made

A

NUCLEOLUS makes 2 subunits that pass into the CYTOPLASM where they combine into ribosomes

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33
Q

The membrane surrounding the cell, composed of a phospholipid bilayer

A

CELLULAR MEMBRANE

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34
Q

Consist of hollow tubes which provide support for the cell

A

CYTOSKELETON (specifically microtubules)

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35
Q

Creates new triglycerides and phospholipids for use in the cell

A

SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

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36
Q

Small capsules that can translate genetic material into Protein

A

RIBOSOMES

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37
Q

Central housing for ribosomes, location of protein synthesis

A

ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

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38
Q

Contains most of the cell’s DNA

A

NUCLEUS

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39
Q

Creates budding vesicles for delivery and transport of biomolecules in and outside of the cell

A

GOLGI APPARATUS

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40
Q

What features do ONLY PLANT CELLS have?

A

Rigid cell wall
Chloroplasts
No centrioles
Regular shape
Few, large vacuoles

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41
Q

What features do ONLY ANIMAL CELLS have?

A

No cell wall
No chloroplasts
Centrioles
Irregular shapes
Small, numerous vacuoles
Lysosomes

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42
Q

What are some SIMILARITIES between PLANT AND ANIMAL CELLS?

A

-All cells have a cell membrane and contain genetic material.

-All cells contain various organelles to carry out important functions

-All cells contain cytoplasm

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43
Q

This organelle functions in cellular respiration

A

Mitochondria

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44
Q

This organelle functions to package and deliver proteins

A

Golgi apparatus

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45
Q

The endoplasmic reticulum functions to:

A

transport materials

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46
Q

Genetic material is contained within the ________ of the cell.

A

nucleus

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47
Q

This organelle is responsible for destroying worn-out cell parts:

A

lysosomes

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48
Q

The ________ controls what enters and leaves the cell.

A

cell membrane

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49
Q

Which structure is directly responsible for the formation of proteins within the cell.

A

ribosomes

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50
Q

Located within the nucleus, it is responsible for producing ribosomes:

A

nucleolus

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51
Q

Who discovered the “cell” coming up with it’s name?

A

Robert Hooke - 1665

named them cells as it reminded him of chambers

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52
Q

Who was the first to see microorganisms under the microscope?

A

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek (late 1600s)

made many simple microscopes

discovered the hidden world of microorganisms in a drop of water.

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53
Q

Who said that,
“All plants are made out of cells.” - 1838

A

Matthias Schleiden

german botanist - 1838

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54
Q

Who said that,
“All animals are made out of cells.” - 1839

A

Theodore Schwann

Zoologist - 1839

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55
Q

Who said that,
“Cells can only arise from preexisting cells.” - 1858

A

Rudolph Virchow

  • 1858
56
Q

Cell theory

A
  1. All living things are composed of cells.
  2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things.
  3. New cells are produced from existing cells.
57
Q

Organisms can be classified as ____________ or _________

A

Organisms can be classified as

HETEROTROPHS or AUTOTROPHS

58
Q

What is a heterotroph?

A

HETEROTROPHS

Cannot make their own food
They must get it from outside sources
Are consumers

59
Q

What is a Autotroph?

A

AUTOTROPHS

Can make their own food
Not dependent on outside sources of food
Are producers

60
Q

What are examples of autotrophs?

A

Includes all green plants, some protists, and some bacteria

61
Q

What are examples of heterotrophs?

A

All animals (chipmunks)
Fungi (mushrooms)

62
Q

Ingestion

A

the taking in of food and water

63
Q

All Cells Must Be Able To Perform The Following Functions Of Life: (8)

A

Ingestion, Digestion, Respiration, Biosynthesis, Egestion, Excretion, Reproduction, Irritability

64
Q

Ingestion

A

Ingestion: the taking in of food and water

65
Q

Digestion

A

Digestion: breaking down food into small molecules that can be used by the cell

66
Q

Respiration

A

Respiration: burning food for energy

67
Q

Biosynthesis

A

Biosynthesis: using the energy from food for growth & repair

68
Q

Egestion

A

Egestion: the removal of solid waste from the cell

69
Q

Excretion

A

Excretion: the removal of liquid waste from the cell

70
Q

Reproduction

A

Reproduction: producing offspring

71
Q

Irritability

A

Irritability: responding to a stimulus

72
Q

Organelles are the_________________

A

Organelles are the specialized structures found within a cell.

73
Q

A cell is divided into 2 parts..

A

Nucleus: The control center of the cell

Cytoplasm: the portion of the cell outside of the cell

74
Q

The nucleus is the control center of the cell and contains nearly all of the cell’s DNA.

A
  • control center of the cell
  • contains nearly all of the cell’s DNA.
  • The DNA has the instructions for making proteins and other important molecules.
  • The nucleus is surrounded by a nuclear membrane

The nuclear membrane is a double membrane that is dotted with thousands of pores.
These pores allows materials to move into and out of the nucleus.

75
Q

The nuclear membrane is a double membrane that is dotted with thousands of _________

A
76
Q

These pores allows materials to move ________________

A

These pores allows materials to move into and out of the nucleus.

77
Q

Chromosomes Are…

A

made up of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)and have two functions:

78
Q

What are the two functions of chromosomes?

A
  1. ) To contain the genetic information that is passed from one generation to the next

2.) To control the cell’s activities

79
Q

The Nucleolus

A

The nucleolus manufactures the subunits that make ribosomes.

80
Q

What are the 2 subunits in a nucleolus?

A

Large subunit

Small subunit

These subunits then pass through the pores of the nucleus to the cytoplasm where they combine to form ribosomes.

81
Q

Ribosomes may be found ____________________________, or they may be found attached to ____________________________________

A

Ribosomes may be found FREE FLOATING IN THE CYTOPLASM in the cytoplasm, or they may be found attached TO THE ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

82
Q

Ribosomes are the most ____________ of the cell’s organelles.

A

NUMEROUS

83
Q

Ribosomes are the site of _____________

A

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

84
Q

All proteins of the cell are made by the _______________

A

RIBOSOMES

85
Q

The internal membrane system of a cell is known as the _________________

A

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

86
Q

This system of membranes is so extensive throughout the cell that it accounts for more than half the total membrane in a cell.

A

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

87
Q

THE _________________ connects the nuclear membrane to the cell membrane

A

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

88
Q

The rough endoplasmic reticulum has ____________ attached to it.

A

RIBOSOMES

89
Q

This type of endoplasmic reticulum is involved in the making of protein.

A

ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

90
Q

Newly made proteins leave the ribosome and are inserted into spaces of the endoplasmic reticulum where they are modified and shaped into a functioning protein.

A

ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

91
Q

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum has _________________

A

NO RIBOSOMES

92
Q

The function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum is to make ___________________

A

MAKE LIPIDS THAT WOULD BE USED IN THE CELL MEMBRANE

93
Q

______________ that were produced in the rough endoplasmic reticulum now move to the Golgi apparatus.

A

PROTIENS

94
Q

The ______________ appears as a stack of loosely connected membranes.

A

GOLGI APPARATUS

95
Q

The function of the Golgi is to ________, __________ and __________ the proteins that have arrived from the endoplasmic reticulum.

A

MODIFY, SORT AND PACKAGE

96
Q

These proteins will either be STORED INSIDE the cell or be SECRETED TO THE OUTSIDE of the cell.

The FINISHING TOUCHES are put on proteins here before they are shipped off to their final destinations.

A

Golgi Apparatus

97
Q

Lysosomes are filled with __________________

A

Lysosomes are filled with VERY STRONG DIGESTIVE ENZYMES

98
Q

One function of lysosomes is the __________________________________________________________________________

A

digestion of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids into small molecules that can be used by the rest of the cell

99
Q

They recycle the cell’s own organic materials, breaking them down into their building blocks and returning them to the cytoplasm to be used again

A

lysosomes

100
Q

Are surrounded by a thick membrane so that the digestive enzymes inside do not destroy healthy parts of the cell

A

Lysosomes

101
Q

____________ are responsible for destroying old organelles that can no longer carry out their function.

A

lysosomes

102
Q

storage area inside of a cell

A

vacuoles

103
Q

may store water, salts, proteins and carbohydrates as well as other materials as required

A

vacuoles

104
Q

powerhouse of the cell

A

mitochondria

105
Q

purpose is to carry out cellular respiration

A

mitochondria

106
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

Cellular respiration is the process of converting glucose or sugar molecules into a useable form of energy for the cell

107
Q

How many membranes do mitochondria have?

A

Mitochondria have 2 membranes:

an inner membrane - selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the mitochondria

      and

an outer membrane - folds inward to form extra surfaces for cellular respiration

108
Q

There can be _____s or ______s of mitochondria in a cell depending on its energy needs.

A

There can be 100s or 1000s of mitochondria in a cell depending on its energy needs.

109
Q

There is an internal framework called the

A

There is an internal framework called the CYTOSKELETON

110
Q

2 types of fibers found in the cytoskeleton..

A

There are 2 types of fibers found in the cytoskeleton:

microtubules and microfilaments

111
Q

It is a support system for the organelles and also helps give the cell its shape and helps in movement

A

cytoskeleton

112
Q

Organelles do not just float freely around the _________

A

cytoskeleton

113
Q

__________ Also called the plasma membrane

A

Cell membrane

114
Q

Helps MAINTAIN THE SHAPE OF THE CELL

A

cell membrane

115
Q

Separates one animal cell from the next animal cell

A

Cell membrane

116
Q

Controls the passage of materials into and out of the cell

A

Cell membrane

117
Q

Mostly made up of LIPIDS and PROTIENS

A

Cell Membrane

118
Q

Structures NEVER found in plant cells:

A

Lysosomes
Centrioles
Flagella (used for movement in animal cells)

119
Q

Structures NEVER found in animal cells:

A

Chloroplasts
Central vacuole
Cell wall

120
Q

Central Vacuole

A

A central vacuole is a very large vacuole found in mature plant cells

121
Q

When it is filled with water, it gives strength and support to the cell

A

Large Central Vacuole

122
Q

This helps allow the plant to support heavy structures such as flowers and leaves

A

Large Central Vacuole

123
Q

Can also be a storage area for the plant cell

A

Large Central Vacuole

124
Q

Are only found in plant cells and other unicellular organisms that perform PHOTOSYNTHESIS

A

Chloroplasts

125
Q

_________________ is where photosynthesis takes place (by absorbing energy from sunlight and converting it to chemical energy in the form of glucose or sugar)

A

Chloroplasts

126
Q

A chloroplast can be considered a _______________________________

A

SOLAR POWER PLANT

127
Q

Chloroplasts are surrounded by 2 membranes……

A

an inner membrane
and
an outer membrane

128
Q

Inside the ________ are large stacks of other membranes called thylakoids.

A

Chloroplasts

129
Q

What are Thylakoids

A

(Inside Chloroplasts)

Thylakoids contain the green pigment chlorophyll which is required for photosynthesis

130
Q

The cell wall is the supporting structure found in the cells of _____________

A

plants and fungi

131
Q

_____________ is made up of CELLULOSE (a tough carbohydrate)

A

CELL WALL

132
Q

The __________ main function is to provide support and protection for the plant cell

A

CELL WALL

133
Q

Cellular respiration formula

A

Glucose + oxygen —> carbon dioxide + water + usable energy

134
Q

what is a organelle?

A

a cell structure that performs a specific function for a cell

135
Q

what is a prokaryote?

A

(without a nucleus)

a cell that does not contain a nucleus or other membrane bound organelles

eg. e-coli

136
Q

what is a eukaryote?

A

a cell that contains a nucleus and other organelles, each surrounded by a thin membrane.

eg. single cell organism (amoeba)
multicellular organism (whale, pine tree)

137
Q

DNA stands for..

A

deoxyribonucleicacid

Science Gr10 - Rai (4 decks)

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