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BIOSCI107 > Tissues of the Body : Connective Tissue > Flashcards

Tissues of the Body : Connective Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two components of connective tissue?

A

CT is made up of extracellular matrix and cells

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2
Q

What are the two types of connective tissue?

A

Embryonic and mature

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3
Q

What the functions of connective tissue?

A

Binds, supports strengthens body structures. Transport system of body - blood. Sites of stored energy reserves - adipose tissue

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4
Q

Is CT vascular or avascular?

A

CT is vascular unlike epithelial tissue meaning it contains blood vessels

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5
Q

Does CT have a supply of nerves?

A

Yes, All CT contain nerves except cartilage

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6
Q

Is CT found on body surfaces?

A

No

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7
Q

What are the components of the ECM?

A

Ground substances and Protein Fibres

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8
Q

What are the components of ground substances?

A

Water. Protein. Polysaccharide (Glycosaminoglycans. GAGs)

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9
Q

What are glycosaminoglycans?

A

GAGS are long unbranched polysaccharides made up of amino sugar and uronic sugar (disaccharides). There are two types: sulphated and non-sulphated

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10
Q

What are proteoglycans?

A

Formed by the long polysaccharide chains binding to core proteins. These molecules have lots of sugar and less protein

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11
Q

What is hyaluronic acid?

A

Type of non-sulphated GAGS therefore not bound to a core protein. Highly polar therefore can attract and trap water becoming sort of slippery. Viscous slippery substances that binds cells together

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12
Q

What is the function of hyaluronic acid?

A

Lubricates joints. Maintains shape of the eyeball

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13
Q

What is hyaluronidase?

A

Enzyme that breaks down hyaluronic acid. Produced by sperm, white blood cells and bacteria. It allows species to navigate connective tissue by making ground substance more liquid.

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14
Q

What is chondroitin sulphate?

A

Type of sulphated GAGS that supports and provide the adhesive features of cartilage, bone, skin, and blood vessels

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15
Q

What is Keratan Sulphate?

A

Type of sulphated GAGS that is found in bone, cartilage, cornea of the eye

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16
Q

What is Dermatan Sulphate?

A

Type of sulphated GAGS that is found in skin, tendons, blood vessels, and heart valves

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17
Q

What is exophthalmos

A

A disorder related to abnormal causing the bulging of the eyes. Occurs when the immune system attacks tissue in the thyroid gland causing over-activation and production of hormones. The extra hormones stimulate fibroblast in the eye causing an influx of water and pushing eyes forward.

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18
Q

What are the three types of protein fibres?

A

Collagen fibres, Reticular fibres, and Elastic fibres

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19
Q

What is Collagen fibre?

A

A protein fibre that makes up the ECM of CT. Strong and flexible allowing to resist pulling forces. Common in bone, cartilages, tendons and ligament.

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20
Q

What is Reticular fibre?

A

Protein that makes up the ECM of CT. Composed of collagen with coating of glycoprotein. Made by fibroblasts (like reticular lamina of basement membrane). Provides strength and support. Found in basement membrane, vessels, adipose tissue, nerve fibres, smooth muscle tissues

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21
Q

What is elastic fibre

A

A protein that makes up the ECM of CT. Made up of elastin surrounded by fribillin to give more strength and stability. Found in skin, blood vessels and lungs

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22
Q

What are the symptoms of Marfan Syndrome?

A

Abnormal growth of limbs cause by defect in fibrillin of elastic fibres. Stability of heart valves and arterial walls decreased.

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23
Q

How is Marfarn syndrome caused?

A

Hereditary defect on chromosome 15 for the coding of fibrillin, a glycoprotein that usually binds to TFGbs (Transforming Growth Factor beta) regulating growth. Fibrillin cannot bind to TFGbs causing abnormal growth

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24
Q

What is fibrillin?

A

A type of glycoprotein that makes up elastic fibres along with elastin. It forms a scaffold for elastin and also binds to transforming growth factor betas controlling growth

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25
Q

What are the two most common types of cells tha make up CT?

A

Fibroblasts and adipocytes

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26
Q

What are fibroblasts?

A

A cell of CT that secrets components of the matrix (fibres and ground substances). Example: secrets reticular fibres forming reticular lamina of basement membrane). It is widely distributed in CT; migratory

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27
Q

What are adipocytes?

A

A cell in CT (fat cells) which stores fat (energy reserves). Found under skin and around organs

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28
Q

What are other cells found in solid CT?

A

Marcophages (Histiocytes)
Plasma cells
Mast cells
Leucocytes

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29
Q

What are Marcophages?

A

Cells found in solid CT. Phagocytic cells. Fixed and wandering forms, Found at sides of infection, inflammation and injury

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30
Q

What are plasma cells?

A

Formed from B-lymphocyte. Produces antibodies. Found widely at many CT sites but especially in gut and lung, salivary glands, lymph nodes, spleen, red bone marrow

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31
Q

What are mast cells?

A

Cells found in solid CT. Produces histamine that dilates vessels. Found alongside the blood vessels

32
Q

What are leucocytes?

A

Cells that are found in CT. They are white blood cells of immune system (eg. neutrophils, eosinphils) Move around in blood

33
Q

What are the two classification of connective tissue?

A

Embryonic and Mature

34
Q

What is Mesenchyme CT?

A

A type of embryonic CT. Gives rise to all other CT. Consists of mesenchymal cells in a semi-fluid ground substances containing reticular fibres

35
Q

What is mucous CT?

A

A type of embryonic CT. Supports umbilical cord of foetus. Contains fibroblast embedded in jelly-like ground substances.

36
Q

What are the types of Embryonic connective tissue?

A

Mesenchyme and Mucous

37
Q

What are the types of mature CT?

A

Connective Tissue Proper - Loose and Dense
Supporting CT - cartilage and bone tissue
Fluid Connective tissue - Blood and lymph

38
Q

What is the difference between loose CT and dense CT?

A

Loose CT contains more cells less fibres

39
Q

What are the 3 types of loose CT?

A

Areolar. Adipose. Reticular

40
Q

What is Areolar CT?

A

Made up of all types of protein fibres. Found in all structures and most common form of CT. Provides structure, elasticity and support.

41
Q

What is Adipose CT?

A

Made up of adipocytes. White adipose stores energy. Brown adipose produces heart. Provides energy source, temperature control and insulation.

42
Q

What are the two types of adipose tissue and their function?

A

White adipose stores energy. Brown adipose produces heart

43
Q

What is reticular CT?

A

Made up of reticular fibres and reticular cells. Forms stroma of organs. Binds muscle tissue

44
Q

What are the three types of dense CT?

A

Dense regular. Dense irregular.Elastic

45
Q

What is dense regular CT?

A

Regular arranged collagen fibres. Found in tendons, ligaments, and aponeuroses. Provide attachment between structures. Slow healing

46
Q

What is dense irregular CT?

A

Irregular arranged collagen fibres. Found as sheets in skin, around muscle and organs. Provides tensile strength in many directions

47
Q

What is elastic CT?

A

Contains elastic fibres with fibroblasts. found in lungs, wall of blood vessels, bronchial tubes. Allows organs to stretch

48
Q

What are the two types of supporting CT?

A

Cartilage and bone tissue

49
Q

What are the three types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline. Fibrocartilage. Elastic cartilage

50
Q

What is hyaline cartilage?

A

Relatively weak. Found in nose trachea and bronchi (respiratory system). Allows flexibility and movement

51
Q

What is fibrocartilage?

A

Made up of chondrocytes and thick bundles of collagen fibres. Found where hips join, intervertebral discs, cartilage of knee. Supports and joins structures together. Strongest type of cartilage.

52
Q

What is elastic cartilage?

A

Made up of chondrocytes and elastic fibres. found on larynx lid, ear, and auditory tubes. Provides strength and elasticity; maintains shape of certain structures.

53
Q

What are the two types of bone tissue?

A

Compact and spongy

54
Q

What is compact bone tissue?

A

The outer layer of bone and forms the shaft of long bones. Known as cortical bone. Has rod-shaped units called osteons or harversian systems. Stores calcium and phosphorus. Protection and support

55
Q

What is spongy bone tissue?

A

Forms inner layer of bones. No osteons. Store triglycerides (yellow bone marrow). Produces red blood cells (red bone marrow)

56
Q

What are the 4 types of cells found in bones

A

Osteogenic cells. Osteoblasts. Osteocytes. Osteoclast

57
Q

What is Osteogenic cells?

A

Mesenchymal stem cells that develop. Begin to lay down collagen. Become trapped in matrix and form osteoblasts.

58
Q

What is Osteablasts cells?

A

Bone forming cells. Lay down more collagen. Mineralisation process starts.

59
Q

What are osteocytes cells?

A

Mature bone cells derived from osteoblasts. Maintain bone tissue. Exchange nutrients and wastes. Contains gap junctions

60
Q

What are osteoblasts cells?

A

Large cells with many nuclei. Break down bone. Formed from fusion of blood and monocytes

61
Q

What are the 4 components that make up osteons (harversian system)

A

Lamellae. Lacunae. Canaliculi. Central (Harvesian) canal:

62
Q

What is Lamellae?

A

Concentric rings of mineral salts for hardness.

63
Q

What is lucanae?

A

Small spaces between lamellae containing osteocytes (bone cells)

64
Q

What is Canaliculi?

A

Canals containing EC fluid, route for oxygen nutrients and waste.

65
Q

What is central (harvesian canal)

A

Blood, lymph, and nerves

66
Q

What happens in a bone fracture?

A

Osteoclasts reabsorb dead bone.
Chondroblasts lay down hyaline cartilage callus
Osteoblasts lay down new bone
Osteoclasts remodel new bone

67
Q

What are the two types of fluid CT?

A

Blood and lymph

68
Q

What is blood made up of?

A

Consists of blood plasma ( a liquid ECM) and formed elements (red cells, white cells and platelets)

69
Q

What are Erythrocytes?

A

Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

70
Q

What are thrombocytes?

A

Platelet - initialise blood clotting

71
Q

What are leukocytes?

A

White blood cells that combat disease

72
Q

What do neutrophils and macrophages do?

A

Carry out phagocytosis - engulf bacteria

73
Q

What do Basophils (mobile) and Mast cels do?

A

Release substances that intensify inflammatory reaction

74
Q

What do Eosinophils do?

A

Fight against parasitic worms and allergic response

75
Q

What do lymphocytes do?

A

Carry out immune response

76
Q

What are the types of Leukocytes cells?

A

Neutrophils and monocytes (macrophages)
Basophils and Mast cells
Eosinophils
Lymphocytes

BIOSCI107 (6 decks)

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