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BIOSCI107 > Tissue of the Body: Muscle and Nerve Tissue > Flashcards

Tissue of the Body: Muscle and Nerve Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What are Muscle Tissue?

A

Consists of elongated cells (muscle cells; muscle fibres) that uses energy from hydrolysis of ATP to generate force. Produces body movements, maintains posture and generates heat

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2
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

A

Skeletal Muscle. Cardiac Muscle. Smooth Muscle

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3
Q

What are Skeletal Muscle?

A

There are about 650 skeletal muscles in the body. Usually attached to bones via tendons. Appear striated under the microscope. Contraction is under conscious control (voluntary; sometimes not always - posture.
Smallest : 1.25mm stapedius (stabilises the smallest human bone.
Longest: up to 60cm sartorius (hip:flexor, abductor).
Hyperacusis - stapedius damage - extra loud sound perception.

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4
Q

What is skeletal muscle tissue?

A

Long cells; striated; multinucleate (many peripheral nuclei pushed to side). Attached to bones by tendons. Voluntary control. For motion, posture, heat and protection.

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5
Q

What causes the striations of skeletal muscle fibres?

A

Due to the highly organised arrangement of myofibrils within the cells.

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6
Q

What are myofibrils ?

A

Long contractile fibres, groups of which run parallel to each other on the long axis of the myocytes. More or less fill the cytoplasm (sacroplasm) of the muscle fibre and extend its entire length within the cell

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7
Q

What are the two types of filaments (myofilaments) that compose Myofibrils?

A

Thin filaments and Thick filaments.

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8
Q

What are thin filaments?

A

Mostly actin

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9
Q

What are thick filaments?

A

Myosin

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10
Q

What is sacromeres?

A

Myofilaments that are arranged in compartments . The basic functional unit of a myofibril. Z discs (Z lines) separate sacromeres.

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11
Q

What are the connective tissue of skeletal muscle?

A

Epimysium: Surrounds anatomical muscle
Perimysium: Around fascicles
Endomysium: Around muscle fibres (“cell”) - Layer of capillaries/nerves
Sarcolemma: Actual cell plasma membrane
Sarcoplasm: Cell cytoplasm

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12
Q

What are the parts of the Sarcomeres?

A

A band
I band
H zone
M line
Z disc

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13
Q

What is the A band?

A

The dark middle part; contains all the thick filaments

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14
Q

What is the I band?

A

Thin filaments, but no thick filaments

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15
Q

What is the H zone?

A

Thick filaments, but no thin filaments

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16
Q

What is the M line?

A

Middle of sarcomere (holds thick filaments together)

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17
Q

What is the Z disc?

A

Passes through centre of I band (between sarcomeres) made up of “actinins” - that link filaments of adjacent sarcomeres

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18
Q

What is Tintin?

A

Links Z discs to M lines; provides resting tension in I band, molecular spring

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19
Q

What is Cardiac Muscle?

A

Striated. Branched. Single central nucleus. Fibres join end to end through intercalated discs. Involuntary control. Found in the heart

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20
Q

What are Intercalated discs?

A

They contain desmosomes (bind intermediate filaments) Provide adhesion in contraction. Contain Gap junctions (communication) (Co ordinated; rapid conduction)

21
Q

What is smooth muscle?

A

Has no striations (smooth) and single, central nucleus. Located in the walls of hollow internal structures. Eg. Intestines (peristalsis); blood vessels (constriction). Consists of thick and thin filaments.
Thin filaments attach to “dense bodies” similar to Z discs.
Intermediate filaments (non-contractile elements) also connect to dense bodies.
Involuntary control

22
Q

What are Nervous Tissue?

A

An essential component of the nervous system

23
Q

What are the two main subdivision in the nervous system?

A

Central nervous system (CNS) and Peripheral nervous system (PNS).

24
Q

What does the nervous system help with?

A

Maintain homeostasis (along with the endocrine system. Initiates voluntary movements. Responsible for perception, behaviour and memory.

25
Q

What is the Central nervous system (CNS)

A

The brain and spinal cord (and optic nerve)

26
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

All nervous tissue outside CNS.
Sensory/afferent division: information to the CNS
Motor/efferent division: Information from CNS to the organs (muscle and glands)

27
Q

What are the three major functions in the Nervous system?

A

Sensory. Integrative. Motor

28
Q

What is the sensory function in the nervous system?

A

Detects internal and external stimuli and transfer to CNS

29
Q

What is the Integrative function in the nervous system?

A

Analyse and stores infromation

30
Q

What is the motor function in the nervous system?

A

Stimulates effectors (e.g muscle and glands) through PNS. I.e motor here means “effector”

31
Q

What are the two types of cells that the nervous tissue consists of?

A

Neurons and Neuroglia

32
Q

What are Neurons?

A

Nerves cells that can be very large. Longest cells in body. (Up to 1m - spinal cord to toe). Conscious and unconscious control.
Have a cell body into which short, branched dendrites convey nerve impulses (action potentials) and from which a longer, single axon conducts nerve impulses to another neuron or tissue.
Nuerons do not divide and high metabolic rate. (Die quickly without oxygen)

33
Q

What are Dendrites?

A

The receiving/input part of the neuron

34
Q

What are axons?

A

Carries nerve impulse away from the neuron. It is the output portion of the neuron.

35
Q

What are Multipolar nuerons?

A

Have 2 or more dendrites and a single axon. Most common neurons in CNS. All motor neurons (control skeletal muscle) are in this class. Some of the longest (spinal cord to toe muscles)

36
Q

What are Bipolar Nuerons?

A

Two distinct processes: 1 dendritic process (can branch at the tip but not at cell body) and 1 axon.
Has cell body between axon and dendrite.
Rare and small
Special sense organs (sight, smell, hearing) relay information from receptor to neurons

37
Q

What are Unipolar Neuron

A

The dendrites and axon are continuous. Cell body off to one side. Whole thing from wehre dendrites converge called axon. Most sensory nerves are unipolar. Very long (1m) like motor nerves CNS- top tip

38
Q

What are Anaxonic neuron

A

Rare and function poorly understood. Anatomy cannot distinguish dendrites from axons. Found in brain and special sense organs

39
Q

What is Neuroglia?

A

Found in both CNS and PNS. Make up 50% of the CNS. Smaller than neurons but more numerous (5-50x). Do no propagate action potentials, but can communicate. Can divide within the mature nervous system.

The are the physical structure of nervous tissue. Repair framework of nervous tissue. Undertake phagocytosis. Nutrients supply to Neurons. Regulate interstitial fluid in neural tissue

40
Q

What are the two classification of Neuroglia?

A

CNS Neuroglia and PNS Neuroglia

41
Q

What does CNS neuroglia consists of?

A

Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Microglia
Ependymal cells

42
Q

What are Astrocytes?

A

In CNS Neuroglia.
- Star shaped; largest most numerous of neuroglia. Syncytium network.
- Support (have microfilaments) and repair (scar).
- Communicate with neurons via “gliotransmitters”. E.g glutamate.
- Maintain environment around nuerons by e.g regulating ions.
- Maintain blood-brain barrier via endothelium. Wrap around vessels and influence their permeability

43
Q

What are Oligodendrocytes

A

In CNS Neuroglia
- Form insulating multilayered myeline sheath. (Protein lipid layer) around CNS axons.
- Can myelinate more than one neuron cell’s axon. Accelerate the action potential.

44
Q

What is Microglia?

A

In CNS Neuroglia
Phagocytic (resident macrophages) - Protection

45
Q

What is Ependymal Cells?

A

In CNS Neuroglia
- Produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
- Line the CSF filled ventricles in the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord.
- These single layer predominantly cuboidal cells have cilia (flow) and microvilli (sampling)
- Located in ventricles and in other locations where CSF is found.
- CSF mechanical bugger; moves nutrients and waste

46
Q

What is Schwann Cells?

A

In the PNS Neuroglia. (PNS version of CNS oligodendrocyte). Form insulating myelin sheath around axons or can just support and surround several non-myelinated axons.

47
Q

What are satellite cells?

A

Surround neurons cell bodies. Support and fluid exchange (Equivalent to astrocytes in CNS)

48
Q

What is Myelin sheath?

A

An insulating layer, or sheath that forms around nerves, including those in the brain and spinal cord. It is made up of protein and fatty substances. This myelin sheath allows electrical impulses to transmit quickly and efficiently along the nerve cells.

49
Q

What is myelinated axons?

A

Much like the insulation around the wires in electrical systems, glial cells form a membraneous sheath surrounding axons called myelin, thereby insulating the axon. This myelination, as it is called, can greatly increase the speed of signals transmitted between neurons (known as action potentials).

BIOSCI107 (6 decks)

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